UC-NRLF 


C  3   1S1 


A  REPORT  UPON  THE  BOREAL 

FLORA  OF  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


BY 


FRANK  JASON   SMILEY 


UNIVERSITY  or  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS  IN  BOTANY 
VOLUME  9 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1921 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
PUBLICATIONS  IN  BOTANY 


VOLUME  IX 


WILLIAM  ALBERT  SETCHELL 

EDITOR 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


A  REPORT  UPON  THE  BOREAL  FLORA  OF 
THE   SIERRA   NEVADA  OF   CALIFORNIA 


BY 

FRANK  JASON  SMILEY 


LANDSCAPE  \ 
ARCHITECTURE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS  IN  BOTANY 
Vol  9,  pp.  1-423,  plates  1-7,  September,  1921 


QKW1 


LANDSCAPE 

ARCH. 

LIBRARY 


PAGE 

Introduction  1 

Limits  of  the  Sierran  region 3 

Petrology  4 

Topography 8 

Climatology   17 

Life-zones  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 44 

Statistical  abstract  from  the  Annotated  List 60 

Key  to  the  families  of  the  Annotated  List 66 

Annotated  List  of  the  species  of  vascular  plants  growing  within  the  Boreal 

Eegion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada —     72 

Pteridophyta   (Families  1-5)  - 72 

Spermatophyta    (Families   6-51)  81 

Gymnospermae  (Family  6) 81 

Angiospermae    (Families   7-57)  88 

Monocotyledones   (Families  7-15)  88 

Dicotyledones  (Families  16-57) 148 

Choripetalae  (Families  16-43) 148 

Sympetalae  (Families  44-57) 282 

List  of  new  names  and  combinations 408 

Literature  cited  409 

Index  ..  417 


072 


The  present  paper  constitutes  a  working  flora  for  the  high  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California.  It  has  been  the  intent  of  the  author  to  present 
a  list  of  all  the  plants  now  found  within  the  higher  portions  of  the 
Sierra  with  suitable  keys  for  their  determination.  The  reference  to 
each  species  or  variety  includes  the  authority  for  the  accepted  name 
and  reference  to  the  place  of  publication  together  with  a  synonomy. 
There  has  been  no  effort  to  make  the  synonomy  exhaustively  inclusive, 
only  those  synonyms  being  listed  which,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  are 
apt  to  be  met  in  the  usually  available  literature  and  confused  with 
the  accepted  name.  Each  specific  or  varietal  reference  in  the  list 
also  includes  the  "type  locality"  where  the  plant  was  collected  from 
which  the  original  description  was  drawn;  a  statement  as  to  the 
geographical  range  of  the  plant  and  one  concerning  its  zonal  position 
in  the  Sierra.  The  citation  of  all  specimens  examined  by  the  writer 
has  not  been  thought  necessary;  only  those  specimens  are  included 
which  are  believed  to  have  some  significance  in  showing  the  range  of 
the  plant  within  the  limits  of  the  Sierran  region  or  to  which  attention 
is  directed  in  the  notes  subjoined  to  many  of  the  references.  Prefixed 
to  the  Annotated  List  will  be  found  sections  descriptive  of  the  geology, 
topography,  and  climatology  of  the  range. 

A  few  words  should  be  added  concerning  the  inception  of  the  study 
now  in  part  completed  and  acknowledgment  made  of  assistance 
received  from  numerous  friends.  My  interest  in  the  plants  of  the 
Sierran  region  goes  back  to  the  time  when,  for  a  number  of  years,  I 
lived  the  greater  part  of  each  year  near  the  line  separating  the  great 
forest  belt  from  the  higher  mountains  and  found  opportunity  from 
time  to  time  to  make  excursions  into  the  summit  region.  Subsequently 
while  a  student  at  Stanford  University  and  Assistant  in  the  Dudley 
Herbarium,  it  fell  to  me  to  work  over  the  collections  made  by  the  late 
Professor  W.  R.  Dudley  preparatory  to  their  incorporation  into  the 
Herbarium.  Dr.  L.  R.  Abrams  suggested  the  possibility  of  using  these 
collections  as  a  basis  for  an  extended  study  of  the  high  mountain  floras 
of  the  state.  The  work  then  begun  required  the  examination  of  other 


2  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

material  than  that  in  the  Dudley  Herbarium  or  preserved  in  the 
Herbarium  of  the  University  of  California.  Through  the  aid  of  the 
Harvard  Club  of  San  Francisco,  I  was  enabled  to  spend  a  year  and 
a  half  in  Cambridge,  working  principally  at  the  Gray  Herbarium, 
where  the  types  of  many  Californian  and  other  western  species  are 
preserved.  While  at  Cambridge,  I  had  constant  aid  from  Professor 
M.  L.  Fernald  both  in  the  critical  examination  of  material  and  con- 
cerning questions  of  nomenclature ;  to  his  unfailing  readiness  to  help 
much  of  whatever  merit  this  paper  may  possess  is  due.  At  the  same 
time,  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson  and  Miss  M.  A.  Day  generously  aided  me 
in  every  way  possible,  besides  affording  me  free  access  to  the  collec- 
tions in  their  charge.  While  in  the  east,  I  was  also  enabled  to  visit 
the  collections  at  the  New  York  Botanic  Garden  and  at  the  National 
Herbarium,  in  Washington.  After  returning  to  the  Pacific  Coast, 
residence  at  the  University  of  California  has  permitted  more  detailed 
examination  of  the  material  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  University, 
especially  of  the  collections  made  by  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall  and  by  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Brandegee,  and  has  afforded  opportunity  as  well  for  conferences 
with  them  concerning  localities,  ranges,  and  special  phases  of  the  prob- 
lems connected  with  the  Sierran  flora.  While  at  Berkeley,  I  have  also 
had  the  advantage  of  consultation  with  Professor  W.  A.  Setchell  and 
Professor  W.  L.  Jepson,  the  latter  loaning  me  material  from  his 
private  collection.  To  all  of  the  above  named  persons,  and  to  Drs. 
D.  H.  Campbell  and  G.  J.  Peirce,  of  Stanford  University,  my  warmest 
thanks  are  due  and  extended,  as  well  as  to  a  number  of  other  botanists, 
and  to  friends  living  near  the  region  the  plant  life  of  which  is  here 
considered. 

The  field  work  carried  out  in  connection  with  the  present  report 
has  involved  visits  of  varying  duration  to  several  sections  of  the  range, 
both  for  collecting  material  for  herbarium  study  and  for  making'' field 
examination  of  the  vegetation  of  selected  parts  of  the  range.  The 
first  of  this  series  of  visits  was  made  in  the  summer  of  1911  and  the 
last  in  1917.  All  sections  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  have  been  visited 
except  the  extreme  north  in  Plumas  County,  the  Kern  River  region 
of  Tulare  County,  and  the  eastern  flank  of  the  southern  Sierra  west 
of  Owens  Valley. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 


LIMITS  OF  THE  SIERRAN  REGION 

California  may  be  divided  into  six  major  provinces  of  which  the 
Sierra  Nevada  region  is  the  second  in  size.  The  boundaries  of  these 
divisions  are  not  sharply  defined,  even  the  most  clearly  marked  and 
largest  division,  the  Great  Central  Valley,  rising  gently  to  the  north 
and  passing  into  the  rolling  foothills  of  the  Klamath  and  Cascade 
mountain  systems.  Of  the  other  provinces,  the  Sierran  region  is  the 
best  defined,  being  clearly  limited  on  the  west  by  the  central  valley 
and  on  the  east  by  the  fault  lines  which  are  the  chief  structural 
features  of  the  range.  The  north  and  south  limits  are  more  or  less 
arbitrary:  at  the  north  the  metamorphosed  sediments  of  the  Sierra 
are  seen  to  pass  beneath  the  lavas  of  Lassen  Peak  just  beyond  the 
North  Fork  of  Feather  River  and  this  stream  may  be  adopted  as  the 
northern  limit  of  the  region-.1  At  the  south  the  normally  horizontal 
Tertiary  strata  of  the  Sierra  meet  the  folded  sediments  of  like  age 
belonging  to  the  Coast  Range  at  Tejon  Pass,  and  this  line  of  contact, 
which  has  been  regarded  as  a  fault,  is  generally  accepted  as  the 
southern  boundary.2 

The  distance  between  these  limits  is  about  370  miles  in  a  northwest- 
southeast  line  extending  from  the  fortieth  to  the  thirty-fifth  parallel. 
In  width  the  Sierran  region  is  quite  unif onn :  the  distance  from  the 
Sacramento  Valley  on  the  west  to  Honey  Lake,  lying  at  the  foot  of 
the  east  slope  in  Lassen  County,  is  about  80  miles,  while  near  the 
southern  end,  the  distance  across  the  range,  through  the  High  Sierra, 
from  the  foothills  bordering  the  valley  of  the  San  Joaquin  east  of 
Tulare  Lake  to  Owens  Valley,  is  nearly  70  miles.  The  rectangular 
region  so  defined  has  a  base  area  of  about  28,000  square  miles. 

The  heights  of  the  several  crests  of  the  range  vary  from  6,000  to 
8,000  feet  at  the  north  and  south  limits  to  over  13,000  feet  in  the 
High  Sierra,  the  average  height  of  the  watershed  being  approximately 
9,500  feet.  The  ratio  of  the  superficial  area  to  the  base  area  appears 
never  to  have  been  estimated  and  varies  considerably  in  different  parts 
of  the  range;  in  the  mountains  to  the  south  of  Yosemite  Valley,  a 
region  of  bold  relief,  the  surface  is  comparable  in  ruggedness  to  that 
of  the  Alps  and  may  exceed  the  base  area  by  60  to  100  per  cent. 

Nearly  all  of  the  area  covered  by  the  present  report  lies  above  the 
6,500-foot  contour  line,  with  which,  in  the  north,  the  lower  limit  of  th«- 


4  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Canadian  element  in  the  boreal  flora  of  the  Sierra  roughly  coincides. 
All  of  the  region  lies  within  the  State  of  California  save  the  Carson 
Range  just  east  of  Lake  Tahoe. 


PETROLOGY 

Both  sedimentary  and  igneous  rocks  are  included  in  that  part  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  which  is  inhabited  by  the  boreal  flora. 

The  sedimentaries  are  now  reduced  to  isolated  fragments  of  what 
was  once  probably  a  continuous  terrane  beneath  which  the  intrusive 
magmas  were  irrupted.  Most  of  the  sediments  date  from  paleozoic 
and  early  mesozoic  time  and  are  now  for  the  most  part  metamorphosed 
to  slates  and  schists.  They  are  most  abundant  in  the  north,  decreasing 
in  amount  southward  as  the  general  height  of  the  range  rises,  and 
becoming  restricted,  in  the  high  mountains,  to  the  crests  and  summits 
save  at  a  few  exceptional  stations  where  they  appear  to  have  formed 
massive  blocks  which  sank  in  the  still  unconsolidated  magma  and  have 
so  been  preserved  from  the  extreme  disintegration  to  which  similar 
rocks  at  higher  and  more  exposed  situations  have  been  subjected. 

Included  in  the  sedimentary  rocks  are  shales,  sandstones,  lime- 
stones, and  extensive  areas  of  altered  clastic  rocks :  schists,  slates,  and 
quartzites.  The  strike  of  the  beds  conforms  to  the  trend  of  the  range, 
that  is,  from  northwest  to  southeast,  but  the  dip  varies.  While  in  the 
Sierra  as  a  whole  the  beds  dip  to  the  east,  and  generally  at  angles 
between  40  and  90  degrees,3  in  particular  districts  the  dip  is  in 
the  opposite  direction,  as  at  Mineral  King  in  the  mountains  west  of 
Mt.  Whitney,  where  the  beds  dip  to  the  southwest  at  an  angle  of 
85  degrees.4  The  angle  of  dip  has  an  important  bearing  on  rock 
weathering. 

The  shales  and  their  metamorphic  products,  slates  and  schists, 
contain  pyrite  which  stains  the  outcrops  in  tones  of  red  and  yellow 
brown,  causing  them  to  stand  out  in  contrast  with  the  prevailing  rock 
tint  given  to  the  higher  mountains  by  the  light  colored  granitic  rock. 
In  some  places  the  slates  are  highly  silicious,  becoming  converted  to 
cherty  rocks.  In  the  valley  of  Fallen  Leaf  Creek,  west  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
there  are  exposures  of  dark  colored  banded  silicious  slates  dipping 
nearly  vertically.  On  the  east  face  of  Mt.  Tallac  and  farther  west  on 
Jacks  Peak,  these  same  rocks  appear.  To  the  west  and  northwest  of 
Lake  Tahoe  similar  rocks  are  exposed,  changed  in  places  to  schists 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  5 

carrying  abundant  mica,  as  on  the  northeast  side  of  Ward  Peak.  In 
the  region  between  the  upper  Tuolumne  and  the  headwaters  of  Kings 
River,  slate  forms  the  summits  of  many  of  the  higher  peaks,  as  Mt. 
Lyell,  and  covers  a  considerable  area  west  of  the  Sierra  crest  in  the 
high  mountains  of  Fresno  County.  Mt.  Goddard  and  peaks  to  the 
west  are  of  slate.5  In  the  southern  Sierra,  slates  and  phyllites 
occur  about  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  in  a  belt  some  two  miles 
wide  and  fourteen  long.  Kaweah  Peaks,  the  highest  summits  west 
of  the  main  crest  in  Tulare  County,  include  the  largest  group  of  meta- 
morphic  sediments  in  the  southern  section  of  the  range.6 

Sandstones  and  quartzites  are  often  found  interbedded  with  the 
shales  and  slates  but  sometimes  form  isolated  patches;  the  summit 
of  Mt.  Dana  is  a  sandstone  though  the  bulk  of  the  mountain  is  slate 
and  altered  lava.7  Quartzitic  rocks  occur  in  the  Tahoe  region  near 
Suzy  Lake  and  on  the  headwaters  of  Rubicon  River  in  Rockbound 
Valley.8  Quartz  porphyry  is  exposed  in  the  Mineral  King  region  at 
8500  feet  elevation.4 

Limestone  is  a  rare  rock  in  that  part  of  the  Sierra  the  plant 
population  of  which  is  considered  in  this  report,  but  is  found  in  lenses 
of  varying  size  both  in  the  northern  and  southern  sections  of  the 
range. 

The  magmatic  rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  include  both  intrusives 
and  extrusives,  the  former  being  vastly  in  excess  both  in  area  exposed 
and  in  absolute  amount.  The  intrusive  rocks  constitute  the  batho- 
lithic  core  of  the  range  and  were  probably  once  completely  overlain 
by  the  sedimentaries.  The  stratified  rocks  have  now  been  reduced 
by  erosion  to  a  relatively  small  amount,  exposing  the  granitic  rocks 
which  form  far  the  larger  part  of  the  surface  of  the  higher  mountains, 
the  region  inhabited  by  the  boreal  flora, 

The  Sierran  batholith  contains  several  well  defined  rock  species 
of  granitoid  type  varying  from  normal  granite  to  gabbro,  its  largest 
constituent  being  a  rock  of  intermediate  character  between  granite 
and  diorite,  known  as  granodiorite.  This  is  the  prevailing  rock  in  a 
broad  belt  from  Genessee  Valley,  in  Plumas  County,  southward  to 
the  headwaters  of  Kings  and  Kern  rivers.  Granodiorite,  as  stated 
by  Lindgren,"  is  distinguished  mineralogically  by  having  its  soda- 
lime  feldspar  at  least  equal  to  twice  the  alkali  feldspar.  Analyses10 
of  samples  from  different  parts  of  the  range  indicate  that  this  preva- 
lent rock  species  maintains  a  fairly  constant  character  throughout 
the  Sierra.  The  analyses  show  the  relation  to  granite  and  diorite, 


6  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

the  two  most  nearly  allied  rock  types;  though  less  silicious  than  true 
granite,  with  respect  to  the  silica  content,  it  is  distinctly  nearer  to 
granite  than  to  diorite  and,  of  course,  still  less  resembles  gabbro.  The 
lime  (CaO)  content  is  high  for  a  granitoid  rock  though  here  again 
granodiorite  more  nearly  approaches  true  granite  than  the  more  basic 
plutonics.  In  color  granodiorite  is  of  a  light  gray  tone  varying  accord- 
ing to  the  changing  per  cent  of  hornblende  and  biotite.  The  structure 
is  medium  to  coarse-grained  and  crumbles  easily  to  a  coarse  light 
yellowish-gray  sand. 

Associated  locally  in  the  north  with  the  granodiorite  is  a  rock 
approaching  normal  granite,  granitite  or  biotite  granite.  In  the  north- 
ern section  of  the  range,  this  rock  is  confined  to  the  higher  ridges 
and  summits ;  in  the  southern  Sierra  it  becomes  more  widely  developed, 
and  granodiorite  is  reduced  in  amount.  The  structure  of  the  rock 
is  coarse  on  account  of  the  usually  large  alkali  feldspar  crystals.  A 
large  part  of  the  Pyramid  Peak  Range,  west  of  Lake  Tahoe,  is  com- 
posed of  this  coarse  granite.  The  immense  sand  slopes  on  the  east 
side  of  Angora  Peak,  in  the  same  district,  have  been  formed  by  its 
decay.  A  large  part  of  the  crest  about  the  headwaters  of  the 
Tuolumne  and  northward  from  Mt.  Conness  to  the  ridges  about  High- 
land Lakes  and  the  Blue  Lakes,  in  Alpine  County,  is  composed  of 
this  coarse  granite.11  The  same  variety  is  found  on  the  slopes  of 
Mt.  Whitney,  the  orthoclase  prisms  becoming  8  to  9  cm.  long12;  else- 
where in  the  country  between  Kern  Caiion  and  the  crest  there  is 
found  a  similar  porphyritic  granitite  with  pale  flesh-colored  crystals 
of  orthoclase  averaging  4  cm.  in  length  over  wide  areas.0  The  fresh 
rock  is  harder  and  firmer  in  texture  than  the  granodiorite,  and  the 
outcrops  are  more  highly  colored  with  iron  stain. 

Other  granitic  rocks  of  the  high  mountains  include  diorite,  a  dark 
green,  medium  to  coarse-grained  rock  composed  of  green  hornblende, 
a  little  black  mica,  and  white  soda-lime  feldspar.  Dioritic  areas  are 
not  extensive  but  by  no  means  uncommon,  especially  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  range.  The  most  basic  of  the  intrusive  rocks  of  the  Sierra 
occurring  in  any  quantity  is  gabbro ;  it  is  found  in  small  patches,  the 
total  area  of  the  gabbro  exposures  being  vani shingly  small  as  compared 
with  the  diorite,  the  least  abundant  of  the  rock  types  so  far  mentioned. 

Rocks  derived  from  extruded  magmas  still  cover  large  areas  in 
the  north  and  on  the  western  flank  of  the  Sierra;  in  the  southern 
mountains  such  rocks  are  less  abundant  within  the  high  mountain 
region  though  present  in  certain  districts.  As  is  well  known  there 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  1 

appears  to  be  a  definite  succession  for  the  lavas  which  produced  these 
volcanics.  Ehyolitic  flows  preceded  the  more  abundant  andesitic 
extrusions,  with  basaltic  lavas  as  the  last  member  of  the  series. 
Residual  portions  of  these  consolidated  lavas  are  to  be  found  in  the 
higher  mountains  capping  the  granite  and  sedimentaries.  As  a  result 
of  the  sequence  of  the  extrusions,  the  older  lava  rocks  were  buried 
beneath  later  products  of  eruption  and  become  exposed  as  erosion 
removes  the  younger  rocks.  The  soils  derived  from  the  weathering 
of  these  volcanics  appear  in  bands  along  the  sides  of  the  valleys  or 
encircle  the  summits  in  bands  of  irregular  width. 

Rhyolite,  as  it  appears  in  the  Sierra,  is  a  light  colored  gray  or 
pinkish  rock,  usually  of  fine  grain  but  occasionally  becoming  vesicular ; 
it  is  most  abundant  as  a  surface  soil-forming  rock  in  the  central  part 
of  the  range,  as  in  northern  Placer  County  about  Soda  Springs  and 
Summit  Valley,  where  it  forms  the  country-rock  over  considerable 
areas.  Andesite  and  andesitic  breccias  are  present  in  greater  amount 
than  the  rhyolite,  which  they  overlie ;  they  are  present  throughout 
the  range  and  form  the  country-rock  west  and  southwest  of  Lake 
Tahoe  and  also  in  the  southern  Sierra  on  the  east  slope  of  the  range 
near  the  headwaters  of  Owens  River.  Andesite  is  reported12  to  be 
the  surface  rock  of  the  crest  between  Owens  River  and  the  head  of 
the  North  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin.  Near  Mineral  King  large  bodies 
of  sheared  andesite  occur  on  Crystal  Creek  at  10,000  feet  elevation.4 
In  color  andesite  varies  from  dark  gray  to  reddish.  Like  rhyolite,  the 
andesite  may  be  vesicular  and  in  this  condition  weathers  more  readily 
than  when  fine  grained;  the  breccias  naturally  weather  more  rapidly 
than  the  massive  rock.  Basalt  is  widespread  in  the  Sierra  and  ex- 
posures are  known  in  all  sections  of  the  range  from  Plumas  County 
(Mt.  Ingalls)  to  Tulare  County,  where  the  most  recent  extrusions 
appear  to  have  taken  place.13  Basalt  is  generally  darker  and  more 
compact  than  either  rhyolite  or  andesite  but  in  places  becomes  vesicu- 
lar or  scoriaceous. 

In  many  places  within  the  higher  mountains  there  are  surface  rocks 
derived  from  lava  rocks  or  tuffs  through  changes  subsequent  to  solidi- 
fication or  deposition.  Turner2  believed  that  "it  is  now  plain  that 
the  chief  part  of  the  rocks  laid  down  on  the  geologic  map  as  porphyrite 
and  amphibolite  schist  are  altered  forms  of  original  surface  lavas  and 
tuffs  corresponding  to  modern  basalts  and  andesites."  Other  alter- 
ation products  of  igneous  rocks  present  in  the  Sierras  include  some 
serpentine,  which  is  found  on  the  crest  of  the  Grizzly  Mountains  in 
Plumas  County,  and  also  on  the  Dardenelles  in  Alpine  County.3' 15 


8  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

A  feature  of  high  mountain  rocks  which  has  a  most  important 
bearing  on  their  disintegration,  and  also  on  the  vegetation  growing 
on  them,  is  the  jointage.  Over  wide  areas  all  the  rocks  will  be  found 
jointed,  the  slates  and  schists  more  minutely  than  the  granites.  In 
other  places  the  granite  appears  perfectly  massive.  The  joint  planes 
sometimes  appear  to  be  in  systems,  coinciding  in  direction  and  angle 
over  several  square  miles;  in  other  places  no  such  regularity  can  be 
made  out.  On  the  high  summits  and  on  the  walls  of  cirques  the  rock 
is  apt  to  be  jointed  in  three  planes,  the  whole  being  divided  up  into 
more  or  less  cubical  blocks,  which  are  often  freely  movable  on  the 
exposed  peaks  and  aretes.  Becker15  noted  in  the  region  north  of 
Yosemite,  where  horizontal  jointage  predominates,  that  the  granite 
mountains  appeared  somewhat  terraced ;  in  his  opinion  the  fissures  are 
really  minute  faults.  In  the  Yosemite  region  Matthes10  finds  distinct 
areas  of  massive  and  jointed  granites.  On  the  south  slope  of  Mt. 
Raymond,  Madera  County,  the  coarse-grained  granodiorite  is  so  regu- 
larly jointed  that  the  blocks  appear  as  if  squared  for  rough  masonry. 
On  Kuna  Crest,  above  Tuolumne  Meadows,  in  the  Yosemite  district, 
the  granodiorite  is  also  regularly  jointed.  (See  plates  1  and  3,  show- 
ing jointage.) 


TOPOGRAPHY* 

While  the  present  surface  of  the  boreal  region  of  the  Sierra  is 
highly  diversified,  in  this  complexity  of  topographic  form  are  certain 
indications  of  a  general  symmetry.  Viewed  from  a  distance  the  in- 
equalities appear  to  blend  into  fairly  regular  contours ;  plate  1  shows 
the  summit  region  of  the  southern  Sierra.  This  feature  of  jthe  high 
Sierran  topography  has  been  studied  in  detail  by  Lawson6  for  the 
southern  Sierra  of  Tulare  County,  and  by  Lindgren17  and  Reid18  for 
the  Tahoe  district;  the  results  of  their  investigations  indicate  an  old 
erosion  surface.  Above  this  surface  the  highest  summits  of  the  exist- 
ing range  projected  as  a  range  of  low  mountains.  With  the  pro- 
gressive elevation  of  the  region  along  the  eastern  margin,  the  result 
of  movement  along  the  fault  lines  differentiating  the  Sierra  from  the 


*  The  following  maps  ("quadrangles"),  issued  by  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey,  cover  the  region  considered  in  this  paper.  The  sequence  is  from 
north  to  south.  1,  Lassen  Peak;  2,  Honey  Lake;  3,  Bidwell  Bar;  4,  Downieville; 
5,  Sierraville;  6,  Coif  ax;  7,  Truckee;  8,  Pyramid  Peak;  9,  Carson;  10,  Marklee- 
ville;  11,  Dardanelles;  12,  Bridgeport;  13,  Yosemite;  14,  Mt.  Lyell;  15,  Mariposa; 
16,  Mt.  Morrison;  17,  Kaiser;  18,  Mt.  Goddard;  19,  Tehipite;  20,  Bishop;  21, 
Mt.  Whitney;  22,  Kaweah;  23,  Olancha. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  9 

Great  Basin,  the  rivers  were  rejuvenated  and  deep  canons  trenched 
in  the  old  plateau.  The  period  of  alpine  glaciation  in  the  Pleistocene 
widened  many  of  these  valleys  in  the  higher  mountains,  giving  to  them 
the  characteristic  U-shape  of  glaciated  valleys,  and  deepened  the 
heads  of  these  valleys  by  cirque  cutting  into  the  divides.  The  details 
of  the  surface  now  seen  in  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  are  the  results  of 
this  process  of  weathering  and  erosion  upon  the  several  terranes 
constituting  the  surface.  The  rock  species  weather  differentially. 

The  small  areas  yet  remaining  in  the  high  mountains  of  the  early 
Mesozoic  sedimentaries  offer  the  most  bizarre  topographic  forms, 
their  minutely  jointed  and  faulted  condition  making  them  peculiarly 
subject  to  the  alpine  erosional  factors.  Since,  for  the  most  part,  they 
lie  along  or  near  the  higher  crests,  many  of  the  sharpest  pinnacles  and 
thinnest  aretes  are  formed  of  these  vestigial  metamorphosed  sedi- 
ments; Mt,  Ritter  (13,096  feet),  Red-and- white  Peak  (12,840  feet), 
the  Palisades  (14,000  feet),  are  conspicuous  examples  of  many  true 
dents  along  the  crest.  About  their  bases  are  slopes  of  scarcely  altered 
rock  debris  of  fairly  uniform  size,  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter. 

Vastly  more  important  in  the  topography  are  the  granodiorite  and 
granite  areas.  The  latter  rock  disintegrates  more  abruptly  than  the 
granodiorite  because  of  the  usually  coarse  macrocrystalline  texture. 
The  rock  becomes  friable,  crumbling  to  sand  in  which  nearly  fresh 
crystals  of  quartz  and  feldspar  may  be  found.  The  resulting  sand- 
slopes  are  a  constant  feature  in  the  granite  localities  about  Lake  Tahoe 
and  above  Yosemite  Valley,  and  Knopf  and  Thelen  report  the  same 
thing  for  the  Mineral  King  district  in  the  southern  Sierra.  In  cross- 
ing these  slopes  one  sinks  deeply.  Since  the  fragments  often  lie  at 
the  angle  of  repose  for  such  material,  it  is  easy  to  start  small  slides 
which  carry  downward  many  of  the  plants  found  growing  in  such 
places.  The  upper  reaches  of  these  slopes  are  excessively  dry  and 
sterile,  the  large  size  of  the  constituent  particles  causing  the  pore  space 
to  be  too  great  for  capillarity  to  overcome.  "Water  falling  on  the 
surface  immediately  sinks;  there  is  no  run-off  in  even  the  hardest 
showers.  This  absorptive  quality  of  the  upper  reaches,  with  the 
attendant  leaching  effect,  causes  the  lower  levels  to  support  a  rich 
and  varied  flora  of  distinctly  mesophytic  shrubs  and  herbs,  while  at 
the  bases  marsh  conditions  may  prevail 

The  principal  rock  species  of  the  range,  granodiorite,  is  differ- 
entially affected  by  the  forces  of  weathering  accordingly  as  it  is  jointed 
or  massive.  The  jointed  rock  is  easily  attacked  by  the  erosional  agents 


10  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

along  the  lines  of  fracture,  becoming  divided  to  a  varying  depth  into 
more  or  less  cubical  masses.  If  the  rise  is  abrupt,  these  in  time  fall 
from  place  and  become  aggregated  into  talus  slopes  at  the  foot  of  the 
cliff.  In  many  places  such  talus  slopes  rise  nearly  to  the  summits  and 
support  a  characteristic  vegetation.  Where  the  granodiorite  is  massive 
weathering  is  mainly  a  process  of  exfoliation  producing  rounded  sum- 
mits;19 this  is  the  origin  of  the  many  dome-like  summits  found  in 
the  higher  mountains.  Lambert's  Dome,  on  the  upper  Tuolumne, 
Fresno  Dome  near  Mt.  Raymond,  and  Ralston  Dome  near  Lake  Tahoe 
(plates  6,  7),  with  surfaces  bare  of  all  vegetation  except  crustose 
lichens,  are  typical  of  many  Sierraii  summits.  Though  theoretically 
the  granodiorite  should  disintegrate  faster  than  the  granite  because 
of  its  larger  content  of  mica  and  soda-lime  feldspar,  the  coarser  texture 
of  the  granite  makes  this  rock  the  weaker.  This  relationship  of 
texture  to  weathering  depends  upon  one  important  character  of  alpine 
rock  decay :  the  dominance  of  mechanical  over  chemical  forces  at  high 
altitudes.  Solution  plays  a  subordinate  part  because  of  the  relative 
deficiency  of  water  and  carbon  dioxide  and  of  the  lower  temperature. 
On  the  other  hand,  temperature  changes  in  the  higher  mountains  are 
both  of  considerable  range  and  frequent  in  time;  the  consequent 
expansion  and  contraction  quickly  shatters  a  macrocrystalline  rock. 
Where  water  can  penetrate  the  rock,  as  between  mica  foils,  the  dis- 
ruptive freezing  becomes  especially  effective. 

The  rocks  derived  from  extrusive  magmas — rhyolites,  andesites, 
basalts — show  the  effect  of  these  stresses;  areas  of  andesite  are  char- 
acterized by  heaps  of  conchoidal  sharply  angular  stones  riven  by  freez- 
ing from  the  parent  rock  and  often  cast  for  a  distance  of  two  or  three 
feet.20  Such  debris  frequently  form  a  true  shingle,  the  fragments 
overlapping  each  other  and  excluding  all  vegetation  formed  of  higher 
plants,  as  on  the  east  slope  of  Mt.  Tallac. 

Topographic  form  depends  upon  three  factors:  the  character  of 
the  rocks,  their  position  or  structure,  arid  the  subsequent  changes 
induced  by  weathering  and  erosion.  The  characters  of  the  high  moun- 
tain rock  species  in  the  Sierra  have  been  indicated;  since  the  mass 
of  the  sedimentaries  as  compared  to  that  of  the  magmatic  rocks  is  so 
small,  the  Sierra  Nevada  is  properly  considered  as  a  range  composed 
of  igneous  rock.  This  description  is  all  the  more  true  when  reference 
is  made  to  the  region  considered  in  this  report.  As  a  consequence 
the  high  mountain  region  is  practically  devoid  of  that  type  of  struc- 
ture produced  by  bedded  rocks;  nevertheless  its  structure  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  features  of  the  geology  of  the  Sierra. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  11 

Sierran  structure  is  determined  by  faulting  and  a  number  of  well 
denned  fault  lines  have  been  detected  and  traced  for  many  miles,  while 
other  lines  of  displacement  are  suspected  to  exist.  The  fault  lines 
trend  northwest  to  southeast  with  displacement  of  varying  amount. 
"West  of  Owens  Valley  the  total  movement  is  thought  to  be  not  less  than 
10 — 11,000  feet  ;21  the  displacement  is  less  in  the  north,  amounting  to 
some  3,000  feet  in  Plumas  County.22  In  the  Tahoe  region  there  are 
three  main  lines  of  faulting,  the  two  east  and  west  of  the  Carson  Range 
and  the  one  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Tahoe.17  In  addition  to  the  great 
fault  lines,  there  are  within  the  range  topographic  details  interpreted 
as  the  result  of  minor  displacements.15  Sierran  faulting  is  of  normal 
type,  with  small  hade,  large  throw,  and  bold  escarpments.  Since,  in 
addition  to  faulting,  the  region  has  also  been  revolved  slightly  on  its 
long  axis,  the  areas  west  of  the  fault  plane  are  now  tipped  to  the  west 
and  we  find,  almost  without  exception,  that  the  west  and  southwest 
sides  of  elevations  are  of  easy  ascent  compared  to  the  more  pre- 
cipitous east  and  northeast  sides.  This  structure  and  accompanying 
topography  affect  the  vegetation,  particularly  that  of  the  highest 
mountains,  for  this  tilting  of  the  range  brings  the  surfaces  near  the 
crest  line  into  the  position  most  favorable  for  insolation,  with  its 
accompanying  higher  temperatures  of  both  air  and  soil,  and  also  for 
rainfall  (compare  rainfall  of  Fordyce  and  Tahoe  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  Tahoe  fault).  It  is  true  that  not  faulting  only  is  responsible 
for  the  relatively  low  gradients  of  west  and  southwest  as  compared 
to  east  and  northeast  sides  of  elevations.  These  steeper  sides  unques- 
tionably owe  something  of  their  greater  abruptness  to  the  fact  that, 
as  the  leeward  sides,  the  snow  of  winter  drifts  more  deeply  there  while 
the  opposite  sides  may  be  swept  nearly  bare.  This  deeper  accumula- 
tion of  snow,  coupled  with  less  melting  because  of  lessened  insolation, 
produced  larger  glaciers  which  cut  their  cirques  deeper  into  the  lee 
side  of  the  ridges  and  summits.  Today  the  only  Sierran  glaciers  are 
on  these  protected  slopes. 

All  the  high  mountain  region  has  been  more  or  less  profoundly 
modified  by  the  Pleistocene  glaciation.  Within  that  region  the  evi- 
dences of  ice  action  are  everywhere  present.  In  the  early  period  of 
the  study  of  Sierran  geology  it  was  generally  believed  that  this 
glaciation  was  much  more  severe  than  later  investigations  have  shown 
to  be  the  case.  In  the  extreme  north  Diller23  and  Turner24  found  but 
slight  evidences  of  glacial  ice,  as  might  be  inferred  from  the  relatively 
low  altitude  of  the  Sierra  in  Plumas  County.  Widespread  evidences 


12  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

of  glacial  action  are  not  found  till  the  region  of  Gold  Lake  is  reached 
in  Sierra  County.  From  this  point  southward  to  the  Middle  Kern, 
glacial  phenomena  give  the  tone  to  the  high  mountains. 

The  Sierran  glaciers  were,  as  a  rule,  controlled  by  the  topography. 
In  the  Grizzly  Mountains  of  Plumas  County,  Turner  found  evidences 
of  the  former  existence  of  glaciers  on  eastern  slopes  but  none  on  west- 
ern or  southern  slopes.  In  the  high  Sierra  of  Tulare  County,  Lawson6 
noted  that  all  evidence  pointed  to  an  ice  control  "entirely  of  an 
Alpine  type."  In  the  district  between  Yosemite  Valley  and  Lake 
Tahoe  there  was  some  approach  to  the  continental  type  of  glaciation 
with  a  summit  neve-field  sending  glaciers  down  both  flanks,  but  even 
here  the  highest  summits  remained  above  the  ice.  In  the  central  Sierra 
both  altitude  and  rainfall  were  sufficient  to  send  tongues  of  ice  down 
the  valleys  on  the  western  slope  to  about  4,000  feet,  and  on  the  eastern 
to  6,000  feet.  In  the  southern  section  the  lower  level  reached  by  the 
ice  at  Mineral  King  was  about  7,000  feet.4  In  Kern  Canon  the  trunk 
glacier  ended  just  below  the  mouth  of  Coyote  Creek  at  6,450  feet.6  It 
should  be  noted  that  these  tongues  of  ice  within  the  valleys  reached  far 
lower  levels  than  the  general  glaciation  and  were  able  to  reach  such  low 
altitudes  only  because  of  the  great  extent  of  the  high  mountain  catch- 
ment areas;  where  such  areas  did  not  exist,  the  lower  limit  reached 
by  the  ice  is  less  distant  from  the  summits ;  in  Plumas  County  Turner24 
found  on  the  northeast  slope  of  Grizzly  Hill  glacial  debris  somewhat 
below  6,000  feet,  though  the  summit  of  Grizzly  Hill,  the  highest  point 
nearby,  is  but  6,424  feet.  With  the  exception  of  some  debris  in  Bucks 
Valley  not  recognized  as  certainly  glacial,  this  Grizzly  Hill  glacier 
had  the  least  elevation  of  any  glacier  known  to  Turner  to  have  existed 
in  the  Sierra  during  glacial  time.  In  other  words,  at  the  northern 
limit  of  the  Sierra  the  ice  failed  to  reach  as  low  as  in  the  central  part 
of  the  range  and  but  little  lower  than  in  the  extreme  south.  On  the 
main  Sierran  crest,  Cirque  Peak,  ten  miles  south  of  Mt.  Whitney,  is 
the  most  southern  point  showing  signs  of  glaciation.6*  On  the  eastern 
flank  glacial  phenomena  are  of  much  less  magnitude. 

The  topographic  forms  produced  in  the  Sierra  in  this  period  of 
alpine  glaciation  are  similar  to  those  seen  in  other  regions  which  have 
been  subject  to  the  same  type  of  ice  control.  The  upland  surfaces 
were  denuded  of  their  soil  and  reduced  in  extent  by  cirque  cutting 


*  This  for  a  long  time  was  thought  to  be  the  most  southern  point  showing 
glacial  traces  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Recently  certain  obscure  topographic  forms 
on  the  north  slope  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  above  8500  feet  have  been 
referred  to  glacial  ice,26  a  conclusion  not  concurred  in  by  others  who  have  examined 
the  same  region.2? 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra,  Nevada  of  California  13 

at  their  periphery.  In  many  places  along  the  crests  two  cirques  at 
the  heads  of  glaciers  moving  normal  to  the  divide  have  intersected 
and  produced  a  col.  The  debris  thus  removed  was  deposited  in  the 
great  moraines  lying  at  from  5,000  to  7,000  feet,  on  the  lower  edge  of 
the  boreal  region.  These  moraines  are  generally  sharp-crested,  of  very 
regular  contour,  and  often  of  huge  size.  The  moraines  of  the  Fallen 
Leaf  Glacier  southwest  of  Lake  Tahoe  are  1,500  feet  high  and  three 
miles  long.  Morainal  deposits  also  occur  in  the  higher  regions,  fre- 
quently as  ground  moraine  filling  the  bottoms  of  the  high  lying  valleys, 
as  in  the  valley  of  the  Tuolumne  at  Tuolumne  Meadows.  The  morainal 
matter  is  composed  of  coarse  sand,  cobblestones,  and  angular  rock 
fragments  loosely  compacted  to  porous  soil.  Much  of  the  surface  from 
which  this  debris  was  taken  now  lies  absolutely  bare  of  soil,  forming 
true  rock  deserts.  "Above  this  (morainal  zone)  extend  vast  stretches 
of  bare  rock  surfaces,  dazzling  white  smooth  outcrops  of  granodiorite 
and  reddish-brown  slate  areas."25  These  denuded  rock  surfaces  un- 
doubtedly explain  in  part  the  relative  poverty  of  the  Sierra  in  the 
true  ' '  alps, ' '  such  as  distinguish  the  Swiss  mountains  or  may  be  found 
in  the  mountains  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia.  Plate  4  shows 
a  typical  glaciated  valley  in  the  central  Sierra  west  of  Lake  Tahoe. 

Glacial  phenomena  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada  are  characterized 
by  their  fresh,  scarcely  altered  appearance ;  the  rock  surfaces  preserve 
their  striae  sharp  and  distinct  and  even  so  superficial  a  character  as 
glacial  polish  is  only  beginning  to  disappear.  Many  years  ago  Rus- 
sell28 observed  that  the  balance  between  the  conditions  favoring  the 
formation  of  glaciers  and  those  causing  them  to  disappear  is,  in  the 
region  about  Lake  Mono,  in  nice  adjustment.  A  slight  alteration  in 
the  present  climate  would  again  cause  the  valleys  to  become  filled  with 
glacial  ice,  for  to  him  it  appeared  probable  that  at  no  time  in  the 
glacial  epoch  could  the  climate  of  the  Sierra  have  been  of  really  arctic 
type.  The  glaciers  were  always  controlled  by  the  topography  and 
the  difference  between  the  temperatures  of  the  sun  and  shade  sides 
of  the  ridges  was,  in  his  opinion,  too  small  to  cause  such  a  control 
had  the  climate  been  truly  arctic.  A  few  years  later  G.  F.  Becker15 
called  attention  to  the  probable  shortness  of  the  time  which  has  elapsed 
in  California  since  the  end  of  the  Sierran  glacial  age :  ' '  The  period 
which  has  elapsed  in  California  since  the  glaciers  disappeared  is  a 
very  brief  one  and  the  canon  erosion  has  no  doubt  been  correspond- 
ingly small."  Professor  A.  C.  Lawson6  says  that  very  late  in  Quater- 
nary +ime  an  epoch  of  alpine  glaciation  occurred  in  the  Sierras  and 


14  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

he  considered  1,000  years  to  be  a  reasonable  estimate  of  the  time  which 
passed  since  the  ice  left  the  basin  of  the  Upper  Kern.  0.  H.  Hershey29 
has  stated  that  in  his  opinion  Sierran  glaciation  must  have  been 
short  and  comparatively  recent,  interesting  for  its  alpine  features 
but  insignificant  in  the  matter  of  geological  time:  "In  the  Klamath 
region,  I  have  not  seen  a  trace  of  any  glacial  action  older  than  the 
Wisconsin  epoch  and  I  have  not  heard  of  anything  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  region  which  can  be  referred  to  the  lowan  or  any  older  glacial 
epoch."  More  recently,  F.  E.  Matthes30  has  described  the  fresh 
appearance  of  the  glacial  evidences  in  the  Yosemite  district :  ' '  It  seems 
as  if  it  were  only  yesterday  that  the  ice  had  left  them.  Fresh  and 
unweathered,  like  new  quarries,  are  the  cirque  walls,  while  smooth, 
glassy  'glacier  polish,'  the  result  of  long-continued  grinding  and 
'sand-papering'  by  the  debris-laden  ice,  still  shines  upon  their  bare 
rock  floors."  Matthes  considers  Sierran  glaciation  to  have  been 
recurrent,  the  last  phase  but  recently  ended:  "Indeed,  in  one  sense 
it  has  not  ended  yet,  for  on  the  Sierra  crest  a  few  small  ice  bodies 
still  hold  their  own.  The  uppermost  cirques,  there  is  good  reason  for 
believing,  have  only  just  been  released  from  the  dominion  of  the  ice, 
but  the  lower  canyons  have  been  free  for  a  considerable  lapse  of  time 
and  subject  to  normal  weathering  and  stream  erosion. ' ' 

Glacial  scour  and  deposition  produced  such  profound  changes  in 
the  drainage  that  today  the  boreal  region  is  preeminently  a  lake  dis- 
trict. These  bodies  of  water  are  of  all  sizes  from  mere  pools  but  a 
few  yards  across  to  lakes  several  miles  in  length.  They  were  long 
ago28  divided  into  two  classes :  (a )  those  retained  by  moraines,  and, 
(&)  those  occupying  rock  basins.  The  morainal  lakes,  for  the  most 
part,  lie  in  and  below  the  Canadian  life-zone.  The  smaller  rock 

basins  are  characteristic  of  the  higher  levels.     The  morainal  lakes 

I 
are  being  rapidly  invaded  by  vegetation  and  changed  into  meadows 

onto  which  the  forest  advances,  while  the  rock  basins  are  nearly  barren 
of  plant  life  and  are  being  very  slowly  filled.  Around  the  lakelets 
of  the  higher  region  are  usually  found  narrow  beaches  of  white  sand 
and  just  beyond  the  characteristic ' ' rock-ramparts"  formed  of  boulders 
of  all  sizes  and  walling  in  the  basin.  The  relative  immunity  of  the 
rock  basins  from  plant  invasion  seems  to  depend  in  part  upon  the 
forces  which  form  the  rampart.  The  high  mountain  lakes  freeze  and 
thaw  repeatedly  during  the  year.  After  an  ice  cover  has  formed  over 
the  water,  a  sharp  drop  in  temperature  will  cause  the  ice  to  contract 
and  split,  the  cracks  become  filled  with  water  from  below  and  this 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  15 

water  on  freezing  expands,  causing  lateral  thrust  upon  the  shores. 
The  result  of  many  such  temperature  changes  is  to  drag  the  rocks 
upon  the  bottom  or  sides  of  the  basin  and  ultimately  shove  them  upon 
the  beach.31  This  process  impedes  the  development  of  higher  plant 
life  within  the  zone  of  drag.  There  is  reason  to  think  that  the  moun- 
tain lakes  affect  the  local  climates,  a  subject  considered  later. 

The  high  mountain  lakes  are  the  catchment  basins  from  which 
issue  the  brooks  that  unite  to  form  the  many  rivers  draining  the  boreal 
region.  The  drainage  of  the  High  Sierra  may  be  divided  into  the 
channel  drainage,  which  prevails  below  tree-line,  and  the  surface 
drainage  characteristic  of  the  true  alpine  zone.  In  that  zone  the 
surface  of  the  ground  during  spring  and  early  summer  is,  as  a  rule, 
wet.  The  water  derived  from  the  snow-cover  spreads  out  in  the 
shallow  soil  or  trickles  over  the  rocks  and  this  condition  of  saturation 
persists  till  the  drifts  are  melted.  Very  gradually  this  percolating 
water  is  gathered  into  small  rills  that  feed  the  lakes  and  form  the 
sources  of  the  great  rivers  of  lower  levels.  With  the  disappearance 
of  the  snow-cover  a  complete  change  is  effected ;  the  shallow  soil  soon 
dries  out,  the  small  vernal  pools  disappear,  and  a  period  of  aridity 
ensues  only  slightly  ameliorated  by  the  frequent  light  summer  showers. 
The  vegetation  in  this  alpine  zone  is  then  subject  to  a  wet  and  cold 
vernal  period  followed  by  a  dry  aestival  phase.  Near  tree-line  are 
the  beginnings  of  definite  water  channels.  The  high  gradient  of  the 
boreal  region  reduces  all  streams  to  typical  mountain  torrents  broken 
by  cascades  and  rapids. 

Though  mention  has  been  made  of  a  long  axis  of  the  Sierran  region 
about  which  the  whole  range  has  been  slightly  revolved,  there  is  no 
single  crest-line  throughout  the  summit  region.  In  the  north  in 
Plumas  County  the  range  has  three  crests.  The  western  crest  runs 
from  Bucks  Mountain  (7,231  feet)  and  Mt.  Pleasant  (7,111  feet) 
through  Spanish  Peak  (7,047  feet)  with  a  crest  continuously  above 
6,500  feet ;  southeast  from  Spanish  Peak  the  ridge  line  lowers,  being 
below  5,000  feet  for  ten  miles  before  reaching  Clermont  Hill  (7,014 
feet).  Here  the  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River  cuts  through  this  axis, 
which  has  its  prolongation  southward  in  the  ridge,  continuously  rising 
to  or  above  the  6,500-foot  contour  line  that  runs  from  the  head  of 
Camp  Creek  through  Eureka  Peak  (7,490  feet)  and  Mt.  Elwell  (7,846 
feet)  to  Sierra  Buttes  (8,615  feet).  Between  Clermont  Hill  and  the 
northwest  end  of  this  Camp  Creek-Sierra  Buttes  crest,  the  gap  below 
the  .6,500-foot  contour  is  approximately  nine  miles  wide.  To  the 


16  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

southwest  of  this  interrupted  height  of  land  stretching  from  Bucks 
Mountain  to  Sierra  Buttes  there  are  a  number  of  distinct  summits  and 
ridges  rising  to  or  above  6,500  feet — the  very  irregular  crest  north 
and  east  of  Onion  Valley  and  curving  southeast  to  include  Pilot  Peak 
(7,505  feet)  and  Blue  Nose  Mountain  (7,300  feet)  ;  the  high  ridges 
about  Mt.  Fillmore  (7,816  feet)  and  Rattlesnake  Peak  (7,000  feet)— 
but  they  are  separated  by  gaps  of  varying  width  and  depression. 

The  second  of  these  north  Sierran  crests  begins  with  Houghs  Peak 
(7,254  feet)  and  continues  south  through  the  Grizzly  Mountains  to 
Grizzly  Peak  (7,578  feet)  with  westerly  offshoots  to  Mt.  Jackson 
(6,625  feet)  and  Penman  Peak  (7,280  feet),  south  of  which  the 
upper  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River  cuts  through  to  its  head  in 
Sierra  Valley.  The  third  of  the  crest-lines  is  that  which  curves  from 
Mountain  Meadows  through  the  summit  of  Diamond  Mountain  (7,000 
feet)  and  Thompson  Peak  (7,752  feet),  running  southeast  past  Honey 
Lake  and  including  McKesick  Peak  (7,083  feet)  and  Adams  Peak 
(8,200  feet).  This  third  crest  has  a  higher  crest-line  than  either  of 
the  other  two  but  breaks  down  to  below  the  5,000-foot  contour  at  Beck- 
with  Pass,  where  a  gap  of  ten  miles  separates  the  6,500-foot  contours 
on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  pass. 

Of  these  crest-lines  only  the  first  may  be  said  to  be  continuous 
with  the  high  mountain  region  west  of  Lake  Tahoe  and  this  is  inter- 
sected by  the  deep  but  narrow  canon  of  the  North  Fork  of  North  Fork 
Yuba  River.  It  has  some  significance  for  the  study  of  the  route  by 
which  the  "  Glazialpflanzen  "  invaded  the  Sierras  that  only  on  the 
northeast  flank  of  this  ridge  are  there  well  defined  and  extensive 
glacial  deposits  comparable  to  those  found  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada 
County  and  to  the  southward. 

The  discontinuity  in  the  high  level  surface  at  the  north  of  the 
range  may  have  a  bearing  upon  the  colonization  of  the  Sierra  by  rep- 
resentatives of  the  boreal  flora;  within  the  range  itself,  once  the 
elevated  region  west  of  Lake  Tahoe  had  been  reached,  these  elements 
were  less  hindered  in  their  gradual  occupation  of  the  country  yet  the 
progressive  falling  off  in  the  number  of  species  with  high  northern 
affinities  seen  in  going  from  north  to  south  suggests  that  within  the 
range  other  gaps  may  occur  across  which  the  advance  southward  has 
been  difficult.  These  gaps,  in  addition  to  whatever  significance  may 
attach  to  them  in  the  study  of  plant  distribution,  are  of  interest  to 
all  who  traverse  the  higher  mountains,  since  advantage  is  taken  of 
them  to  pass  the  divides  and  on  the  maps  of  the  region  they  appear 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  17 

as  passes,  as  Dormer  Pass,  Tioga  Pass.  These  places  where  the  con- 
tinuity of  the  summit  region  is  interrupted  are  numerous  but  to  only 
a  few  can  much  significance  be  reasonably  ascribed  as  barriers  to  plant 
invasion  from  the  north.  The  first  depression  which  seems  significant 
is  that  through  which  the  railroad  passes  from  Sacramento  to  Truckee 
(Donner  Pass,  7,000  feet)  ;  a  number  of  forms  present  in  the  northern 
Sierra  do  not  appear  to  the  southward.  The  second  of  these  possibly 
significant  depressions  occurs  about  120  miles  to  the  southeast,  inter- 
secting the  summit  east  of  Yosemite  Valley;  Tioga  Pass,  9,941  feet, 
breaks  the  continuity  of  the  arctic-alpine  life-zone  for  a  distance 
of  about  three  miles.  The  last  gap  reasonably  to  be  considered  as 
effective  in  this  connection  is  some  25  miles  southeast  of  Tioga  Pass. 
This  last  pass  has  not  been  visited  by  me  but  Professor  J.  N.  Le  Conte 
describes32  the  High  Sierra  breaking  down  completely  at  Mammoth 
Pass  (9,350  feet),  where  the  crest  consists  of  rolling  hills  and  the 
forest  belt  crosses  the  range  for  a  space  of  20  miles. 


CLIMATOLOGY 

CLIMATE  OF  THE  SIEEEA  NEVADA 

The  data  bearing  upon  the  climate  of  the  higher  Sierra,  and 
especially  of  the  region  included  within  the  limits  of  this  report,  are 
still  so  fragmentary  that  only  general  statements  are  warranted.  The 
section  across  the  range,  through  which  the  Central  Pacific  Eailroad 
passes,  has  been  longest  studied  and  its  central  position  permits  cer- 
tain general  conclusions  to  be  drawn  concerning  the  climate  of  the 
Sierra  as  a  whole.  In  very  recent  years  there  has  been  an  increasing 
interest  in  the  climate  of  the  California  mountains  and  numerous 
stations  of  record  have  been  established. 

The  climate  of  the  Sierra  is  conditioned  by  its  northwest-southeast 
trend  across  the  track  of  the  winds  blowing  from  the  Pacific.  All 
elements  of  its  climate  are  effected  by  this  geographic  position. 

TEMPEEATUEE 

The  area  whose  vegetation  is  here  considered  is  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  districts  of  much  lower  altitude  and  quite  different  tempera- 
tures. Within  the  high  mountain  region  of  the  Sierra  the  similarities 
and  contrasts  in  temperature  follow  as  a  consequence  of  its  position 


18  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

paralleling  the  Pacific.  The  recorded  temperatures  of  La  Porte,  in 
Plumas  County,  near  the  northern  limit  of  the  region,  and  of  Sum- 
merdale,  Mariposa  County,  in  the  southern  half,  are  in  close  agree- 
ment (table  1).  These  stations  are  both  well  up  in  the  Transition 
Zone.  In  the  central  Sierra,  Cisco  and  Truckee  are  stations  twenty 
miles  apart  but  on  opposite  sides  of  the  divide  (table  2).  An  inspec- 
tion of  these  curves  indicates  that  north  and  south  distance  has  but 
little  influence  on  the  local  temperature;  the  northern  station  has  a 
slightly  lower  mean  monthly  temperature  throughout  the  year  and 
monthly  extremes  a  little  below  those  of  Summerdale.  On  the  other 
hand,  location  on  opposite  flanks  of  the  range  shows  a  marked  differ- 
ence in  the  monthly  extremes  and  a  significant  difference  in  the  yearly 
means;  Truckee  is  subject  to  winter  minima  far  below  the  minima 
at  Cisco,  and  to  summer  maxima  exceeding  those  at  the  western 
station.  The  same  relation  is  seen  to  exist  between  the  temperatures 
at  Tamarack  and  Bodie  (table  3). 

While  very  low  minima  or  high  maxima  are  not  common  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  they  are  by  no  means  unknown.  Above  the  transition 
zone,  minimum  temperatures  comparable  to  winter  temperatures  in 
the  eastern  United  States  are  recorded  from  some  district  of  the  Sierra 
every  season.  The  tables  show  the  recorded  extremes  for  a  period 
sufficiently  long  to  give  some  conception  of  the  probable  range.  Data 
about  winter  minima  from  the  very  high  mountain  region  are  avail- 
able from  only  three  points.  On  Mt.  Rose,33  10,800  feet,  the  highest 
but  one  of  the  peaks  in  the  Carson  Range,  during  the  years  1905-06, 
1906-07,  instruments  recorded  a  minimum  for  the  first  year  of 
-5°F.;  for  the  second,  --10°F.  On  Mt.  Lyell,  13,090  feet,  a 
minimum  thermometer  was  left  for  two  years — July  1897  to  July 
1899.34  The  lowest  temperature  for  the  first  winter  was  — 13.6°,  and 
for  the  next,  — 17.6°  F.  On  the  summit  of  Mt.  Whitney,35  maximum 
and  minimum  thermometers  left  in  September,  1909,  showed  a  record 
of  55°  and  — 23°,  respectively,  when  read  on  May  24,  1910.  They 
were  reset  on  September  26,  1912  and  by  the  following  spring,  a 
maximum  of  65°  and  a  minimum  of  --  35°  had  been  recorded.  The 
data  given  in  the  temperature  tables  show  that  minima,  comparable 
to  these  from  the  highest  peaks,  are  annual  or  nearly  so,  at  Tamarack 
and  Bodie,  some  four  to  six  thousand  feet  nearer  sea  level. 

The  daily  range  of  temperature  in  the  High  Sierra  appears,  from 
the  data  at  hand,  to  be  considerably  less  than  has  been  reported  from 
other  similar  regions  in  different  parts  of  the  world.  A  comparison 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Calif  orma  19 

of  the  local  climates  of  Summit  (7,017  feet)  and  of  Tamarack  (8,000 
feet),  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  what  effect  a  difference 
of  1,000  feet  might  have  on  temperature,  disclosed  that  for  the  period 
of  record,  eight  years,  the  greatest  daily  range  of  temperature  observed 
in  each  month  was  as  follows  (data  arranged  in  the  order  of  months 
from  the  first  of  the  year)  : 

Summit  35       46       31       30       39       43       47       48       48       50       45       42 

Tamarack  64       64       54       58       46       50       47       48       58       54       48       52 

There  are  a  few  observations  which  tend  to  show  that  the  daily 
range  of  temperature  in  the  alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  follows  the 
general  rule  for  alpine  climates  with  a  maximum  near  noon  and  low 
night  temperatures.  At  Mountain  Camp,  11,600  feet,  near  Mt.  Whit- 
ney, during  the  twelve  days  between  August  22  and  September  2, 
1881,  inclusive,  Langley36  found  the  temperature  averaging  at 

8:15  A.M.,  41.0°  F. 
12:35  P.M.,  56.7 
8:15  P.M.,  30.6 

On  the  summit  of  Mt.  Whitney  at  the  beginning  of  September  he 
found  day  maxima  of  62.5°  and  morning  minima  of  22.5°  F. ;  the 
coldest  period  of  the  day  was  between  3  and  6  A.M.  On  the  same 
summit  on  July  8,  1903  the  temperature  rose  from  51°  at  9:30  A.M. 
to  a  maximum  of  55°  one  hour  later.37  The  daily  range  of  tempera- 
ture suggested  by  these  meager  data  is  far  less  than  the  daily  ranges 
reported  from  other  alpine  heights,  nor  does  this  small  range  appear 
to  be  too  exceptional.  From  a  study  of  conditions  on  the  summit  of 
Mt.  Rose,  Church38  concludes  that  "The  most  notable  characteristic 
of  the  temperature  on  the  summit  is  the  smallness  of  the  mean  daily 
range. ' ' 

The  summer  summit  temperatures  recorded  from  Mt.  Whitney 
are  supplemented  by  data  from  Mt.  Kose ;  on  this  peak  from  June  29 
to  August  4,  1905,  the  extremes  were  24°  and  72°  F. ;  between  August 
4  and  September  4,  the  maximum  was  70.8°.  The  following  year 
similar  periods  showed  minima  of  22°  and  29.5°  and  maxima  of  71° 
and  68. 8 °.38  These  summit  data  appear  to  show  that  as  far  as  tem- 
perature extremes  go  the  Sierran  alpine  heights  are  subject  to  about 
the  same  winter  extremes  and  summer  minima  as  stations  thousands 
of  feet  below  but  that  their  summer  maxima  fall  far  short  of  the 
maxima  of  lower  levels. 

Inspection  of  the  graphs  (table  3)  of  the  monthly  extremes  for 
the,  three  stations — Summit,  Tamarack,  and  Bodie — shows  that  even 


20  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

in  the  Canadian,  the  lowest  of  the  boreal  life-zones,  all  months  are 
subject  to  frost;  little  significance  is  to  be  attached,  however,  to  the 
rubric  "killing  frosts,"  when  referring  to  high  mountain  stations, 
for  the  sufficient  reason  that  though  the  plants  may  be  frozen  they 
may  still  survive.39 

RAINFALL 

Though  the  Sierra  Nevada  lies  to  the  south  of  the  majority  of  the 
storms  entering  the  continental  atmosphere  from  the  North  Pacific  area, 
the  position  of  the  range,  athwart  the  track  of  the  moisture-bearing 
winds  blowing  landwards,  ensures  to  the  western  side  of  the  mountains 
sufficient  rain  not  to  exclude  tree  growth  away  from  the  water  courses, 
even  at  the  base  of  the  mountains  except  near  the  southern  end  of 
the  region.  The  Blue  Oak  (Quercus  Douglasii  H.  &  A.),  the  Interior 
Live  Oak  (Q.  Wislizenii  A. DC.),  and  the  Digger  Pine  (Pinus  Sabim- 
ana  Dougl.)  grow  on  the  foothills  east  of  the  central  valley  but  little 
above  the  valley  floor.  On  the  eastern  flank  no  such  lowering  of  the 
"dry  tree-line"  exists;  west  of  Honey  Lake,  Lassen  County  (3,849 
feet),  this  line  runs  at  about  2,500  feet  above  the  lake,  rising  south- 
ward to  near  8,500  feet  west  of  Owens  Valley.  The  rainfall  on  both 
flanks  constantly  diminishes  to  the  southward: 

Western  slope  stations: 

La  Porte,  Plumas  County,  5,000  feet 89.2  inches 

Bowmans  Dam,  Nevada  County,  5,500  feet 75.6  " 

Blue  Canon,  Placer  County,  4,695  feet 74.2  " 

Crockers,  Tuolumne  County,  4,452  feet 55.0  " 

Summerdale,  Mariposa  County,  5,270  feet 55.1  " 

Tehachapi,  Kern  County 10.62  " 

Eastern  slope  stations: 

Truekee,  Nevada  County,  5,819  feet 27.1  " 

Taboose,  Inyo  County,  6,200  feet 14.0  " 

Bairs,  Inyo  County,  6,100  feet 8.7  "      *o 

This  difference  in  the  mean  annual  precipitation  between  the  wind- 
ward and  leeward  sides  of  the  range  is  even  more  clearly  seen  by  com- 
paring nearby  stations : 

West  side:  Bowmans  Dam,  5,500  feet 75.6  inches 

East  side:  Boca,  5,535  feet 20.14    " 

The  altitude  of  greatest  rainfall  in  the  Sierra  is  between  5,000  and 
6,500  feet  on  the  western  flank.  The  line  for  a  time  rises  to  the  south- 
ward, the  higher  mountains  of  the  southern  half  of  the  region  appear- 
ing to  cause  an  increased  rainfall  at  a  constant  level.  The  rainfall 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  21 


of  the  summit  region  varies  from  about  70  inches  in  Plumas  County 
to  47  inches  at  Summit  and  probably  40  to  30  inches  west  of  Owens 
Valley.  Above  the  zone  of  maximum  rainfall  on  the  western  slope 
there  appears  to  be  a  fairly  constant  decline  with  increasing  altitude, 
amounting  to  0.40  inches  per  100-foot  rise.  On  the  eastern  slope  the 
crest  is  the  altitude  of  greatest  rainfall  and  there  is  a  constant  decline 
to  the  floor  of  the  Great  Basin  and  of  Owens  Valley.  Between  Sum- 
mit and  Boca  the  rate  of  decrease  is  approximately  1.85  inches  per 
100  feet  of  descent.  In  the  southern  Sierra,  Lee40  found  the  rate  to 
be  about  .40  inches  per  100  feet. 

The  rainfall  of  the  Sierra  is  markedly  seasonal;  winter  has  the 
maximum  amount  and  summer  the  minimum.  In  this  strict  seasonal 
distribution  of  precipitation  the  Sierra  is  peculiar  among  the  high 
mountains  of  western  America.  Table  4  shows  the  graphs  for  repre- 
sentative Transition  and  Boreal  stations.  There  appear  to  be  two 
winter  maxima:  a  major  in  January  and  a  minor  in  March.  Aside 
from  the  small  amount  of  rain  falling  on  the  eastern  side  there  is  the 
further  difference  that  this  amount  is  more  evenly  distributed  through- 
out the  year;  the  graph  for  Bodie  is  flatter  than  that  of  any  other 
station.  A  feature  of  the  high  mountain  rainfall,  contrasted  with  that 
of  the  Transition  life-zone,  is  the  more  copious  summer  showers;  at 
LaPorte  and  Summerdale,  July  and  August  are  practically  rainless, 
while  Bodie  has  over  half  an  inch  and  Tamarack  nearly  an  inch  in 
July. 

SNOWFALL 

Kecords  of  snowfall  in  the  Sierra  from  the  central  division  cover 
a  period  of  over  forty  years ;  at  Summit  there  is  a  continuous  record 
since  1870.  At  that  station  86  per  cent  of  the  total  precipitation  falls 
as  snow.41  The  total  seasonal  fall  varies  within  wide  limits  about  a 
mean  of  443.5  inches.  During  the  period  of  record  at  Summit  the 
extremes  in  five  seasons  were : 


MAXIMA 

1879-80  783.0  inches 

1889-90  776.0      " 

1894-95  685.0      " 


1892-93 
1906-07 


634.0 
602.0 


1880-81' 
1884-85 
1888-89 
1897-98 
1882-83 


MINIMA 

153.5  inches 
202.0      " 
261.0      " 
262.0      " 
299.0      " 


These  maxima  are  among  the  largest,  if  not  the  largest,  ever  reached 
in  the  United  States.42   • 


22  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

At  Summit,  during  a  period  of  thirty-five  years,  July  was  the  only 
month  with  no  snow.  August  showed  only  a  trace  in  one  year.  The 
snow  season  begins  in  September  but,  throughout  that  month  and  the 
next,  snow  melts  as  fast  as  it  falls,  the  snow-cover  not  appearing  till 
the  first  week  in  November.  This  appearance  of  the  ground-cover 
normally  marks  the  beginning  of  winter  and  the  complete  cessation 
of  the  vegetative  period — at  least  for  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  as  its  dis- 
appearance marks  the  beginning  of  the  local  "spring"  for  these 
plants.  The  cover  increases  to  a  maximum  in  March  when  melting 
becomes  dominant  and  thereafter  the  snow-cover  diminishes  steadily 
to  zero  in  the  first  ten  days  in  July  (table  5). 

The  snow-cover  plays  such  an  important  part  in  the  biology  of 
the  high  mountain  region  that  its  fluctuations  are  of  considerable 
moment.  The  graph  presented  in  table  5  shows  the  normal  accumu- 
lation and  dissipation  of  the  snow-cover  at  Summit.  The  data  given 
below  show  the  average  condition  of  the  surface,  at  the  first,  middle, 
and  end  of  each  month,  from  the  beginning  of  the  snow  season  to  the 
snow  maximum  in  March,  and,  at  the  right,  the  varying  condition  of 
the  surface  observed  once  or  oftener  on  the  same  dates  (data  in 
inches).  Period,  1906-07  to  1917-18  inclusive. 

Nov.  189  06  032  034 

Fordyce  Dam  Dec.  9  28  39  0  35  0  60  0  74 

Nevada  County  Jan.  40  75  85  0  69  15  100  8  161 

6,500  feet  Feb.  86  91  103  9  158  27  157  44  154 

Mar.  Ill  108  103  45  165  58  154  67  154 

0  47  0  32 

0  70  0  32 

26  178  2  218 

27  240  23  215 
38  276  50  262 

0  55  0  29 

0  101  8  125 

25  178  20  274 

45  407  42  434 

79  440  62  338 

Summarizing  the  data  for  this  element  of  the  high  mountain 
habitat,  we  note  that  on  the  first  of  November,  at  all  three  stations,  the 
ground  may  either  be  bare  of  snow  or  may  already  have  received  the 
beginning  of  the  snow-cover.  At  all  three  places  in  the  majority  of 
years,  the  ground  has  not  yet  received  its  winter  blanket  by  November 
first.  By  the  middle  of  November,  in  the  m'ajority  of  years,  a  light 


Nov. 

2/3 

9 

11 

0 

4 

Summit 

Dec. 

10 

27 

40 

0 

31 

Placer  County 

Jan. 

44 

93 

118 

0 

87 

7.017  feet 

Feb. 

118 

117 

121 

2 

228 

Mar. 

127 

137 

115 

26 

222 

Nov. 

7/10 

13 

13 

0 

6 

Tamarack 

Dec. 

17 

39 

53 

0 

55 

Alpine  County 

Jan. 

60 

107 

145 

8 

125 

8,000  feet 

Feb. 

154 

163 

170 

20 

320 

Mar. 

176 

180 

172 

44 

443 

1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  23 

covering  of  snow  has  appeared  though,  in  exceptional  seasons  the 
ground  may  still  be  bare  (in  the  twelve  years,  this  occurred  five  times 
at  Fordyce  Dam,  four  times  at  Summit,  three  times  at  Tamarack). 
By  the  end  of  November,  at  all  three  stations,  the  ground  has  become 
covered  except  in  very  exceptional  years  (in  the  period  under  con- 
sideration, the  ground  was  bare  of  snow  at  the  end  of  November  in 
two  seasons  at  Fordyce  and  Summit,  and  once  at  Tamarack).  The 
beginning  of  December  found  the  ground  bare  of  snow  once  in  the 
period  at  all  three  stations  and  in  the  same  season,  that  of  1907-08. 
An  extraordinary  condition  occurred  in  December,  1907,  at  Fordyce 
and  Summit,  where,  at  the  end  of  the  month,  no  snow  lay  upon  the 
ground  and  but  eight  inches  was  present  at  Tamarack,  1,000  feet 
higher.  Even  January  first  has  found  the  ground  at  Fordyce  free  of 
snow  (season  of  1910-11)  and  Summit  with  but  four  inches,  though 
Tamarack  reported  two  feet.  The  winter  of  1917-18  was  unprece- 
dented in  the  failure  of  precipitation;  January  first  saw  no  snow  at 
Fordyce  and  Summit  and  but  eight  inches  at  the  highest  station.  Even 
as  late  as  the  first  of  February  in  this  winter  there  were  but  two  inches 
of  snow  at  Summit,  a  snowfall  of  over  two  feet  which  had  occurred 
about  the  middle  of  January  having  been  almost  completely  melted 
or  evaporated. 

The  conditions  at  Summit  appear  to  be  fairly  typical  for  the 
Canadian  zone  throughout  the  Sierra.  Melting  of  the  snow-cover 
proceeds  at  the  rate  of  four  inches  per  day  at  the  middle  of  May.  At 
the  beginning  of  June,  1911,  there  was  about  38  inches  of  snow  at 
6-7,000  feet;  by  the  twelfth,  bare  ground  was  visible  in  spots,  and 
within  a  week  all  snow  was  gone  except  in  north-facing  ravines  and 
on  the  higher  peaks.41  Here  snow  may  linger  till  late  in  summer  or, 
after  years  of  exceptional  snowfall  or  in  unusually  cold  summers, 
persist  in  drifts  throughout  one  season.  Very  rarely  does  such  a  drift 
survive  a  second  summer.  On  the  summit  of  Mt.  Whitney,  snow 
drifts  among  the  summit  rocks  last  till  the  first  of  September.37 

Unfortunately  there  is  no  Hudsonian  station,  but  the  record  at 
Tamarack  throws  some  light  on  conditions  in  the  higher  zone.  The 
snow-cover  appears  at  Tamarack  in  the  latter  half  of  October ;  by  the 
last  of  that  month,  on  the  average,  30  inches  of  snow  has  fallen  and 
winter  has  begun.  "Spring"  comes  in  the  first  or  second  week  of 
July ;  by  the  middle  of  the  month,  the  ground  at  10,000  feet  is  com- 
monly free  from  snow;  the  first  of  August  finds  only  patches  and 
drifts  in  sheltered  places. 


24  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL,  9 

From  the  studies  of  J.  E.  Church43  it  appears  that  the  density 
of  the  snow-cover  increases  with  altitude  and  method  of  deposition, 
i.e.,  whether  wind-laid  or  in  sheltered  drifts.  At  8,000  feet  in  Jones 
Pass  on  Mt.  Hose,  Church  found  a  protected  drift  with  a  density  of 
26.6;  at  the  summit  (10,800  feet)  a  wind-laid  deposit  showed  a  density 
of  39.5.  The  weight  of  the  snow-cover  mechanically  influences  the 
growth-forms  of  high  mountain  plants.  This  weight  increases  as  the 
season  advances  and  is  greatest  near  the  end  of  March,  when  melting 
has  begun  to  raise  the  water  content  of  the  snow.  At  Summit  in 
January,  1916,  weighings  made  on  the  twenty-fourth  and  twenty- 
seventh  of  different  levels  in  a  cover  of  168  inches  showed  increasing 
weights  per  cubic  foot  as  follows : 

First   cubic  foot    (surface) 10  Ibs. 

Three  feet  from  surface,  cubic  foot 14    ' ' 

Six  feet  from  surface,  cubic  foot 18    ' ' 

Ten  feet  from  surface,  cubic  foot 22    " 

Bottom  of  cover,  cubic  foot 28    "    4* 

In  March  the  water  content  of  the  snow  has  greatly  increased  and 
the  bottom  of  the  cover  is  a  slush  that  weighs  heavily  upon  the  vege- 
tation beneath ;  in  March,  1916,  the  cover  was  ten  feet  thick,  the  first 
foot  contained  56  per  cent  of  water ;  at  the  depth  of  five  feet  the  snow 
was  63  per  cent  water,  and  at  the  bottom,  66  per  cent. 

In  the  boreal  region  snow  conditions  are  complicated  by  several 
factors:  the  diminished  precipitation  decreases  the  total  snow;  the 
usually  bold  relief  favors  the  accumulation  of  drifts  on  lee  sides  of 
peaks  and  crests  but  increases  the  power  of  wind  to  sweep  large  areas 
bare;  the  increased  direct  insolation  plus  the  large  amount  of  heat 
reflected  from  the  snow-fields  below  often  causes  the  high  peaks  and 
ridges  to  exhibit  spring  phenomena  before  the  lower  levels. 

The  relative  effect  of  protection  from  wind  and  sun  is  indicated 
by  certain  measurements  taken  at  Tahoe  City  (6,225  feet)  in  the 
winter  and  spring  of  1910  :43 

Treeless  Meadow                      Pine-Fir  Forest  Fir  Forest 

Jan.      7  snow  24.6  inches                             23.8  inches  25.0  inches 
Jan.    19             41.6      "                                  40.4      " 

Mar.   11             29.8      "                                  31.4      "  30.4      " 

Mar.   21             20.0      "                                  24.0      "  24.5      " 

Apr.    10-13         0.0      "  Apr.   20     1.3      "  Apr.   20     7.1      " 

At  the  beginning  of  the  period  the  three  types  of  surface  had  approxi- 
mately equal  amounts  of  snow ;  at  the  end  the  meadow  had  been  bare 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  25 

a  week,  the  mixed  forest  retained  about  3  per  cent  of  its  maximum, 
and  the  denser  fir  forest  25  per  cent.  Still  more  indicative  of  the  com- 
parative aridity  of  open  slopes,  this  time  for  the  alpine  zone,  are  the 
comparative  measurements  made  on  a  talus  slope  and  on  a  forested 
slope  on  Mt.  Eose: 

Talus  slope  (unforested) : 

Slightly  protected  slope  below  observatory 52.5  inches 

Wind-swept  slope  8.1      " 

Protected  slope  78.1      " 

Average  of  talus  slope 40.8      " 

Forested  slope  88.6      " 

The  influence  of  the  snow-cover  on  the  seasonal  temperature  is  well 
brought  out  in  the  curves  for  stations  on  the  opposite  flanks  of  the 
range.  The  eastern  side,  deficient  in  rainfall,  has  winter  temperatures 
below  the  western  slope;  with  the  return  of  spring  there  is  required 
less  heat  to  melt  the  accumulated  snow  on  the  eastern  side  and  the 
monthly  means  for  spring  are  higher  than  on  the  Pacific  side.  That 
this  milder  spring  temperature  on  the  leeward  side  is  due  to  the 
lessened  amount  of  heat  required  for  melting  is  borne  out  by  the  fact 
that,  as  soon  as  the  snow-cover  is  melted  from  the  western  flank,  its 
mean  temperature  immediately  rises  above  that  of  the  desert  side. 
It  will  also  be  noted  that  in  winter,  when  no  melting  occurs,  the  west- 
ern side  is  the  warmer  (tables  2  and  3). 

Data  concerning  relative  humidity  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada 
are  extremely  meager  and  somewhat  contradictory.  McAdie45  observed 
that  on  Mt.  Whitney,  ' '  During  the  mid-day  hours  the  humidity  would 
rise  as  a  rule  to  above  80  per  cent,  while  between  2  P.M.  and  5  P.M. 
extremely  low  humidities  were  recorded,  ranging  from  3  to  11  per 
cent. ' '  This  diurnal  change  in  the  content  of  atmospheric  vapor  with 
a  maximum  about  noon  followed  by  cloud  formation  and  rain  in  the 
afternoon  is  normal  for  all  high  mountain  climates.46  McAdie  also 
noted  that  there  were  ' '  marked  changes  in  short  intervals  in  the  amount 
of  water  vapor  present,"  a  characteristic  of  the  alpine  climate.*  In 
August,  1913,  the  condition  of  atmospheric  humidity  in  the  high 
mountains  west  of  Lake  Tahoe  was  comparable  to  that  observed  by 
McAdie.  At  Glen  Alpine  Springs,  Eldorado  County,  the  humidity 


*L'humidite  relative  est  sujette  en  montagne  aux  variations  les  plus  brusques 
et,  en  apparence,  les  plus  capricieuses.  Ces  variations  augmentent  avee  1 'altitude. 
A  des  periodes  de  seeheresse,  ou,  la  perce  gerce  et  les  ongles  cassent  eomme  dans 
un  desert,  succedent,  avee  une  bouffee  de  vent  ascendent,  des  brouillardes  pene- 
'47 


26  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

would  increase  hourly  to  a  maximum  about  2  P.M.,  a  heavy  shower  of 
rain  or  hail  would  sweep  across  the  country  and,  thereafter,  the  water 
vapor  in  the  atmosphere  rapidly  diminish.  It  is  somewhat  surprising 
to  find  Langley  's  observations,  made  also  in  the  high  mountain  district 
of  Tulare  County,  at  considerable  variance  with  the  later  report : 
during  his  twelve-day  stay  at  Mountain  Camp,  near  Mt.  Whitney, 
he  noted  mean  humidities  as  follows : 


8  :15  A.M.     27.6  per  cent 

12:36  P.M.     20.6  per  cent 

8:15  P.M.     40.9  per  cent 


In  this  period  the  absolute  maximum  was  67.5  per  cent  at  8  :15  P.M. 
and  the  minimum  at  8  :15  A.M.  was  4.4  per  cent.  The  evening  maxi- 
mum decreased  as  a  rule  during  the  night,  though  some  of  the  morn- 
ings showed  high  humidities ;  he  found  no  evidence  of  a  regular  mid- 
day maximum.  "That  no  such  law  was  observed  on  Mt.  Whitney  is 
again  to  be  attributed  to  the  extraordinary  dryness  of  the  climate. '  '36 
In  the  Sierran  boreal  region  the  sky  is  distinctly  more  cloudy  than 
at  lower  levels : 

Emigrant  Gap,   5,230  feet,  clear  days  241.8;  part  cloudy  24.0;   cloudy  96.5 

Cisco                     5,939  feet,  clear  days  273.2;  part  cloudy  5.0;  cloudy  86.5 

Summit                 7,017  feet,  clear  days  226.2;  part  cloudy  11.1;  cloudy  122.7 

Tamarack             8,000  feet,  clear  days  189.2;  part  cloudy  78.8;  cloudy  99.5 

This  increase  in  cloudiness  in  the  higher  mountains  is  a  sequel  of  the 
rapid  change  in  atmospheric  humidity  noted  above  and  is  character- 
istic of  alpine  climates. 

Wind  in  the  higher  mountains  is  a  major  element  in  the  climate. 
It  affects  the  plant  population  both  indirectly  as  modifying  the  soil 
and  directly  by  its  importance  as  an  agent  in  the  distribution  of 
propagative  bodies  and  through  its  formative  influence  upon  the  grow- 
ing plant.  In  the  Sierra  the  prevailing  winds  blow  from  the  west  or 
southwest,  the  storm  winds,  particularly,  blowing  from  that  direction. 
There  is  some  difference  between  the  two  slopes  of  the  range  with 
regard  to  the  constancy  of  wind  direction;  on  the  western  slope  the 
air  movement  will  be  constant  for  days  or  even  weeks  at  a  time  (dis- 
regarding those  minor  air  movements  determined  by  topography  noted 
below)  ;  on  the  eastern  slope  there  is  less  uniformity  of  direction, 
though  the  prevailing  wind  is  still  the  west  wind,  yet  occasionally 
winds  of  considerable  velocity  blow  from  the  desert.  In  the  boreal 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  27 

region  the  force  and  direction  of  the  wind  are  the  controlling  factors 
in  giving  shape  to  the  vegetation.  The  velocity  of  the  winds  increases 
with  altitude.  On  the  summit  of  Mt.  Rose  the  velocities  of  40  to  50 
miles  per  hour  have  been  recorded.33  In  the  spring  perpendicular 
winds  (Chinook  winds)  may  occur  which  rapidly  melt  the  snow  from 
the  higher  altitudes.  In  addition  to  these  general  winds  there  are 
"mountain  and  valley  winds,"  day  and  night  currents,  induced  by 
diurnal  and  nocturnal  temperature  changes  on  the  higher  peaks  and 
ridges,  which  flow  up  and  down  the  gorges,  at  times  attaining  con- 
siderable force  if  the  topography  favors  convergence  of  several  minor 
currents  into  a  general  movement.  The  valley  or  night  wind  flowing 
down  the  slope  undoubtedly  plays  a  part  in  plant  distribution;  just 
what,  if  any,  importance  in  this  connection  is  to  be  attached  to  the 
feebler  ascending  day  current  is  obscure. 

An  account  of  the  climate  of  a  region  with  so  diversified  a  topo- 
graphy as  that  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  must  take  cognizance  of  the  fact 
that  in  only  a  very  general  sense  is  there  a  climate  of  the  region  as  a 
whole ;  rather,  there  exists  a  number  of  local  climates  determined  by 
position.  In  the  case  of  the  Sierra,  with  its  contrasted  flanks,  the 
complexity  becomes  all  the  greater.  It  is  apparent  to  even  the  casual 
visitor  that  the  vegetation  is  unlike  in  different  parts  of  the  range; 
on  either  flank  there  is  a  change  with  altitude  and  a  significant  differ- 
ence exists  between  the  flanks  in  the  aspect  of  the  vegetation.  The 
general  characters  of  the  high  mountain  climate  have  now  been  given 
but  it  has  also  seemed  possible  to  arrive  at  some  more  definite  under- 
standing with  regard  to  the  unlikenesses  in  the  plant  life  of  the  range 
by  making  a  study  of  the  climates  of  certain  stations  known  to  possess 
distinct  assemblages  of  plants. 

The  data  are  supplied  by  publications  of  the  Weather  Bureau  in 
which  information  is  given  concerning  the  mean  monthly  tempera- 
tures, the  monthly  extreme  temperatures,  amount  of  precipitation, 
amount  of  snow  upon  the  ground  at  the  end  of  each  month,  number 
of  rainy,  clear,  part  clear,  and  cloudy  days,  and  the  prevailing  direc- 
tion of  the  wind.  In  order  that  the  effect  of  the  climatic  elements, 
as  modified  by  position  and  topography,  should  be  comparable  and 
serve  as  the  basis  for  deduction  about  the  vegetation,  it  is  obvious  that 
the  data  should  meet  certain  conditions:  the  stations  should  be  as 
close  together  as  possible  and  still  possess  those  contrasts  in  position 
and  topography  which  may  be  presumed  to  influence  the  local  climate ; 
the  data  should  cover  the  same  years. 


28  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

The  five  stations  selected,  their  geographical  position  with  respect 
to  each  other,  and  the  distinctive  character  of  the  local  topography, 
are: 

(1)  Summit,  Nevada  County,  7,017  feet  elevation,  lies  at  the  top  of  the  divide, 
about  300  feet  above  Summit  Valley  and  nearly  1,100  feet  above  Donner  Lake 
(5,939   feet),   a   glacial   lakelet   three   miles   long,    draining   into   Truckee   River. 
Lower  Canadian  life-zone   (Pinus  Jeffreyi  the  characteristic  tree). 

(2)  Fordyce  Dam,  Nevada  County,  6,500  feet  elevation,  and  about  nine  miles 
northwest  of  Summit.     The  station  lies  just  below  Fordyce  Lake,  a  small  glacial 
lakelet  receiving  drainage  from  the  northwest  side  of  Castle  Peak  and  the  south- 
west slopes  of  Mt.  Lola.    The  lake  lies  1,500  feet  below  the  divide,  on  the  western 
slope  of  the  range,  and  drains  into  the  South  Fork  of  the  Yuba  through  Fordyce 
Creek.     The  zonal  position  is  middle  Canadian  (Abies  magnified  and  some  Pinus 
Murray  ana  on  the  slopes  above  the  lake.) 

(3)  Tamarack,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet  elevation,  lies  on  the  headwaters  of 
the  Mokelumne  River  in  a  glaciated  region  with  many  small  lakes,   the  largest 
being  the  Blue  Lakes,  two  glacial  basins,  each  about  one-half  mile  long.     The 
station  is  distant  from  Summit  about   50  miles  to  the  southeast  and  is  in   the 
upper  part  of  the  Canadian  life-zone  (Pinus  Murray  ana  dominant  tree). 

(4)  Tahoe,  Placer  County,  6,230  feet  elevation,  lies  on  the  northwest  shore  of 
Lake  Tahoe,  the  largest  lake  of  the  Sierran  region,  some  21  miles  long  and  12 
wide  and  very  deep;   it  never  freezes  over  in  winter.     The  main   divide   of  the 
Sierra  lies  six  or  seven  miles  west  of  the  station  and  the  crest  is  2,500  to  3,000 
feet  above  the  lake.     Transition  life-zone  (Libocedrus  decurrens,  Abies  concolor, 
some  Pinus  ponderosa). 

(5)  Bridgeport,  Mono  County,  6,500  feet  elevation,  lies  on  the  east  side  of 
Bridgeport  Valley,  a  large  mountain  valley  nine  miles  long  and  four  wide  at  the 
widest  part,  drained  by  the  East  Walker  River  and  receiving  the  drainage  from 
the  east  slope  of  the  Sierra  through  Big  Buckeye  and  Robinson  creeks  as  well  as 
some  small  amount   from  the  arid  mountains  north   of  Mono  Lake.      About   95 
miles  southeast  of  Summit  and  in  the  upper  Sonoran  life-zone  near  the  boundary 
of  the  Transition. 

The  data  studied  cover  the  years  1914-1917  inclusive.  This  quad- 
rennium  has  been  chosen  for  study  since  data  from  all  five  stations 
exist  for  this  period  only.  Inspection  of  temperature  data  shows  that 
the  means  of  the  quadrennium  differ  but  slightly  from  the  means  of 
much  longer  periods  at  three  of  the  stations  and  that  the  maximum 
variation,  a  December  excess  of  6.4°  over  the  mean  of  the  12  years' 
record,  occurred  at  Tamarack.  In  no  other  monthly  mean  throughout 
the  year  is  the  variation  half  as  large.  It  is  believed  that  deductions 
made  from  the  data  of  this  period  concerning  the  local  climates  of  the 
several  stations  are  not  invalidated  by  the  brevity  of  the  record. 

The  diagram  summarizes  the  relative  temperatures  of  the  several 
stations  and  shows  that  in  the  coldest  part  of  the  year  Summit  is  the 
warmest  station  though  the  highest  in  altitude  of  any  except  Tamarack. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Neiwda  of  California 


29 


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30  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

The  data  given  in  the  temperature  table  (table  7)  shows  that  little 
difference  exists  in  the  first  month  of  the  year  between  the  mean 
temperatures  of  Summit  and  Fordyce,  the  slightly  higher  mean  tem- 
peratures of  Summit  being  due  to  the  fact  that,  though  the  monthly 
maxima  are  never  as  high  at  this  season  as  at  Fordyce,  the  monthly 
minima  are  always  higher  than  at  the  lower  station.  That  this  rela- 
tively mild  late  winter  at  Fordyce  is  not  due  to  its  comparatively  low 
altitude  is  shown  by  comparison  with  Bridgeport  which,  at  the  same 
altitude,  is  the  coldest  of  the  five  stations.  Indeed,  this  contrast  be- 
tween localities  of  equal  altitude  but  on  opposite  sides  of  the  range 
is  observed  within  much  shorter  distances  than  that  separating  For- 
dyce and  Bridgeport.  In  the  quadrennium  here  considered,  Tahoe, 
though  270  feet  lower  than  Fordyce,  has  a  lower  mean  temperature 
through  January,  February,  and  March,  and  practically  the  same 
mean  temperature  in  April;  not  until  May  is  there  much  difference 
between  the  monthly  means  of  Fordyce  and  Tahoe  in  favor  of  the 
latter  place. 

Study  of  the  diagram  indicates  that,  as  the  year  advances,  Fordyce 
becomes  relatively  colder  until  in  late  summer  and  early  fall  it  is 
the  coldest  station  of  the  series.  On  the  other  hand,  Bridgeport,  the 
coldest  station  through  all  the  winter  months  (November  to  March) 
becomes  the  warmest  station  immediately  after  the  end  of  the  winter 
precipitation  season.  The  vegetation  at  Bridgeport  passes  from  a 
mean  monthly  temperature  in  March,  7.3°  below  freezing,  to  a  mean 
temperature  7.8°  above  the  zero  point,  in  April.  The  diagram  shows 
that  at  no  other  point  is  the  transition  to  the  vernal  season  so  abrupt. 
Plant  physiologists  are  agreed  that  vegetation  may  endure  consider- 
able absolute  range  of  temperature  with  less  injury  if  the  change  be 
graduated  over  a  period  of  some  length  than  an  abrupt  change  of  less 
absolute  amount.  The  gradual  change  in  the  position  of  Fordyce  in 
spring  and  summer  has  been  referred  to;  in  the  fall  this  locality  again 
shows  a  relative  rise.  The  temperature  element  in  the  local  climate 
of  Fordyce  has  a  yearly  range  the  most  moderate  of  any  of  the 
stations;  it  is  the  only  locality  where  minima  less  than  freezing  are 
not  recorded  while  its  summer  maxima  are  no  higher  than  those  of 
Tahoe.  The  ratio  of  the  mean  of  the  coldest  month  to  the  mean  of 
the  warmest  month  at  Fordyce  is  less  than  at  any  other  station — 
100 :184.5. 

A  study  of  the  temperature  conditions  at  Tahoe  shows,  as  indicated 
in  the  diagram,  that  this  station  is  also  for  one  month  in  the  year  the 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  31 

warmest  locality  but  this  time  the  advantage  comes  at  the  height  of 
the  growing  season  (August).  All  through  the  first  half  of  the  year 
Tahoe  is  cold  or  cool:  in  January,  February,  and  March,  this  lake 
station  is  colder  than  Fordyce  or  even  Summit,  though  the  latter 
place  is  800  feet  higher ;  in  early  spring  Tahoe  becomes  warmer  than 
these  two  stations,  being,  after  Bridgeport,  the  warmest  station,  but 
as  soon  as  the  snow-cover  melts  from  about  Summit  its  monthly  mean 
temperature  rises  and  becomes  greater  than  that  of  Tahoe  till  August, 
when,  as  stated  above,  the  vegetation  at  Tahoe  is  the  most  favorably 
situated  as  respects  heat  of  any  of  the  plant  populations  resident  at 
this  series  of  mountain  stations.  In  the  fall  and  early  winter  Tahoe 
is  warmer  than  the  high  station  of  Tamarack  and  warmer  than 
Fordyce  and  Bridgeport. 

If  the  diagram  be  considered  with  regard  to  the  relative  climate 
of  Summit,  it  will  be  noted  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  and  in 
the  fall  and  early  winter  Summit  is  the  warmest  station;  for  seven 
months  in  the  twelve  its  mean  temperature  is  the  highest  and,  in  the 
most  favorable  part  of  the  year  for  growth,  Summit  is  next  to  the  most 
favorable  place.  Its  spring  temperature  clearly  shows  the  chilling 
effect  produced  by  melting;  in  March  when  the  snow-cover  attains 
its  maximum  thickness  (table  5)  and  before  melting  begins,  Summit 
is  relatively  warm  but,  with  diminution  in  the  snowfall  combined  with 
the  higher  mean  temperature  of  April  and  the  resulting  thawing, 
Summit  becomes,  next  to  the  high  mountain  station  at  Tamarack,  the 
coldest  locality.  As  the  spring  advances  and  the  accumulated  snow 
becomes  less,  the  mean  temperature  rises  and  causes  Summit  to  become 
relatively  warmer  than  the  other  stations  till  by  the  end  of  summer 
it  is  the  warmest  of  the  series,  a  position  of  advantage  maintained  for 
the  rest  of  the  year. 

The  highest  station  whose  climate  is  to  be  considered  is  Tamarack. 
Its  altitude  prevents  Tamarack  from  ever  becoming  warm  for  very 
long;  unlike  the  other  stations,  at  no  time  in  the  year  is  its  climate 
the  warmest  of  the  series.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year,  the  coldest 
station  except  Bridgeport,  it  becomes  the  coldest  in  April  as  a  result 
of  the  relative  rise  of  Bridgeport  and  remains  the  station  with  the 
lowest  mean  temperature  till  August,  when  it  becomes  warmer  than 
Fordyce  and  in  late  fall  and  early  winter  (October-November), 
warmer  than  both  Fordyce  and  Bridgeport,  but  it  closes  the  year  the 
next  coldest  station. 


32  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

The  local  climates  so  far  considered  have  but  one  major  variable, 
temperature.  At  all  four  stations,  Tahoe,  Fordyce,  Summit,  and 
Tamarack,  the  total  precipitation  is  abundant  though  varying  within 
rather  wide  limits.  This  large  annual  rainfall  (or  snowfall)  with 
accompanying  cloudiness  reacts  upon  temperature,  reducing  the 
extremes.  When,  however,  we  study  the  local  climate  of  Bridgeport, 
the  always  deficient  and  irregular  rainfall  is  attended  by  the  greatest 
temperature  ranges,  both  daily  and  monthly,  found  within  the  series. 
When  the  rainfall  (snowfall)  at  Bridgeport  sharply  declines  by  the 
end  of  February,  the  thin  snow-cover  is  entirely  melted  in  March  and 
relatively  high  temperature  immediately  follows  in  this  mountain 
valley  of  the  eastern  slope  (to  a  less  degree,  the  same  thing  occurs  in 
the  valley  of  the  Truckee  at  Tahoe,  also  on  the  east  slope).  Bridge- 
port during  the  next  four  months  (April- July)  is  the  warmest  station 
but  it  will  be  observed  by  study  of  the  temperature  data  throughout 
this  period  when  its  mean  is  the  highest,  low  temperatures  are  con- 
stantly recorded  (6  to  20  degrees  of  frost).  The  vegetation  at  Bridge- 
port and  on  the  east  slope  generally  must  adjust  itself  to  two  sets  of 
extremes:  temperature  and  precipitation.  It  is  this  necessity  for  a 
twofold  accommodation  which  explains  the  poverty  of  the  east  slope 
flora  at  an  elevation  which,  on  the  more  favored  western  side,  supports 
a  plant  population  both  floristically  and  ecologically  more  highly 
diversified. 

We  have  so  far  mainly  considered  the  mean  temperatures  of  this 
series  of  stations,  but  localized  plant  populations  are  believed  to  be 
more  directly  influenced  by  temperature  extremes ;  at  least  it  has  been 
known  for  a  long  time  that  the  several  functions  of  the  single  plant 
have  different  temperature  ranges  and  that  a  station  may  be  subject 
to  such  a  temperature  range  that  a  given  species  may  be  excluded, 
or,  if  admitted,  one  or  more  of  its  functions  impeded  or  prevented. 
Unfortunately,  within  our  region  little  has  yet  been  done  to  exactly 
determine  the  effects  upon  the  plants  of  the  temperature  extremes 
known  to  occur  but  a  study  of  the  possible  temperatures  at  a  given 
station  with  a  definite  plant  population  may  be  suggestive.  In  this 
connection  it  should  be  remembered  that  temperature  ranges  have 
very  unequal  effects  upon  plant  life  accordingly  as  they  include  or 
exclude  the  freezing  point.  While  many  boreal  plants  at  the  height 
of  the  growing  season  can  withstand  freezing  and  thawing,  other 
kinds  are  not  so  tolerant  and  may  not  survive  such  change. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  33 

Considering  that  part  of  the  year  within  which  the  mean  monthly 
temperature  is  above  freezing,  we  see  that  it  is  of  unequal  length : 

Tahoe,  March  to  November  inclusive. 
Fordyce,  April  to  November  inclusive. 
Bridgeport,  April  to  November  inclusive. 
Summit,  April  to  November  inclusive. 
Tamarack,  April  to  October  inclusive. 

But  the  vegetative  season  is  more  limited,  especially  for  low  shrubs 
and  herbs ;  in  spring,  limited  by  the  disappearance  of  the  snow-cover ; 
in  fall,  by  the  general  fall  in  temperature  combined  with  the  scant 
water  supply  that,  as  a  rule,  then  exists  in  the  Sierra.  "With  regard  to 
the  disappearance  of  the  snow-cover,  the  data  show  that  at  Tahoe,  in 
two  years  of  the  quadrennium,  the  ground  was  already  bare  by  the 
end  of  May  and  in  the  other  two  years  (1915,  1917)  seven  inches  and 
one  inch  lay  on  the  ground;  by  the  first  week  in  June  "spring"  is 
well  advanced  at  Tahoe  and  vegetation  has  resumed  active  growth. 
In  this  same  period  (1914-17),  the  end  of  May  found  on  the  average 
12.75  and  10.25  inches  of  snow  on  the  ground  at  Fordyce  and  Summit, 
respectively;  a  month  later  the  ground  is  practically  bare.41  At 
Tamarack  also  the  end  of  June  finds  the  winter's  snow  about  to  dis- 
appear and  active  growth  initiated.  It  appears  that  the  station  at 
Tahoe,  near  the  upper  edge  of  the  Transition  life-zone,  enjoys  a 
vegetative  period  approximately  a  month  longer  and  that  this  exten- 
sion comes  when  the  conditions  for  plant  growth  are  best:  abundant 
moisture  and  most  daylight.  In  the  higher  mountains,  the  brevity  of 
the  period  of  growth  is,  in  part,  made  up  by  the  higher  temperature 
which  prevails  when  growth  is  resumed — in  June,  the  mean  tempera- 
ture of  Tahoe  is  50.6° ;  in  July,  at  Tamarack  the  mean  temperature 
is  55.5° — resulting  in  an  acceleration  of  the  life  processes  in  the  higher 
mountains.  It  is  this  acceleration  which  causes  the  boreal  vegetation 
to  pass  from  a  dormant  condition  to  the  state  of  active  growth  so 
rapidly,  changing  the  aspect  of  the  high  mountain  region  with  abrupt- 
ness often  astonishing  to  the  visitor.  Just  as  it  is  necessary  to  bear  in 
mind  that  the  climate  of  the  Sierra  is  a  composite,  made  up  of  many 
local  varieties  of  the  general  climate  of  the  range,  so  upon  smaller 
areas  defined  by  topographic  details,  the  resident  plant  populations 
are  subject  to  more  or  less  peculiar  very  local  climates  determined  by 
inequalities  of  slope  and  exposure,  the  distribution  of  the  plant  com- 
munities being  correspondingly  diversified. 


34  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

The  end  of  the  vegetative  season  in  autumn  is  less  easy  to  define 
since  not  only  at  that  time  of  the  year  is  temperature  falling  but,  in 
the  Sierra,  the  water  available  to  plants  is  less,  due  to  several  causes 
— seasonal  distribution  of  the  rainfall,  drainage  from  the  slopes,  and 
lowered  soil  temperature  with  increasing  difficulty  of  root  absorption 
(physiological  dryness).48  Little  has  yet  been  done  to  satisfactorily 
determine  when  the  vegetative  season  may  be  considered  to  close ;  the 
appearance  of  the  snow-cover  marks  the  appearance  of  winter  but 
before  this,  the  vigor  of  plant  life,  as  interpreted  by  growth,  has 
lessened.  At  present  the  most  satisfactory  date  to  regard  as  closing 
the  vegetative  season  is  in  October  for,  just  as  the  spring  resumption 
of  growth  in  the  higher  mountains  follows  a  large  increase  in  the 
monthly  mean  temperature  (Tahoe,  May,  42.6°,  June,  50.6° ;  Tama- 
rack, May,  36.4°,  June,  46°,  July,  57.2°),  so  in  the  autumn,  the  marked 
fall  in  temperature  in  October  to  November  (Tahoe,  45.0°-36.5° ; 
Tamarack,  43.6°-34.8°)  indicates  the  time  of  change  from  active 
metabolism  to  the  nearly  static  plant  life  of  winter.  In  this  connec- 
tion it  is  interesting  to  note  the  concentration  of  effective  tempera- 
tures at  the  higher  stations;  at  Tahoe,  considering  the  vegetative 
season  to  last  from  June  to  October  and  that  the  effective  temperatures 
may  be  gauged  by  the  sum  of  the  monthly  mean  temperatures  with 
sufficient  accuracy  for  comparison,  we  find  that  July  and  August  have 
44.3  per  cent  of  the  total  heat,  but  that  in  the  shorter  season  of  the 
upper  Canadian  life-zone,  as  represented  by  the  climate  of  Tamarack, 
in  the  same  two  months  is  concentrated  55.3  per  cent  of  the  total. 

Within  the  vegetative  season  the  temperature  extremes  vary  con- 
siderably; at  all  stations  and  in  all  months  frost  occurs.  Tahoe,  in 
the  period  1914-17,  was  subject  to  minima  in  July  of  35,  30,  31,  and  35 
degrees,  and  in  August  of  33,  37,  30  and  35  degrees.  Fordyce,  though 
the  next  coldest  station  in  July  and  the  coldest  in  August,  has^  mini- 
mum temperatures  little  lower  than  Tahoe :  in  the  quadrennium  the 
low  for  July  and  August  were  38,  34,  28  and  32,  and  35,  38,  28  and  32 
respectively.  The  data  show  that  the  higher  stations  Summit  and 
Tamarack  had  in  these  warmest  months  of  the  vegetative  season  dur- 
ing these  four  years,  minimum  temperatures  as  follows :  Summit,  July, 
35,  27,  34,  41;  August,  30,  29,  33,  33;  Tamarack,  July,  32  (1915  not 
given) ,  37,  34 ;  August,  32,  30,  40,  36.  The  east  slope  station  of  Bridge- 
port in  the  same  two  months  had  lows  of  35,  27,  34,  41,  and  30,  29,  33, 
33.  Maximum  temperatures  vary  through  wider  limits  than  minimum 
temperatures;  at  Tahoe,  the  maximum  recorded  in  the  four  years, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  35 

92°,  occurred  on  July  11,  1917 ;  the  day  after  the  same  temperature 
was  recorded  at  Fordyce  and  86°  at  Summit,  these  temperatures  not 
being  exceeded  at  these  places  again  in  the  quadrennium.  The  same 
date  (July  11)  was  the  year's  warmest  day  at  Bridgeport  with  85°. 
Bridgeport  attains  to  higher  maxima  earlier  in  the  year  than  the  other 
stations :  in  May,  day  temperatures  of  82,  80,  74  and  60  are  recorded 
and  in  the  same  month  lows  of  26,  18,  16  and  18.  The  highest  station 
of  the  series,  Tamarack,  has  its  highest  recorded  temperature  on 
October  5,  1915,  92°,  with  a  low  of  22°  a  week  later. 

The  data  presented  in  the  temperature  table  concerning  the  climate 
of  Tamarack  show  that  the  local  climate  of  high  altitude  valleys  in 
the  Sierra  conforms  to  the  rule:46  the  diurnal  range  of  temperature 
at  Tamarack  is  higher  than  that  of  any  other  station  except  Bridge- 
port, whose  exceptional  climate  has  been  referred  to.  The  average 
daily  range  at  Tamarack  for  the  year  is  51.8°,  which  is  19.6  per  cent 
greater  than  the  daily  range  at  Fordyce  and  38  per  cent  greater  than 
the  range  at  Summit. 

In  the  general  discussion  of  the  rainfall  of  the  Sierra,  attention 
was  directed  to  the  great  contrast  which  exists  between  the  two  flanks 
of  the  range.  This  contrast  is  seen  within  the  mountains  and  because 
of  it  the  east  side  of  the  major  crest-lines  receives  less  rainfall  than 
the  west  slopes;  Tahoe,  though  less  than  twenty-five  miles  from 
Fordyce,  receives  less  than  one-half  as  much  rain.  Bridgeport 
receives  less  than  one-fourth  as  much  as  Tahoe  and  only  about  one- 
tenth  as  much  as  Fordyce,  though  the  altitude  of  all  three  stations 
is  similar  and  of  Fordyce  and  Bridgeport  equal.  The  seasonal  distri- 
bution of  rainfall  has  been  referred  to  and  the  variation  seen  in  the 
distribution  on  the  eastern  slope  where  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
scant  total  falls  in  the  summer  months;  at  Bridgeport  26.5  per  cent 
of  the  total  mean  annual  rainfall  for  the  years  1914-17  fell  in  the 
six  months  from  May  to  October  inclusive ;  at  Fordyce  in  the  similar 
half-year  14.7  per  cent.  Though  the  summer  months  have  a  greater 
percentage  of  the  total  rainfall  on  the  east  slope,  yet  the  west  slope 
receives  even  in  summer  a  larger  amount ;  in  the  six  months  from  May 
to  October  Fordyce  received,  in  the  years  1914-17,  on  the  average  9.77 
inches  and  Bridgeport  1.95  inches.  This  inequality  with  respect  to 
summer  rain  is  seen  within  the  range;  the  east  slope  of  the  Great 
Western  Divide,  west  of  Lake  Tahoe,  receives  at  the  station  of  Tahoe 
2.76  inches;  Fordyce,  on  the  west  slope  of  the  same  divide,  has  the 
amount  mentioned  above.  Generally  then  the  west  slopes  of  the 


36 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


mountain  divides  receive  more  rain  than  the  eastern  slopes  since  the 
storm  winds  come  prevailingly  from  the  west ;  it  is  a  common  experi- 
ence in  the  higher  mountains  to  find  shelter  from  driving  rain  by 
descending  some  steep  eastern  slope.  As  regards  soil  moisture,  how- 
ever, the  west  slopes  are,  as  a  rule,  less  favored  in  the  higher  moun- 
tains, partly  because  they  are  the  insolated  slopes  in  the  warmer  part 
of  the  day  and  also  because  the  winter  winds  sweep  the  snow  over 
the  ridges  and  cause  the  deepest  drifts  to  form  on  the  east  and  north- 
east facing  slopes,  where  they  persist  longest  in  the  summer  and  yield 
moisture  to  the  ground  below. 


TABLE  1. — MONTHLY  TEMPERATURES,  F.  (MEANS  AND  EXTREMES)  OF  TRANSITION 
STATIONS  IN  THE  NORTHERN  AND   SOUTHERN  SIERRA  NEVADA. 

Summerdale,  Mariposa  County,  5,270  feet. 


110 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 


-LaPorte,  Plumas  County,  5,000  feet. 


\ 


Jan.       Feb.     Mar.      April     May       June      July      Aug.      Sept.      Oct.      Nov.      Dec. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 


37 


TABLE  2. — MONTHLY  TEMPERATURES,  F.  (MEANS  AND  EXTREMES)  OF  TRANSITION 
STATIONS  ON  THE  EASTERN  AND  WESTERN  SLOPES  OF  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA 


100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
10 
20 
3D 

T] 

*uckee,  Nevada  County,  5,818  feet  (east). 

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Jan.       Feb.     Mar.      April     May      June     July      Aug.      Sept.      Oct.      Nov.      Dec. 


38 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


TABLE  3. — MONTHLY  MEAN  AND  EXTREME  TEMPERATURES,  CANADIAN  ZONE  (F.). 


100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
10 
20 
30 
40 

—  IK 
gc 

imarack,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet, 
die,  Mono  County,  8,248  feet. 

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Jan.       Feb.     Mar.      April     May       June      July      Aug.      Sept.      Oct.      Nov.      Dec. 


TABLE  4. — PRECIPITATION  IN  INCHES  AT  FIVE  SIEREAN  STATIONS,  TRANSITION  AND 

CANADIAN  ZONES. 
Transition : 


?an 

21 
20 
19 
18 
17 
16 
15 
14 
13 
12 
11 
10 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 
ft* 

LaP 

a,dian  : 
Sum 

orte,  Plumas  County,  5,000  feet  (record  of  10  years). 

mit,  Placer  County,  7,017  feet  (record  of  41  years). 
araek,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet  (record  of  12  years). 
LC,  Mono  County,  8,248  feet  (record  of  9  years). 

—  0  —  0  —  o  —  Tam 

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July      Aug.    Sept.      Oct.      Nov.       Dec.      Jan.      Feb.      Mar.      April      May     June 


40 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


TABLE  5. — DEPTH  OF  SNOW  AT  THE  CANADIAN  STATION  OF  SUMMIT,  PLACER  COUNTY, 

7017  FEET. 

(Derived  from  data  covering  five  years,  during  which  time  the  mean  annual 
snow-fall  was  90.3%  of  the  normal  of  44  years.     Data  in  inches.) 


150 


140 
130 


120 
110 
100 
90 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 


s 


Sept.      Oct.     Nov.      Dec.      Jan.        Feb.      Mar.     April      May      June      July      Aug. 


1921 1          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  41 


TABLE  6. — MONTHLY  SNOWFALL  AT  SIERRA  NEVADA  STATIONS. 
(Data  in  inches.) 

-v — v — v — LaPorte,  Plumas  County,  5,000  feet. 

Summerdale,  Mariposa  County,  5,270  feet. 

Summit,  Placer  County,  7,017  feet. 


Tamarack,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet. 

3 —  Bodie,  Mono  County,  8,248  feet. 


160 
150 
140 
130 
120 

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42 


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1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  43 


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44  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


LIFE-ZONES  OF  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA 

Though  it  is  not  proposed  in  this  paper  to  consider  the  different 
aspects  or  types  of  vegetation  present  in  the  high  mountain  region, 
it  seems  desirable  to  define  the  several  life-zones  to  which  plants  are 
assigned  in  the  following  annotated  list.* 


LIFE-ZONES  PRESENT  IN  THE   SIERRA  NEVADA 

Perhaps  no  single  phase  of  his  problem  is  more  perplexing  to  the 
student  of  plant  distribution  than  that  of  attempting  to  delimit  accu- 
rately the  life-zones  of  the  region  the  flora  of  which  he  would  describe 
and  compare  with  the  floras  of  other  regions  that  have  contributed 
elements  to  and  received  immigrants  from  his  own.  No  single  student 
possesses  the  minute  knowledge  of  the  whole  field  roughly  designated 
the  Cordilleran  section  of  North  America,  which  would  make  him  com- 
petent to  survey  this  immense  extent  of  territory.  Even  within  much 
narrower  limits,  when  attempt  is  made  to  particularize  and  precisely 
define  zonal  boundaries,  the  investigator  is  compelled  to  rely  in  no 
small  part  upon  the  results  achieved  by  workers  outside  his  own  field 
of  observation.  By  very  general  agreement  among  western  students  of 
both  animal  and  plant  distribution,  the  basis  for  current  work  starts 
with  the  system  of  life-zones  formulated  some  twenty-five  years  ago 
by  Merriam49  and  corrected  in  the  subsequent  period  by  its  author 
and  his  co-workers  on  the  Biological  Survey. 

The  fundamental  postulate  of  Merriam 's  system  of  life-zones  is 
the  assumption  that  for  each  species  there  exists  certain  fixed  tem- 
perature limits,  which  inhibit  the  spread  of  the  species  into  other 
regions  where  those  temperature  summations  do  not  obtain.  In  the 
Cordilleran  section,  with  its  diversified  topography  and  profound 
differences  of  altitude  and  therefore  of  climate,  the  limits  of  the  life- 
zones  are  subject  to  many  controlling  factors  whose  importance  and 
significance  must  be  understood  before  assignment  of  particular  plants 
to  definite  life-zones  may  be  undertaken.  The  data  underlying  the 


*  The  ecologic  types  present  in  the  higher  Sierra  were  investigated  and  the 
results  in  part  published  in  a  preliminary  paper  on  the  Tahoe  region,  which  may 
be  regarded  as  a  typical  cross-section  of  the  range,  and  to  that  paper  reference 
is  here  made  concerning  the  general  features  of  the  high  mountain  vegetation^9 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  45 

scheme  of  life-zones  are  still  inadequate  and  their  interpretation  dis- 
puted ;  it  may  well  be  that  conclusions  deduced  from  present  evidence 
will,  when  the  bases  for  deduction  have  broadened,  become  profoundly 
modified  if  not  abandoned.  Nevertheless  it  now  seems  improbable  that 
the  system  of  life-zones,  elaborated  by  the  investigations  of  so  many 
zoo-  and  phytogeographers,  will  be  actually  displaced  even  if  in  the 
future  other  factors  than  those  of  temperature  will  be  accorded  greater 
weight. 

In  California  there  exist  all  the  life-zones  defined  by  Merriam 
except  the  Tropical.  The  life-zones  present  vary  greatly  in  extent: 
the  Lower  Sonoran  life-zone  embracing  the  deserts  of  the  southeast, 
a  small  section  of  the  southern  coast,  and  the  middle  of  the  Great 
Valley  of  California;  the  Upper  Sonoran  including  most  of  the  South 
Coast  Ranges,  the  inner  slopes  of  the  North  Coast  Ranges,  and  the 
lower  slopes  of  the  Sierra  on  both  its  flanks ;  the  Transition  extending 
southward  from  a  nearly  state-wide  belt  at  the  north,  along  the  sea- 
ward slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  as  far  south  as  San  Luis  Obispo 
County  and  along  the  Sierra  on  both  its  flanks  nearly  to  the  Tehachapi 
Mountains,  with  some  outlying  areas  in  the  mountains  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.  In  Plumas  County  this  Transition  flora  is  deeply 
invaded  by  narrow  east-west  tongues  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  flora  and 
in  places  becomes  almost  intersected,  as  at  Beckwith  Pass,  where  the 
flora  of  the  Great  Basin  sends  a  deep  embayment  into  the  northern 
Sierra  Nevada.  The  upper  limit  of  the  Transition  life-zone  marks 
a  real  boundary;  below  it  are  found  most  of  the  plants  generally 
recognized  as  peculiarly  Californian;  above  it  there  is  a  constant 
increase  in  the  proportion  of  northern  and  widely  ranging  genera  and 
species. 

The  region,  the  plant  population  of  which  is  here  considered,  lies 
on  both  flanks  of  the  range  above  a  line  of  varying  altitude,  rising 
to  the  south  and  higher  on  the  eastern  flank.  This  line,  which  marks 
the  boundary  between  the  rich  temperate  forest  of  the  Transition 
life-zone  and  the  more  varied,  if  less  magnificent,  vegetation  of  the 
higher  mountains,  rises  on  the  west  flank  from  an  elevation  of  about 
6,000  feet  in  Plumas  County  to  near  9,000  feet  at  the  southern  end 
of  the  range;  in  the  central  Sierra  (from  the  Blue  Canon-Cisco  line 
south  to  Madera  County)  the  boundary  of  the  boreal  region  conforms 
roughly  to  the  7,000-foot  contour  line.  On  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
chain,  the  line  rises  from  6,500  feet  west  of  Honey  Lake  to  9,500  feet 
west  of  Owens  Valley.  Above  this  boundary,  where  the  general  aspect 


46  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

changes  sufficiently  to  cause  common  recognition,  lie  the  ' '  high  moun- 
tains" or  "high  Sierra"  of  Calif ornian  geography,  a  region  full  of 
interest  to  the  visitor  whatever  his  primary  motive  for  journeying  into 
it  may  be.  To  the  geologist,  the  high  mountain  country  offers  a  vast 
tract  wherein  all  the  forces  of  dynamical  geology  have  operated  upon 
a  complex  of  diversely  derived  rocks  to  produce  every  conceivable 
modification  of  topographic  detail;  to  the  zoologist,  the  "high 
Sierra"  is  inviting  because  it  is  one  of  the  few  areas  yet  remaining 
in  the  west  where  animals  are  really  wild  and  not  "protected"  to 
tameness;  to  the  botanist  its  appeal  lies  not  merely  in  the  study  of 
the  individual  plants,  but  also  in  the  investigation  and  attempted 
solution  of  the  problems  presented  by  their  distribution. 

It  is  generally  agreed  that  the  presence  of  certain  plants  and 
animals  shall  be  taken  as  indicating  the  existence  in  any  particular 
place  of  a  certain  life-zone,  these  plants  being  styled  "zone  indica- 
tors. ' '  Coville50  has  pointed  out  how  unsatisfactory  herbaceous  plants 
are  in  this  respect  and  particularly  annuals  (i.e.,  species  of  Gayophy- 
tum,  Gilia,  etc. ) ,  which  occur  throughout  the  series  of  zones,  blooming 
in  the  lower  mountains  in  spring  and  found  in  flower  till  the  end  of 
August  or  early  September  at  higher  and  higher  altitudes;  such 
plants  cannot  be  disregarded  in  a  complete  survey  of  the  vegetation 
of  the  higher  mountain  region  but  their  presence  indicates  that  the 
scheme  of  life-zones  is  at  best  an  inadequate  expression  of  the  life 
conditions,  which,  for  annuals  at  least,  change  with  the  advancing 
season.  As  a  result  of  their  great  altitudinal  range,  we  find  in  the 
meadows  and  forests  of  the  higher  mountains  plants  which  have  their 
zones  of  greatest  frequency  hundreds  or  thousands  of  feet  nearer  sea 
level.  This  is  in  fact  the  criterion  by  which  to  judge  the  zonal  position 
of  a  plant :  in  what  zone  is  it  most  frequently  seen,  or  where  can  it  be 
most  reasonably  expected  ?  When  this  measure  of  pertinence  is^kept 
in  mind,  zone  indicators  serve  a  useful  purpose  and  give  to  the 
expressions  "Canadian  flora  of  the  Sierra"  or  "Arctic-alpine  flora  of 
the  Cascades"  meanings  readily  understood  by  students  of  western 
plants.  With  this  understanding  of  the  term,  it  is  believed  that  the 
plants  named  in  the  following  lists  best  serve  in  the  higher  Sierra 
Nevada  as  zone  indicators.  Plants  queried  are  included  in  the  lists 
provisionally. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 


47 


ZONE  INDICATOES  FOR  THE   CANADIAN  LIFE-ZONE 


Pellaea  Bridges!! 

Pinus  monticola 

Pinua  Murrayana 

Pinus  flexilis 

Pinus  ponderosa  var.  Jeffrey! 

Abies  magnifica 

Trisetum  Brandegei 

Poa   Bolanderi 

Bromus   Suksdorfii 

Eriophorum  gracile  var.  caurinum 

Carex  nervina 

Carex  athrostachya 

Luzula  parviflora 

Juneus  nevadensis 

Brodiaea  gracilis 

Allium  platycaule 

Allium  validum 

Quercus  vaccinifolia 

Eriogonum  Lobbii 

Eriogonum  marifolium 

Polygonum  minimum 

Polygonum  alpinum 

Stellaria  umbellata 

Lewisia  triphylla 

Trautvetteria  grandis 

Delphinium  glaucum 

Aconitum  columbianum 

Dicentra  formosa 

Draba  stenoloba 

Arabis  Drummondii 

Sedum  obtusatum 

Bolandra  californica 

Saxifraga  Mertensiana 


Spiraea  densiflora? 

Ivesia  unguiculata 

Trifolium  Bolanderi 

Lupinus  sellulus  ' 

Oenothera  xylocarpa 

Epilobium  brevistylum 

Angelica  lineariloba 

Peucedanum  Torreyi 

Ledum  glandulosum 

Vaccinium  occidentale 

Dodecatheon  alpinum? 

Gentiana  holopetala 

Polemonium   pulcherrimum    (typica) 

Phacelia  racemosa 

Phaeelia  hydrophylloides 

Lappula  nervosa? 

Pentstemon  azureus 

Veronica  humifusa 

Veronica  alpina  var.  unalaschensis 

Mimulus  moniliformis 

Pedieularis  racemosa 

Castilleja  Culbertsonii 

Lonicera  involuerata  var.  flavescens 

Lonicera  conjugialis 

Aster  Andersonii  (typica) 

Erigeron  Coulteri 

Erigeron  miser 

Senecio  scorzonella 

Antennaria  corymbosa 

Phalacroseris  Bolanderi 

Agoseris  aurantiaca 

Hieracium  graeile  var.   detonsum 


ZONE  INDICATOES  FOE  THE  HUDSONIAN  LIFE-ZONE 


Pellaea  Breweri 

Pinus  albicaulis 

Pinus  Balfouriana 

Tsuga  Mertensiana 

Calamagrostis  purpurascens 

Poa  gracillima 

Scirpus  criniger 

Carex  nigricans 

Carex  Goodenovii 

Carex  luzulaef olia 

Carex  filifolia  var.  erostrata 

Anemone  Drummondii 

Arabis  Lyallii 


Arabis  platysperma 
Eibes  lasianthum 
Eibes  montigenum 
Kalmia  polifolia  var.  microphylla 
Astragalus  Bolanderi 
Phyllodoce  Breweri 
Cassiope  Mertensiana 
Haplopappus  suffruticosus 
Arnica  mollis  var.  scaberrima 
Chaenaetis  Douglasii  var.  alpina 
Artemisia  norvegica 
Helenium  Hoopesii 


48 


University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


ZONE  INDICATORS  FOR  THE  ARCTIC-ALPINE  LIFE-ZONE 


Athyrium  alpestre 

Agropyron  Scribnerii 

Trisetum  Congdoni? 

Poa  Pringlei  var.  Hanseni 

Festuca  ovina  var.  brachyphylla 

Carex  Breweri 

Carex  nova 

Luzula  spicata  var.  nova 

Juncus  Parryi 

Salix  tenera 

Eriogonum  Kingii 

Oxyria  digyna 

Polygonum  shastense 

Silene  Watsonii 

Aquilegia  pubescens 

Ranunculus  oxynotus? 

Draba  oligosperma 

Draba  glacialis 

Draba  Lemmonii 

Draba  Breweri 

Arabis  Lemmonii 


Sedum  integrifolium 

Ivesia  lycopodioides 

Ivesia  pygmaea 

Ivesia  Muirii 

Lupinus  danaus 

Astragalus  tegetarius 

Epilobium  anagallidifolium 

Podistera  nevadensis 

Primula  suffrutescens 

Phlox  caespitosa  var.  muscoides 

Polemonium  eximium 

Polemonium  pulcherrimum  var.  parvi- 

folium 

Pentstemon  Menziesii  var.  Davidsonii 
Hulsea  algida 
Erigeron  nevadensis? 
Erigeron  ursinus 

Erigeron  compositus  var.  trifidus 
Raillardella  argentea 
Antennaria  medial 
Crepis  nana* 


ZONAL  LIMITS  JN  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA 

The  scheme  of  life-zones  depends  upon  effective  temperatures  dur- 
ing the  vegetative  season  and  the  rule  holds  that  temperature  decreases 
with  altitude.  Hence  in  mountainous  regions  like  the  Sierra,  having 
some  elevations  rising  to  or  above  snow-line,  the  sequence  of  zones  will 
be  in  general  altitudinal,  the  arctic-alpine  zone  including  the  summit 
region.  But  it  by  no  means  follows  that,  at  a  given  altitude  in  the 
Sierra  on  the  same  cross-section,  one  may  find  the  same  life-zone. 
The  data  presented  in  the  section  on  the  climatology  of  the  Sierra  and 
especially  that  portion  dealing  with  the  local  climates  of  five  r^pre- 
sentative  high  mountain  stations,  show  that  two  stations  (Fordyce  and 
Bridgeport)  may  have  the  same  altitude  yet  their  geographic  position 
gives  to  the  one  a  climate  quite  unlike  that  of  the  other.  Fordyce  has 


*  Hall  and  Grinnell^i  have  recently  published  lists  of  zone  indicators  for  all 
life-zones  and  including  the  entire  state.  Through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Hall  I  was 
enabled  to  compare  their  lists  for  the  boreal  zones  with  my  own  before  the  publi- 
cation of  their  paper.  There  are  some  differences  in  the  two  lists  but  it  has  seemed 
best  to  publish  the  lists  given  here  as  originally  prepared  for  the  Sierra  Nevada 
only  and  let  field  comparison  determine  what  correction  should  be  made.  It  should 
be  said,  too,  that  Hall  and  Grinnell's  lists  are  prepared  from  a  somewhat  different 
viewpoint  than  that  adopted  in  this  report.  In  their  paper,  plants  have  been 
chosen  as  zone  indicators  which  are  believed  to  occur  outside  the  assigned  zone 
very  rarely  or  not  at  all,  while  in  the  lists  appearing  above  frequency  (dominance) 
has  been  taken  as  the  basis  for  zonal  assignment. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  49 

a  distinctly  boreal  flora,  the  genera  and  species  identical  with  or  allied 
to  high  mountain  or  northern  types;  Bridgeport's  flora,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  allied  to  the  flora  of  the  Great  Basin  and  to  the  desert  flora 
of  southern  California.  Again,  the  data  show  that  two  stations  (For- 
dyce  and  Summit)  may  have  nearly  similar  floras  and  so  be  assigned 
to  the  same  life-zone,  yet  one  (Summit)  be  referred  to  the  warmer 
division  of  that  zone  (Jeffrey  Pine  division),  while  the  vegetation  of 
the  other  (Fordyce)  be  dominated  by  plants  able  to  thrive  with 
slightly  lower  temperature ;  and  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the 
station  with  the  microthermic  plants  (Abies  magnified,  Finite  Murray- 
ana  and  associated  species)  is  actually  some  500  feet  nearer  sea  level 
than  the  place  having  less  tolerant  vegetation.  These  facts  of  distri- 
bution indicate  that  life-zones  are  not  to  be  thought  of  as  continuous 
belts  of  vegetation  reached  everywhere  at  successive  levels  within  the 
mountains.  Life-zones  are  rather  to  be  considered  as  areas  of  greater 
or  less  extent  with  definite  plant  populations,  which  are  able  to  grow 
where  we  find  them  because  the  local  climate  admits  the  species  present 
and  may  exclude  others.  We  are  here  considering  only  climate  and 
therefore,  for  the  present,  no  mention  is  made  of  other  factors  which 
also  play  a  part  in  the  distribution  of  plants.  In  mountainous  regions, 
like  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  where  the  general  elevation  is  mod- 
erate, not  all  the  boreal  life-zones  will  be  represented,  or,  if  present, 
they  will  be  distributed  irregularly  and  in  conformity  with  topo- 
graphy. The  factors  controlling  the  limits  of  life-zones  have  recently 
been  listed  by  Hall  and  Grinnell.51  A  consideration  of  the  effects  of 
these  factors  will  explain  some  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  local  climates 
of  the  five  stations  studied  in  the  preceding  section. 

The  effect  of  exposure,  i.e.,  the  location  of  a  place  with  reference 
to  that  sector  of  the  environment  from  which  the  major  effect  of  the 
climatic  factor  under  consideration  (wind,  storm  track,  sunlight) 
bears  upon  the  place,  has  long  been  known.  On  open  plains,  a  place 
can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  exposure  since  the  climatic  factors  exert 
their  effect  from  all  quarters  with  nearly  equal  intensity.  In  moun- 
tainous regions,  exposure  becomes  of  fundamental  importance.  Since 
exposure  is  conditioned  by  topography,  the  bolder  the  relief,  the 
greater  will  be  the  effect  of  exposure  (or  its  reciprocal  "protection"). 
A  given  station  may  be  positively  exposed  to  one  factor  and  negatively 
related  to  another:  a  southwest  slope  in  the  northern  hemisphere 
receives  a  maximum  insolation  (in  mountains  this  may  not  be  quite 
true  because  of  afternoon  cloudiness)  and  is  the  warmer  and  drier 


50  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

in  so  far  as  maximum  insolation  can  control  the  local  temperature  and 
soil  moisture;52  on  the  other  hand,  such  a  slope  might  be  protected 
from  the  effect  of  the  prevailing  wind  if  it  blew  from  the  northeast. 
In  the  Sierra  a  further  complication  follows  from  the  relation  of  the 
position  of  the  range  across  the  storm  tracks.  In  the  Sierra,  the  south- 
west slope  is  the  best  insolated  but  also  receives  the  full  effect  of  the 
prevailing  winds,  including  storm  winds  which  accompany  precipita- 
tion. Topography  reacts  upon  climate  to  promote  air  movements ;  an 
important  consequence  is  the  settling  of  cold  air  into  valleys;  this 
so-called  ' '  air-drainage ' '  operates  to  cause  valleys  to  show  lower  tem- 
peratures than  the  surrounding  ridges.  Summit  throughout  the  year 
is  warmer  than  Fordyce,  owing,  in  part,  to  the  fact  that  the  cold  air 
drains  down  the  valley  of  Fordyce  Creek  from  the  flanks  of  Mt.  Lola 
and  Castle  Peak,  while  from  the  higher  station  the  cold  air  drains 
away.  This  has  been  recognized  as  a  condition  modifying  vegetative 
limits.46'  53 

Inspection  of  the  temperature  table  shows  that  Summit  has  an 
average  daily  range  of  temperature  less  than  that  of  any  other  station ; 
this  small  daily  range  is  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  Woeikoff:54 
"die  Luft  iiber  einer  konvexen  Oberflache  warmer  ist  in  der  Nacht 
und  im  Winter  und  kalter  am  Tage  und  im  Sommer,  dass  also  die 
jahrliche  wie  die  tagliche  Amplitude  kleiner  ist,  als  iiber  einer  kon- 
kaven  Oberflache. ' '  From  this  law  we  see  that  vegetation  growing  in 
montane  valleys  has  an  advantage  in  the  matter  of  receiving  new 
immigrants  over  a  plant  population  growing  on  a  ridge  of  equal 
elevation ;  the  range  of  temperature  is  greater  in  the  valleys  and  the 
sum  total  of  temperature  is  larger  in  valleys  than  on  crest-lines,  per- 
mitting stenothermic  plants,  with  temperature  controls  near  the  limits, 
to  gain  a  foothold  in  the  valleys  when  they  would  be  excluded  from 
the  ridges.  Brockmann-Jerosch55  has  called  attention  to  the  impor- 
tance of  possible  extremes  of  temperature  in  permitting  the  spread 
of  plants:  "Der  Temperaturverlauf  und  nicht  eine  Durchschnitts- 
temperatur  bedingt,  soweit  Warme  in  Betracht  kommt,  die  klimatische 
Grenze  einer  Art." 

Attention  has  been  called  to  the  fact  that  the  high  mountain  region 
of  the  Sierra  is  a  lake  region  with  bodies  of  water  of  all  sizes  from  a 
large  lake  like  Tahoe,  many  square  miles  in  area,  to  mere  pools.  The 
influence  of  these  bodies  of  water  in  modifying  zonal  limits  is  recog- 
nized by  the  plant  collector,  who  commonly  finds  near  their  shores 
species  which  have  their  zones  of  greatest  frequency  at  higher  levels 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  51 

than  the  actual  elevation  of  the  place  of  collection.  This  influence  of 
small  bodies  of  water  on  local  climates  has  been  considered  by  Bart- 
lett56  and  Abbe.57  Bartlett's  conclusions  were  deduced  from  obser- 
vations made  about  Madison,  Wisconsin,  and  perhaps  have  no  other 
significance  for  our  subject  than  to  give  evidence  that  even  small  lakes 
exert  an  appreciable  control.  Abbe's  studies  on  mountain  lakes  led 
him  to  think  that  they  caused  an  amelioration  of  temperature  about 
them,  especially  when  the  adjacent  slopes  are  at  such  an  angle  as  to 
catch  the  reflection  from  the  water  surface,  and  he  was  also  of  the 
opinion  that  evaporation  tends  to  produce  fogs  which  may  prevent 
or  minimize  frost  damage.  My  own  observations  about  the  high 
mountain  lakes  of  the  Sierra  tend  to  a  different  conclusion,  for  the 
facts  of  plant  distribution  about  their  borders  seem  to  indicate  that 
the  influence  of  the  lakes  is  always  toward  a  lowering  of  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  surrounding  terrane  and  this  inference  from  the  results 
of  plant  collecting  appears  to  be  made  more  probable  by  a  comparison 
of  the  data  available  concerning  the  climate  of  Tahoe  and  Summit. 
If  we  compare  the  mean  summer  temperature  of  Tahoe  with  that  of 
Summit,  we  find  that  the  two  places  have  practically  the  same  amount 
of  heat  (Tahoe,  mean  monthly  temperature,  May-October,  51.4° ; 
Summit,  51.6°,  data  of  1914-17)  ;  though  Tahoe  is  800  feet  less  in  alti- 
tude than  Summit,  its  summer  temperature  is  no  higher  than  that  of 
the  more  elevated  station.  According  to  Woeikoff's  law,  Tahoe,  as  a 
high  mountain  valley  station,  should  have  warmer  summers  than  a 
ridge  station  such  as  Summit,  yet  we  find  the  temperature  of  summer 
the  same.  The  only  reason  for  this  depression  at  Tahoe,  which  is 
apparent,  is  the  lake.  Evaporation  from  a  water  surface  must  pro- 
duce a  cooling  effect;  unfortunately  no  data  are  at  hand  to  gauge 
how  far  the  smaller  high  mountain  lakes  may  affect  their  local  climates, 
but  for  Tahoe  we  possess  some  information.  Measurements  made  at 
Tahoe  indicate  that  evaporation  from  the  lake  surface  may  reach 
several  inches  in  the  summer  months :  June,  3.80 ;  July,  4.0 ;  August, 
6.5;  September,  4.12;  October,  2.65.58  It  appears  extremely  doubtful 
that  the  high  mountain  lakes  can  ever  modify  the  local  climate  by  rais- 
ing the  temperature,  as  lakes  in  lowlands  are  known  to  do,  since  the 
water  of  the  boreal  lakes  is  always  cold.  There  never  accumulates  a 
reserve  of  heat  in  the  water  of  these  lakes  such  as  lowland  lakes  acquire 
in  the  course  of  a  summer. 

A  certain  effect  upon  zonal  limits  is  exerted  by  topography  in  the 
protection  afforded  by  bold  relief  to  snow  banks  and  snowdrifts  against 


52  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

melting  in  summer  till  the  season  is  well  advanced,  with  consequent 
local  cooling  of  air  and  soil  in  their  neighborhood.  In  the  Sierra  this 
effect  is  much  less  significant  than  in  mountains  having  perennial 
snow  fields  of  large  extent,  such  as  the  Cascades  or  the  Rockies  of 
British  Columbia.  Such  residual  drifts  in  the  Sierra  do,  however, 
cause  a  characteristic  assemblage  of  plants  to  grow  about  their 
margins  comparable  to  the  "Schneefleckflora"  of  European  plant 
geographers.59 

Summarizing  what  has  been  stated  with  regard  to  the  factors 
modifying  zonal  limits,  we  note  : 

(1)  That  life-zones  are  not  to  be  considered  as  vegetative  belts 
bounded  above  and  below  by  planes  passed  through  the  range. 

(2)  That  zone  boundaries  are  extremely  sinuous  or  even  disrupted 
and  are  determined  by  topography. 

(3)  That  at  the  same  altitude  on  opposite  flanks  unlike  zones  will 
be  found  in  the  lower  mountains,  the  degree  of  unlikeness  diminishing 
as  approach  is  made  to  the  summit  region 

(4)  That  within  small  areas  in  the  higher  mountains  the  vegeta- 
tion will  show,  on  the  average,  greater  commingling  of  distinct  forms 
in  the  valleys,  with  purer  types  of  plant  communities  upon  the  ridges 
and  summits. 

(5)  That  the   temperature   difference   existing  between  localities 
with  distinct  assemblages  of  plants  are  often  so  small  that  the  only 
conclusion   possible,    if   temperature    difference   be   admitted   as   the 
controlling  factor,  is  that  plants  are  subject  to  temperature  control 
within  much  narrower  limits  than  ordinarily  supposed. 

The  lower  boundary  of  the  Canadian  life-zone  has  been  stated  to 
conform  in  the  central  Sierra  approximately  to  the  6,500-foot  contour 
for  the  west  slope,  descending  at  the  north  end  of  the  range  and  higher 
in  the  mountains  of  Tulare  County;  also  that  it  is  uniformly  higher 
on  the  east  slope  of  the  range,  where  subject  to  the  influence  of  the 
desert,  than  on  the  seaward  flank.  At  the  north  end  of  the  range  in 
Plumas  County  on  the  western  crest  (Bucks  Mountain  to  Sierra 
Buttes),  the  elevation  of  the  line  separating  the  Transition  and  the 
Canadian  zones  may  not  exceed  6,000  feet  and  in  places  may  become 
depressed  by  as  much  as  300  to  400  feet  below  that  altitude.  The 
boundary  rises  to  the  southward  attaining  an  average  altitude  of 
approximately  6,300  feet  in  the  country  about  Sierra  Buttes.  On  the 
middle  and  eastern  north  Sierran  ridges,  the  line  is  higher,  owing  to  the 
diminished  rainfall ;  east  of  Mohawk  Valley  only  the  highest  summits, 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  53 

such  as  Grizzly  Peak,  Penman  Peak,  Mt.  Jackson,  show  Canadian 
elements.60  Eastward  of  Sierra  Buttes  in  Lincoln  Valley  (about 
6,800  feet)  the  Canadian  forest  is  well  developed,  the  Murray  Pines 
being  of  large  size.61  To  the  south  of  the  Sierra-Nevada  County  line, 
as  the  general  altitude  of  the  country  rises,  the  Canadian  life-zone 
becomes  of  greater  extent  and  forms  a  continuous  belt  on  both  sides 
of  the  main  divide  with  extensions  westward  to  Snow  Mountain  and 
to  the  numerous  high  peaks  and  ridges  in  the  vicinity  of  English 
Mountain.  In  this  section  the  line  separating  the  Transition  and 
Canadian  floras  runs  at  about  the  elevation  of  the  surface  of  Lake 
Tahoe  (6,225  feet),  Jeffrey  Pine  being  the  dominant  tree  at  the  south 
end  of  the  lake  and  on  the  Nevada  side.  The  variation  in  this  district 
in  the  elevation  of  the  Transition-Canadian  boundary  amounts  to 
some  300  feet.  In  the  Yosemite  district,  nearly  all  the  country 
lying  above  the  valley  rim  is  Canadian;  the  line  marking  the  lower 
boundary  of  the  boreal  region,  north  of  the  valley,  running  at  about 
6,700  feet  on  Snow  Creek  Trail  above  Mirror  Lake  and  slightly  higher 
on  the  Eagle  Peak  Trail.  On  the  eastern  flank,  above  Mono  Lake,  the 
same  break  occurs  at  approximately  7,500  feet  or  about  1,000  feet 
above  the  lake  itself.  South  of  the  Yosemite  district,  the  dividing  line 
rises  to  7,000  feet  in  Madera  and  Fresno  counties  and,  in  the  extreme 
south  of  the  high  Sierra,  about  Mineral  King,  one  meets  the  typical 
high  mountain  flora  at  nearly  8,000  feet,  while  to  the  east  along  the 
Sierran  main  crest,  the  Transition  flora  maintains  itself  at  elevations 
of  9,000  or  9,500  feet  on  western  slopes.*  On  the  eastern  flank  in 
Mono  County,  the  boreal  region  extends  down  the  flank  to  about  the 
level  of  Lake  Sebrina  (9,170  feet)  where  Yellow  and  Murray  pines 
grow  together62  and  on  the  west  side  of  Owens  Valley,  opposite  Lone 
Pine,  to  the  10,000-foot  contour.63  The  upper  limit  of  the  zone,  which 
corresponds  to  the  lower  boundary  of  the  Hudsonian,  similarly  rises 
from  an  altitude  of  about  6,500  feet  in  the  mountains  of  northern 
Plumas  County  and  to  7,500  feet  in  the  region  of  the  Sierra  Buttes. 
West  of  Lake  Tahoe,  the  Canadian-Hudsonian  boundary  varies  be- 
tween 8,000  and  8,500  feet  in  altitude;  east  of  the  Lake,  in  the  Carson 
Range,  the  upper  limit  of  the  Canadian  is  higher,  on  Mt.  Rose64  at 
about  9,000  feet.  This  last  elevation  is  in  agreement  with  the  average 


•*  For  many  details  concerning  plant  distribution  in  the  Sierra  of  eastern 
Tulare  County,  a  region  not  yet  visited  by  me,  I  am  indebted  to  the  excellent 
field  notes  made  by  the  late  Professor  W.  R.  Dudley,  of  Stanford  University,  who 
made  a  number  of  collecting  trips  into  the  region  from  1895  to  1904,  and  also  to 
Dr.  H.  M.  Hall,  whose  collecting  trips  have  covered  all  the  region  considered  in 
this  Deport. 


54  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

altitude  of  the  upper  limit  of  the  Canadian  in  the  Yosemite  district, 
though  here  in  places  Hudsonian  elements  are  found  at  lower  eleva- 
tion, as  at  Snow  Flat  on  the  Tioga  Road  (8,700  feet).  In  the  moun- 
tains of  Tulare  County,  the  Canadian  rises  to  elevations  of  9,500  to 
10,000  feet.  The  area  between  these  altitudinal  limits  comprises  the 
greater  part  of  all  the  high  mountain  country,  within  which  certain 
peaks  and  ridges  north  of  Sonora  Pass  and  a  fairly  continuous  area 
to  the  southward  rise  into  the  higher  zones.  But  this  Canadian  area 
is  itself  not  uniform,  at  least  two  subzonal  divisions  being  easily  recog- 
nized :  the  Jeffrey  Pine  belt  and  the  true  Canadian  flora  above. 

The  Jeffrey  Pine  belt,  which,  besides  the  tree  designating  this 
division,  includes  the  bulk  of  the  Abies  nwgnifica  forest,  constitutes 
an  intermediate  phase  between  the  Transition  flora  and  that  of  the 
true  Canadian.  Many  of  the  plants  often  seen  in  the  Transition  are 
also  present  here  and  not  a  few  of  the  species,  common  in  the  true 
Canadian,  send  stragglers  down  into  this  lowest  section  of  the  high 
mountain  flora.  There  are,  however,  a  number  of  plants  which  are 
distinctive  of  this  lower  Canadian  belt : 

Habenaria  sparsiflora  Selinum  capitellatum 

Habenaria  unalaschcensis  Barcodes    sanguinea 

Populus  trichocarpa  Gilia  aggregata  (typica) 

Eriogonum  spergulinum  Apocynum  androsamaefolium  var. 

Prunus  emarginata 

Pedicularis  semibarbata 
Ceanothus  cordulatus 

Hemizonella  minima  var.  parvula 

Ceanothus  velutinus  Chrysopsis  Breweri 

Oenothera  xylocarpa   (only  southern          Orochaenactis  thysanocarpa   (only 
Sierra)  southern  Sierra) 

The  Jeffrey  Pine  belt  is  dominated  by  the  forest  type  of  vegeta- 
tion; therein  being  allied  to  Transition  flora;  with  the  true  Canadian 
begins  that  recession  of  the  forest  and  increasing  importance"  of  the 
meadow  characteristic  of  high  mountain  floras. 

The  Hudsonian  zone  to  the  north  of  Mariposa  County  is  found  only 
on  the  upper  slopes  of  the  peaks  and  ridges  and  nowhere  in  the  north- 
ern portion  of  the  range  forms  connected  areas  of  considerable  size. 
At  the  north  end  of  the  range,  the  Hudsonian  is  present  only  on  the 
very  summits  of  the  high  peaks  of  western  Plumas  County  (Spanish 
Peak,  Bucks  Mountain,  Mt.  Pleasant60)  and  is  not  again  found  till 
the  region  of  Long  Lake  is  reached  near  the  Plumas-Sierra  county  line. 
From  the  Gold  Lake  region  southward,  the  islets  of  the  Hudsonian 
flora  occur  more  frequently  and  begin  to  spread  out  along  the  summits 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  55 

of  the  ridges  between  the  peaks  of  the  main  Sierran  divide,  rising 
some  five  miles  west  of  Lake  Tahoe.  Southwest  of  the  lake,  this  zone 
is  found  on  Mt.  Tallac,  Angora  Peak,  and  to  the  west  on  Lucile  Crest, 
Ralston  Peak,  and  at  various  points  on  the  intervening  ridges.  East 
of  Lake  Tahoe  in  the  Carson  Range,  only  Mt.  Rose  and  Freels  Peak 
rise  above  the  Canadian  zone.  Southward  of  the  Tahoe  region,  the 
general  altitude  quickly  rises  and  the  highest  of  the  boreal  forest  zones 
spreads  out  over  the  high  country  but  is  still  intersected  by  tongues  of 
the  Canadian  flora  through  the  valleys.  At  Sonora  Pass,  near  the  com- 
mon point  of  Alpine,  Mono  and  Tuolumne  counties,  the  northern  limit 
of  the  high  southern  Sierra  is  reached,  and  from  there  on  to  the  south- 
ward the  Hudsonian  life-zone  is  practically  continuous  except  where 
intersected  by  the  Canadian  flora  at  Tioga  Pass  and,  more  widely,  at 
Mammoth  Pass.  The  zone  is  developed  on  all  the  high  summits  and 
ridges  to  the  west  of  the  main  divide  in  the  Yosemite  district,  appearing 
on  Mt.  Hoffman  and  perhaps  on  the  very  summit  of  Clouds  Rest  and 
spreading  on  all  the  flanks  of  the  crests  that  center  about  Mt.  Lyell. 
South  of  the  gap  at  Mammoth  Pass,  this  zone  is  continuous  to  beyond 
Cirque  Peak  and  reappears  on  Mt.  Olancha  in  a  narrow  band  at  above 
10,000  feet.  Hudsonian  plants  are  also  found  to  the  westward  on  Kaiser 
Crest  in  Fresno  County  and  on  most  of  the  higher  ridges  between  that 
divide  and  the  high  mountains  west  of  Kern  River  as  far  south  as 
Sheep  Mountain,  the  southern  termination  of  the  Great  Western 
Divide  in  Tulare  County.  Though  the  lower  limit  of  the  Hudsonian 
is  difficult  of  definition  since  subject  to  conditions  of  slope  exposure, 
the  upper  limit  of  this  zone  should  be,  at  least  in  theory,  easy  of 
determination  since  the  accepted  boundary  is  at  that  altitude  where 
the  forest  finally  succumbs  to  the  alpine  climate.  Practically,  the 
exclusion  of  tree  growth  depends  upon  so  many  factors,  climatic, 
edaphic,  perhaps  also  biologic,  that  its  delimitation  is  by  no  means  an 
easy  matter. 

In  the  mountains  of  western  North  America  timber  line  is  still 
a  purely  natural  phenomenon;  artificial  deforestation,  which  renders 
its  accurate  determination  so  difficult  in  Europe  has  not  affected  it, 
and  its  gradual  rise  from  north  to  south  attests  the  gradual  increase 
with  lower  latitudes  in  the  sum  of  effective  temperatures  during  the 
season  of  growth.  It  appears  that  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Rockies, 
in  the  Athabasca-Mackenzie  region,  timber  line  is  found  at  about 
2,000  feet  ;65  farther  south  in  the  mountains  about  the  head  of  Stewart 
River,  the  forest  yields  to  the  alpine  meadow  at  between  3,700-4,700 


56  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

feet;66  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rockies,  in  about  the  same  latitude, 
in  the  Atlin  District  of  British  Columbia,  timber  line  runs  at  3,700- 
4,200  ;67  in  southern  British  Columbia,  the  better  watered  Selkirks 
have  a  forest  cover  to  approximately  6,000  feet08  or  a  little  higher, 
while  the  drier  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  east  are  forested  about  1,000 
feet  higher,  tree-line  appearing  at  7-8,000  feet.69  The  Purcell  Range, 
near  the  international  boundary,  has  the  forest  limited  at  7,200  feet.70 
Along  the  coast  in  southeastern  Alaska,  the  alpine  meadows  begin 
much  lower  down,  at  approximately  3,500  feet  in  the  Sitka  region.71 
The  mountains  of  British  Columbia  lie  at  the  vertex  of  the  great  angle 
formed  by  the  south-trending  mountains  along  the  Pacific  coast  of 
the  United  States  and  the  southeastward  extension  of  the  Rockies. 
The  difference  between  the  ranges  of  British  Columbia  in  respect  to 
elevation  of  tree-line  is  maintained  in  the  mountains  of  the  western 
United  States.  In  Washington,  Piper  reports72  tree-line  at  6-7,000 
feet;  in  the  corresponding  latitude  in  Montana,  Rydberg73  considers 
71-8,100  feet  the  upper  limit  of  the  forest ;  this  estimate  for  the  height 
of  timber-line  in  Montana  differs  considerably  from  the  figures  given 
by  Gannett,74  who  found  the  upper  forest  limit  in  the  mountains  about 
Bozeman  to  be  about  9,500  feet,  with  a  line  at  8,800  feet  in  the  Absa- 
roka  Mountains,  and  in  the  Flathead  district,  9,000  feet  as  the  begin- 
ning of  the  alpine  zone.  Corroboration  for  Piper's  estimate  for  Wash- 
ington is  afforded  by  Tansley's  survey  of  Mt.  Rainier,  where  the  actual 
tree-line  was  found  to  be  6,800  feet.75  Russell76  states  that  timber  line 
on  the  high  mountains  of  central  Idaho  is  near  10,000  feet.  In  the 
Cascades  of  Oregon,  Leiberg77  reports  Mts.  Thielson,  Pitt,  and  Scott 
to  have  true  timber  lines  at  93-9,400  feet.  On  Mt.  Shasta,  timber  line 
is  said  by  Merriam63  to  average  considerably  under  95-9,800  feet, 
which  is  the  elevation  of  the  line  on  the  southwest  slopes.  In  nearly 
the  same  latitude,  the  Uintas  of  Utah  have  an  alpine  zone  afoove  a 
timber  line  at  about  11,000  feet  and  eastward  in  Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado, the  same  boundary  between  the  alps  and  the  highest  of  the 
forest  zones  rises  from  9,900  feet  in  the  Yellowstone  Park  to  10,000 
feet  in  the  Wind  River  Mountains,74  10,500  feet  in  the  Big  Horn 
Mountains,  and  11,100  feet  in  the  Rockies  of  northern  Colorado 
(Longs  Peak).  The  climatic  tree-line  on  Lassen  Peak  (10,437  feet) 
in  northeastern  California,  is  especially  hard  to  define  owing  to  the 
excessively  rocky  nature  of  the  slopes,  which  afford  a  soil  suitable  for 
tree  growth  in  only  a  few  places;  the  line  is  approximately  near  the 
9,200-foot  contour.  In  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California  no  peaks  rise 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  57 

above  timber  line.  In  the  Sierra  north  of  Lake  Tahoe  no  summits 
rise  to  timber  line  except  Mt.  Rose,  which  is  said  by  Heller78  to  have 
a  true  alpine  summit  above  the  10,000-foot  contour.  To  the  west  of 
Lake  Tahoe,  Pyramid  Peak  and  Dick's  Peak  have  treeless  summits 
with  an  ill-defined  tree-line  at  about  9,900  feet.  The  summits  of  Castle 
Peak  and  Mt.  Tallac  are  devoid  of  trees  because  of  lack  of  soil  and 
force  of  the  wind.  In  the  high  mountains  to  the  southward  of  the 
Tahoe  district  as  far  as  Mt.  Olancha  in  Tulare  County,  many  of  the 
summits  are  truly  alpine;  in  the  Yosemite  district,  the  line  marking 
the  forest  limit  runs  at  approximately  10,200  feet  on  Ragged  Peak; 
10,300  feet  on  Mt.  Dana;  10,700  feet  on  Mt.  Lyell;  10,400  feet  in 
Farewell  Gap;  10,700  feet  on  Mt.  Kaweah;  10,600  feet  on  Sawtooth 
Peak ;  and  11,000  feet  on  Mt.  Olancha ;  south  of  the  last  no  Californian 
summits  rise  into  the  alpine  zone  except  Mt.  San  Bernardino  (11,485 
feet)  and  possibly  Mt.  San  Jacinto  (10,805  feet).79  The  Southern 
Rockies  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  have  approximately  the  same 
latitude  as  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  tree-line  in  Colorado  rises  from  about 
11,000  feet  on  Longs  Peak  to  11,500  feet  on  Pikes  Peak80  and  12,000 
feet  on  the  mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.81  In  New 
Mexico,  Truchas  Peak  has  a  tree-line  at  about  13,000  feet,82  the  highest 
elevation  for  timber  line  known  from  the  United  States.  Mt.  San 
Francisco,  in  northern  Arizona,  has  a  timber  line  to  which  Mearns 
assigns  an  altitude  of  11,468  feet.83* 

The  data  presented  above  at  considerable  length  are  of  interest  in 
attempting  to  arrive  at  some  conclusion  with  regard  to  the  migration 
and  colonization  of  mountain  ranges  by  arctic  or  circumboreal  plants. 
The  gradual  rise  of  timber  line  and  therefore  the  rise  of  the  minimum 
altitude  at  which  the  typical  arctic-alpine  flora  finds  life  conditions 
most  favorable  for  occupation,  is  seen  to  be  essentially  similar  in  both 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Cascade-Sierra  system,  though  the  actual 
altitudes  differ  by  approximately  1,000  feet  at  the  same  latitude.  This 
difference  is  owing  to  two  reasons  at  least:  greater  aridity  of  the 
Rockies  coupled  with  their  continental  type  of  climate  causes  the 
extremes  of  temperature  to  be  greater  than  in  the  coast  mountains; 
the  Rockies  are  colder  in  winter  and  warmer  in  summer,  but  nowhere 
does  the  degree  of  winter  cold  exclude  the  forest;  its  limit  is  rather 
determined  by  the  sum  of  the  effective  temperatures  during  the  growth 


*  South  of  the  mountains  of  northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  no  peaks  in 
North  America  rise  to  above  timber  line  till  the  great  volcanoes  in  central  Mexico 
are  reached,  about  sixteen  degrees  of  latitude  further  south,  yet  their  tree-line  is 
scarcely  a  thousand  feet  higher.s* 


58  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

period  and  this  sum  is  greater  in  the  Rockies  than  in  the  western 
mountains  at  the  same  altitude.  In  other  words,  the  elevation,  where 
the  total  of  effective  heat  received  is  insufficient  for  tree  growth,  is  as 
much  higher  in  the  Rockies  than  in  the  parallel  Pacific  system  as  the 
difference  between  their  tree-lines.  The  other  reason  believed  to 
explain  in  part  the  higher  timber-line  of  the  Rockies  is  the  fact  that 
in  the  Cordillera  the  mass  of  land  raised  to  equal  elevations  is  far 
greater  than  in  the  Cascade-Sierra  system;  the  latter  is  a  long  but 
relatively  narrow  mountain  axis,  while  the  Cordillera  is  rather  an 
enormous  plateau  from  which  the  several  mountain  chains  rise  to  yet 
greater  heights.  It  is  well  known  that  isotherms  rise  over  plateaus. 
These  reasons  then  seem  competent  to  explain  the  increased  height  of 
tree-line  along  the  same  parallels  in  western  North  America. 

The  data  presented  above  take  no  account  of  the  difference  between 
timber-line  and  tree-line,  the  latter  referring  to  the  elevation  above 
which  no  trees  are  found,  the  former  denoting  the  limit  of  the  forest. 
Between  these  two  limits  is  the  area  in  which  the  forest  and  meadow 
formations  are  in  unstable  equilibrium,  other  factors  than  those  termed 
climatic  determining  the  issue  as  to  which  formation  shall  occupy  a 
given  terrane.  In  the  Sierra  it  is  very  difficult  indeed  to  distinguish 
the  forest  line  from  the  tree-line,  due  to  the  fact  that  so  much  of  the 
high  mountain  country  is  at  present  incapable  of  supporting  the 
forest,  not  because  trees  are  excluded  by  climatic  factors,  but  because 
of  the  absence  of  soil,  which  again  is  a  consequence  of  the  extreme 
recency  of  Sierran  glaciation.  (See  plate  4,  Desolation  Valley.) 

One  result  of  this  brevity  of  post-glacial  time  is  that  over  much 
of  the  boreal  region  within  and  above  the  Hudsonian  zone,  soil  is 
nearly  non-existent  and  the  forest  is  now  absent  where  perhaps  it  at 
one  time  existed  and  where  it  may  reappear.  R.  S.  Marshall,  in  his 
survey  of  the  Mt.  Lyell  region,  found  nearly  one  half  of  the  area 
of  the  quadrangle  to  be  above  timber  line,  devoid  of  timber,  grass,  or 
soil.85 

A  further  consequence  of  the  recency  of  glaciation  has  been  to 
exclude  from  the  Sierra,  till  soil  shall  form  again,  the  alpine  meadows, 
which  are  so  characteristic  of  the  mountains  of  Washington  and 
British  Columbia  and  of  the  Rockies  of  Colorado.  The  "alps"  with 
their  brilliant  flowers  and  dense  turf  of  grasses,  sedges,  and  rushes, 
which  lend  so  much  of  charm  to  the  other  high  mountain  regions  of 
the  west,  are  present  in  the  Sierra  in  pocket-edition  size,  being  repre- 
sented by  small  patches  among  the  roches  moutennees  or  among  the 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra,  Nevada  of  California  59 

boulders  strewn  over  the  rock-fields.  Only  rarely  are  good-sized 
meadows  seen  in  the  higher  mountains.* 

Though  the  precise  location  of  timber-line  in  a  given  place  may  be 
a  matter  of  difficulty  and  involve  a  consideration  of  many  factors, 
some  of  them  at  present  too  obscure  for  satisfactory  review,  yet 
ultimately  the  last  vestige  of  arborescent  growth  has  been  passed 
(compare  plates  1  and  2)  and  the  alpine  region  definitely  entered 
which  finds  its  superior  limit  at  snow-line,  where  such  a  line  exists, 
as  in  the  Cascades.  But  in  the  Sierra  the  existence  of  snow-line  is 
only  to  be  inferred  from  the  presence  of  vestigial  glaciers  at  certain 
points  in  the  Yosemite  district  and  in  the  mountains  to  the  southward. 
There  is  no  place  in  the  Sierra  today  where  snowfall  exceeds  melting. 
There  are  therefore  no  "eternal  snows"  in  the  Sierra  and  no  restric- 
tion upon  the  area  open  to  occupation  by  suitable  plants  because  of 
the  existence  of  a  niveal  region. 

But  this  alpine  region  is  by  no  means  a  continuous  area;  rather  it 
is  everywhere  broken  up  and  only  found  on  isolated  summits  in  the 
Sierran  region  adjacent  to  and  southward  of  Lake  Tahoe.  At  the 
present  day  there  is  no  truly  alpine  habitat  between  Lassen  Peak  and 
Mt.  Rose.  In  the  Tahoe  region,  the  summits  of  Pyramid  Peak,  Dicks 
Peak,  Freels  Peak,  and  possibly  the  summit  of  Mt.  Tallac  are  of  alpine 
character.  South  of  the  Tahoe  district,  islets  of  arctic-alpine  plants 
become  increasingly  numerous  and  in  the  high  mountains  above  the 
Yosemite  Valley  the  total  area  occupied  or  open  to  colonization  by 
arctic-alpines  becomes  considerable,  and  the  same  is  true  for  the  south- 
ern Sierra.  This  fragmental  character  of  the  arctic-alpine  terrane 
unquestionably  reacts  upon  the  flora  in  preventing  the  spread  of  its 
component  species ;  many  of  them  must  be  dependent  upon  more  or  less 
fortuitous  agencies  for  their  dispersal.  Yet  the  alpine  region  of  the 
Sierra  in  its  present  state  offers  certain  possibilities  for  plant  invasion 
by  appropriate  types  perhaps  superior  to  those  of  the  majority  of  the 
western  high  mountain  ranges.  The  very  recency  of  its  glaciation  has 
removed  much  of  the  competition  to  which  an  immigrant  plant  is, 
as  a  rule,  subjected  and  to  which  it  usually  succumbs;  the  high 
gradient  of  the  alpine  region  generally  promotes  landslips  whereby  a 
former  plant  population  is  removed  and  free  ground  exposed  for 
colonization.  The  sporadic  distribution  of  many  of  the  distinctive 
alpine  plants  lends  some  support  to  the  view  that  they  are  in  fact 


*  J.  N.  LeConte  writes  of  a  camping  place  in  the  alpine  region  south  of 
Yosemite:  "This  was  one  of  those  rare  spots  in  the  Sierra  above  the  timber-line 
where  the  grass  covers  the  hills  and  valleys,  like  the  Coast  Eange  in  spring. ' '  Bull. 
Sierra  Club,  vol.  7,  pp.  1-22.  1909. 


60  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

passively  transported  from  station  to  station,  but  by  what  agency  is 
at  present  obscure.  In  spite,  however,  of  the  fact  that  the  Sierra 
would  seem  to  offer  as  suitable  a  habitat  for  the  arctic-alpine  .flora, 
or  for  the  "Glazialpflanzen"  of  Engler86  as  the  Cascades  or  the 
Rockies,  we  find  its  flora,  as  exhibited  in  the  following  list,  to  be 
singular  among  the  boreal  floras  of  the  west  in  its  paucity  of  high 
arctic  types.  Of  the  plants  found  at  high  altitudes  in  the  Rockies 
and  in  the  mountains  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia  and  rang- 
ing north  to  the  Arctic,  a  significant  number  have  failed  to  reach  the 
Sierra,  though  not  a  few  have  entered  the  mountains  of  northern 
California. 


STATISTICAL   ABSTRACT    FROM    THE    ANNOTATED    LIST 

FLOBISTIC  COMPOSITION  OF  THE  BOEEAL  FLORA  OF  THE 
SIEREA  NEVADA 

That  part  of  the  high  mountain  flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  com- 
posed of  vascular  plants,  is  made  up  of  57  families  divided  into  243 
genera  and  633  species.*  Five  of  the  families  belong  to  the  pterido- 
phytes.  The  spermatophyte  families  include  the  single  gymnosperm 
family  of  Pinaceae,  leaving  the  flowering-plants  to  be  divided  among 
51  families.  None  of  the  plant  families  are  peculiar  to  the  region 
covered  by  this  report. 

The  5  families  of  pteridophytes  include  14  genera;  the  Poly- 
podiaceae  with  10  genera  and  the  other  4  families  with  1  genus 
each.  Although  the  Polypodiaceae  include  the  majority  of  the  species 
(13  out  of  a  total  of  20),  the  genus-species  ratio  is  less  in  this  family 

*  It  is  freely  admitted  that  the  basis  for  this  report  is  a  concept  of  the  species 
(and  of  the  subordinate  categories)  which  is  frankly  conservative;  I  have  not 
intentionally  rejected  any  new  definition  merely  because  of  its  newness  but  have 
sought  to  examine  it  carefully  and  determine,  as  best  I  could,  its  value.  Many 
species  recently  proposed  have  seemed  to  me  of  no  merit  whatever,  to  be  in  fact 
mischievous,  since  their  definition  interferes  with  what,  in  my  opinion,  is  the 
natural  relationship.  Most  of  the  species  here  admitted  as  components  of  the 
high  mountain  flora  of  the  Sierra  were  defined  in  a  period  when  the  concept  of 
the  species  was  more  comprehensive  than  that  held  by  many  botanists  of  today, 
and  it  is  probably  true  that  many  of  the  species  recognized  in  the  Annotated  List 
will  seem  to  some  too  inclusive,  just  as  many  of  the  varieties  and  forms  included 
will  appear  to  have  good  claims  to  be  considered  as  deserving  of  higher  taxo- 
nomic  rank.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  this  attitude  strengthens,  rather  than 
weakens,  any  conclusions  which  now  may  be  drawn  with  regard  to  floristic  rela- 
tionships. Certainly  if  one  were  seeking  to  establish  the  thesis  that  the  flora 
of  every  mountain  range  of  the  west  is  a  thing  apart,  he  could  find  abundant 
verbal  justification  in  the  numerous  descriptions  of  local  races  or  even  of  indi- 
vidual abnormalities  which  have  been  issued  as  specific  diagnoses.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  judgments  concerning  these  matters  expressed  in  the  List  will  not  be 
found  wanting  in  a  significant  number  of  cases. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  61 

than  in  any  other  pteridophyte  family  except  Selaginellaceae,  where 
the  single  genus  Selaginella  is  monotypic.  A  notable  fact  connected 
with  the  pteridophyte  element  in  the  Sierran  high  mountain  flora  is 
the  exclusion  of  the  genus  Lycopodium,  which  has  5  boreal  species  in 
Washington,72  one  of  which  (L.  annotinum  L.)  ranges  southward  in 
the  Rockies  to  Colorado  in  the  same  latitude  as  the  Sierra.  The 
Pinaceae  include  4  genera:  Abies  and  Tsuga,  monotypic;  Juniperus 
with  2  species,  and  Pinus  with  6  species.  Here  again  there  is  a  sig- 
nificant difference  between  the  flora  of  the  mountains  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest  and  of  the  Rockies  and  of  that  of  the  higher  Sierra.  All 
of  the  genera  and  all  of  the  species,  except  Pinus  Balfouriana,  P, 
flexilis,  and  Abies  magnifica,  present  in  our  region,  are  also  boreal 
elements  in  Washington,  but  of  the  20  species  of  gymnosperms  present 
in  the  northern  Cascades,  10  attain  their  southern  limit  on  the 
Cascade-Sierran  axis  at  some  point  to  the  north  of  our  region,  though 
some  of  them  continue  down  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  our  latitude  or 
even  attain  lower  latitudes  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  The  char- 
acteristic northern  gymnosperm  genera  Pic&a  and  Larix  have  no 
representatives  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  though  both  are  found  in  the 
Cascades,  Larix  coming  south  to  Mt.  Hood  and  northwest  Montana, 
and  Picea  to  northern  California  along  the  Cascades,  and  in  the 
Rockies  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Of  the  51  families  of  Angiosperms,  the  largest,  both  in  number 
of  genera  and  species,  is  Compositae.  This  great  family,  of  world-wide 
distribution,  has  within  our  limits  32  genera  and  91  species.  Of  its 
genera  Erigeron  is  the  largest,  having  12  species  in  the  Canadian  life- 
zone  or  above,  followed  by  Senecio  with  9  species,  Aster  and  Arnica 
each  with  7,  and  Artemisia  with  6.  All  the  other  genera  of  Compo- 
sitae, resident  in  the  higher  Sierra,  have  5  or  fewer  species  (Haplo- 
pappus  5;  Chrysothamnu-s,  Antennaria,  Hieracium,  each  4;  Hulsea, 
3 ;  Helenium,  Eriophyllum,  Chaenactis,  Raillardella,  Achillea,  Cir- 
sium,  Agos'eris,  and  Crepis,  each  2 ;  the  remaining  14  genera,  or  nearly 
one-half  of  the  total,  are  monotypic). 

The  family  having  the  next  largest  number  of  genera  is  Gramineae, 
with  18  genera,  Poa  and  Agrostis,  each  with  5  species,  being  the  two 
largest.  The  remaining  28  species  of  grasses  in  the  high  mountains 
include  4  in  Calamagrostis,  and  3  each  in  Trisetum  and  Agropyron; 
the  other  genera  have  2  or  1  each,  there  being  8  monotypic  genera, 
or  again  nearly  one-half  of  the  total  number  of  genera  of  grasses. 

After  Compositae,  the  family  with  the  largest  number  of  species 
is  Cyperaceae,  the  4  genera  of  which  are  divided  into  52  species,  the 


62  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

vast  majority  being  in  Carex  (44  species),  the  largest  genus  of  the 
boreal  flora. 

Of  the  5  largest  boreal  plant  families  of  the  Sierra,  counting 
number  of  species,  Scrophulariaveae  has  the  largest  genus-species  ratio 
with  41  species  divided  among  8  genera,  or  slightly  more  than  5  species 
per  genus.  Mimulus  (13  species)  is  the  largest  genus  with  Pentstemon 
(9  species)  and  Castilleja  (8  species)  next  in  order,  the  other  5  genera 
present  within  our  region  dividing  the  remaining  11  species,  2  of  the  5 
being  monotypic. 

Rosac&ae  in  its  14  genera  includes  the  same  number  of  species 
as  Gramineae,  i.e.,  38.  Potentilla  is  the  largest  genus,  having  13 
species;  the  nearly  allied  genus  Ivesia  takes  7  species,  leaving  12 
genera  to  include  the  remaining  18  species,  though  of  this  dozen  genera 
7  (more  than  half)  are  monotypic. 

These  five  families — Compositae,  Cyperaceae,  Scrophulariaceae, 
Gramlneae,  and  Rosaceae — include  66  genera  and  260  species,  or  28.4 
per  cent  of  the  genera  of  Angiosperms  within  our  limits,  and  43.1 
per  cent  of  the  species.  The  reasons  for  this  predominance  of  com- 
posites, sedges,  figworts,  grasses,  and  rosaceous  plants  in  the  high 
mountain  region  are  still  obscure,  but  the  character  of  their  repro- 
ductive bodies  may,  in  part,  explain  their  successful  occupation  of 
the  alpine  and  subalpine  country.  Excluding  Scrophulariaceae,  the 
typical  fruit  of  these  groups  of  plants  is  the  achene,  small,  of  light 
weight,  and  well  protected  against  injury  by  the  hardened  ovary  wall 
which  encloses  an  embryo  provided  with  stored  food.  The  achene 
is  the  exclusive  type  of  fruit  in  Composite,  Cyperac&ae,  and  Gram- 
ineae  (here  slightly  modified  as  the  caryopsis  or  grain),  while  in 
Rosaceae,  it  is  the  fruit  of  those  genera,  like  Potentilla,  Ivesia,  and 
Horkelia,  which,  if  number  of  species  be  interpreted  as  a  criterion  of 
generic  success,  have  been  most  successful.  In  Scrophulariaee^ae 
achenes  are  replaced  by  many-seeded  ovaries,  the  seeds  themselves 
being  small  and  enclosing  an  embryo  in  copious  albumen,  the  whole 
seed  analogous  to  an  achene  from  the  point  of  view  of  ease  of  distri- 
bution and  provision  for  germination.  When  one  recalls  the  rigorous 
features  of  the  high  mountain  habitat,  the  temperature  extremes,  the 
force  of  the  wind,  and  the  uneven  nature  of  the  terrane,  the  advan- 
tages which  the  achene  or  some  similar  type  of  propagule  may  be 
presumed  to  have  seem  significant. 

The  other  57  per  cent  of  the  boreal  angiosperm  flora  is  made  up 
of  the  remaining  46  families  of  flowering  plants  having  representation 
in  our  region.  These  families  are  unequally  represented. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California 


63 


(a)   5  families  have  more  than  20  species: 

(1)  Cruciferae,         11  genera,  26  species. 

(2)  Polygonaceae,      4  genera,  25  species. 

(3)  Saxifragaceae,     9  genera,  24  species. 

(4)  Leguminosae,       4  genera,  23  species. 

(5)  Liliaceae,  13  genera,  21  species. 
(&)   9  families  have  from  10  to  19  species  inclusive: 

(1)  Ranunculaceae,        10  genera,  19  species. 

(2)  Ericaceae, 

(3)  Umbelliferae, 

(4)  Caryophyllaceae, 

(5)  Hydrophyllaceae, 

(6)  Polemoniaceae, 

(7)  Juncaceae, 

(8)  Salicaceae, 

(9)  Onagraceae, 

(c)   6  families  have  from  5  to  9  species  inclusive: 
(1)  Borraginaceae,     5  genera,  9  species. 


12  genera,  17  species. 

12  genera,  16  species. 

5  genera,  14  species. 

5  genera,  14  species. 

3  genera,  13  species. 
2  genera,  13  species. 
2  genera,  11  species. 

4  genera,  11  species. 


(2)  Gentianaceae, 

(3)  Portulacaceae, 

(4)  Caprifoliaceae, 

(5)  Primulaceae, 

(6)  Orchidaceae, 


4  genera,  9  species. 
4  genera,  8  species. 
3  genera, 
3  genera, 


7  species. 

5  species. 

3  genera,  5  species. 
(d)  The  remaining  26  families  have  4  or  fewer  species,  those  starred  being 
represented  by  a  single  species:  Sparganiaceae,  Najadaceae,  *Junca- 
ginaceae,  Iridaceae,  Betulaceae,  Fagaceae,  Loranthaceae,  *Nymphe- 
aceae,  Fumariaceae,  Droseraceae,  Crassulaceae,  *Geraniaceae,  *Linaceae, 
*Callitrichaceae,  *Aceraceae,  Rhamnaceae,  Malvaceae,  *JHypericaceae, 
Viol-aceae,  *Halorrhagidaceae,  *Cornaceae,  Apocynaceae,  Labiatae,  Eubi- 
aceae,  *Lentibulariaceae,  *Valerianaoeae. 

The  relative  importance  of  the  several  genera  of  angiosperms  whose 
species  make  up  the  greater  part  of  the  vegetation  of  the  high  Sierra, 
is  unequal.  The  genera  with  large  representation  are  comparatively 
few  and  may  be  ranked  as  follows  on  the  basis  of  the  number  of  their 
species  : 

Saxifraga 

Eibes 

Ivesia 

Phacelia 

Aster 

Arnica 

Allium 
Draba 

Astragalus 
Artemisia 

Agrostis 

Poa 

Scirpus 

Gentiana 

Haplopappus 


Carex, 

44  species 

Eriogonum 

I 

Potentilla 

i  13  species 

Mimulus 

\ 

Erigeron 
Lupinus 

(  12  species 

Juncus 

) 

Salix 

Polygonum 

V    9  species 

Pentstemon 

Seneeio 

1 

Arabis 

Epilobium 
Gilia 

L    8  species 

Castilleja 

7  species 


6  species 


5  species 


64  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

These  30  genera  account  for  275  species,  leaving  195  genera  of 
minor  importance  among  which  to  divide  the  328  species  of  flowering 
plants  not  included  within  the  great  genera  above  listed.  Of  these 
195  genera,  112  are  monotypic,  each  having  but  a  single  species.  The 
remaining  83  genera  divide  216  species  and  have  a  genus-species  ratio 
of  2.6.  Perhaps  a  better  idea  of  the  significance  of  a  comparatively 
few  leading  genera  may  be  gained  if  percentages  are  compared.  When 
this  is  done,  it  appears  that : 

13.3  per  cent  of  the  genera  include  45.6  per  cent  of  the  species; 
36.9  per  cent  of  the  genera  include  35.8  per  cent  of  the  species; 
49.7  per  cent  of  the  genera  include  18.5  per  cent  of  the  species. 

Summarizing  the  data  here  reviewed  we  find  that  the  633  vascular 
plant  species  of  the  boreal  region  of  the  Sierra  are  segregated  into 

(a)     5  families  of  pteridophytes  with  14  genera  and  20  species; 
(6)      1  family  of  gymnosperms  with  4  genera  and  10  species; 
(c)   51  families  of  angiosperms  with  225   genera  and  603   species,  which  are 
grouped  in 

(1)  30  genera  of  major  importance,   each  with  5   or  more  species  and 

totaling  275  species; 

(2)  83  genera  of  minor  importance  with  216  species; 

(3)  112  monotypic  genera. 

Besides  those  plant  groups  which,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  are  suf- 
ficiently marked  to  deserve  recognition  as  species,  there  are  in  the 
flora  of  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada  certain  less  well  defined  congeries 
variously  called  subspecies,  varieties,  and  forms,  which  in  the  aggre- 
gate raise  the  total  number  of  plant  groups  requiring  nomenclatural 
differentiation  to  682. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  BOREAL  FLORA  OF  THE 
SIERRA  NEVADA 

These  682  more  or  less  well  marked  floristic  units,  which  in  the 
aggregate  make  up  the  plant  population  of  the  higher  Sierra,  have 
unequal  ranges.  Some  are  endemic  within  the  Sierra ;  some  have  their 
presumable  point  of  origin  within  our  limits  but  are  now  more  or  less 
widely  spread  beyond  its  borders  as  emigrants;  others  are  certainly 
immigrants  from  adjacent  or  more  remote  areas.  Comparing  the 
known  ranges  of  these  high  mountain  species,  varieties,  and  forms, 
we  find 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  65 

(a)  205  with  this  distribution:  present  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Southern  Cas- 
cades, Northern  Cascades,  mountains  of  British  Columbia,  Northern 
Rockies,  Southern  Rockies  at  least  as  far  south  as  Colorado,  many  of 
them  also  in  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico.* 

(fe)   154  peculiar  to  the  Sierran  region,  as  defined  in  this  paper. 

(c)  81    common   to   the    Sierra,    Southern    Cascades,   Northern   Cascades,    and 

mountains  of  British  Columbia. 

(d)  57  distributed  as  follows:  present  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  north- 

ward through  the  Cascades  to  the  mountains  of  British  Columbia  (a 
few  extending  farther  north)  and  present  in  the  Northern  Rockies  but 
not  reaching  the  Southern.  Rockies. 

(e~)  47  to  be  present  in  the  Sierra  and  extending  northward  to  Mt.  Shasta 
and  the  mountains  of  Siskiyou  County  (a  few  of  the  plants  included 
here  are  also  found  in  the  mountains  of  southern  California). 

(/)  40  inhabiting  the  Sierra  and  the  Southern  Cascades,  also  the  mountains 
of  eastern  Oregon  and  southwest  Idaho.  A  few  plants  of  this  group 
are  known  from  the  Warner  Mountains  of  Modoe  County. 

(g)  32  with  this  distribution:  present  in  the  Sierra  and  in  the  Rockies,  mainly 
the  Southern  Rockies,  though  a  few  here  included  are  known  to  range 
north  to  Alberta.  The  essential  fact  with  regard  to  this  class  is  that 
they  are  not  present  in  the  Cascades  and  mountains  of  British  Columbia. 

(7i)  24  growing  in  the  Sierra,  mainly  on  the  eastern  flank,  and  on  the  ranges 
of  the  Great  Basin  and  western  side  of  the  Cordillera  from  southwest 
Montana  to  western  Colorado. 

(i)  24  common  to  the  Sierra  and  mountains  of  southern  California.  A  few 
plants  of  this  group  are  also  found  on  the  desert  ranges  of  southeastern 
California  (White  Mountains,  Panamint  Mountains). 

(j)  18  present  in  the  Sierra  and  ranging  northward  through  the  Cascades  to 
Alaska  but  not  known  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  (plants  mainly  of 
the  Alaskan  coastal  strip). 

It  appears  that  of  the  total  number  of  kinds  of  plants  now  found 
in  the  high  Sierra,  225  (6  plus  e  plus  i)  are  peculiar  to  the  Calif ornian 
region,  which  conforms  to  the  political  state  except  that  it  includes 
the  outlying  spurs  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  just  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  and 
a  small  area  in  southwest  Oregon,  which,  geologically  and,  it  is 
believed,  biologically,  has  a  closer  relationship  with  the  mountains 
of  Siskiyou  County  than  with  the  balance  of  the  State  of  Oregon. 

We  find  then  nearly  one-third  of  the  boreal  flora  of  the  Sierra 
essentially  Calif  ornian ;  a  nearly  equal  fraction  of  the  total  number 
composed  of  species  of  very  wide  distribution  in  the  Cordilleran  and 
Pacific  sections  of  North  America ;  and  the  remainder  including  plants 
present  in  extra-Californian  mountain  floras  but  of  less  extended 
ranges  than  the  plants  of  the  second  group. 

*  Southern  Cascades:  Cascades  of  Oregon  south  of  and  not  including  Mt.  Hood. 
Northern  Cascades:  Mt.    Hood    and    Cascades    of    Washington    and    British 

Columbia. 

Northern  Rockies:  Rocky  Mountains  north  of  the  Laramie  Plains. 
•**     Southern  Rockies:  Rocky  Mountains  south  of  the  Laramie  Plains. 


66  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

In  western  North  America  there  are  recognized,  by  very  general 
agreement,  at  least  three  fairly  distinct  divisions:  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, the  Pacific  Northwest  (Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  British 
Columbia),  and  the  Californian  region.  Dr.  Rydberg  has  shown  that 
the  Rocky  Mountains  should  not  be  considered  as  a  unit  floristically, 
but  should  be  divided  into  the  Northern  Rockies  and  Southern  Rockies 
with  the  subalpine  plains  of  southern  Wyoming  intervening.*  It  is  of 
some  interest  to  note  the  relative  numbers  of  plant  forms  possessed  in 
common  by  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  by  each  of  these  subdivisions  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  geographic  analysis  of  the  Sierran  high  moun- 
tain flora  presented  above  indicates  that  of  the  682  plants  distin- 
guished in  this  report : 

261  (a  plus  g  plus  Ji\)  are  common  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Southern  Rockies. 

286  (a  plus  d  plus  Ji)  are  common  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Northern  Rockies. 

361  (a  plus  c  plus  d  plus  j)  are  common  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
the  Pacific  Northwest. 

Expressing  these  similarities  in  familiar  terms,  we  find  that  over 
one-half  of  the  plants  distinguished  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  are  also 
present  in  the  Northwest;  more  than  one-third  are  common  to  the 
Sierra  and  to  the  Southern  Rockies ;  an  intermediate  fraction  expresses 
the  degree  of  similarity  with  respect  to  the  Northern  Rockies. 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  THE  ANNOTATED  LIST 

Sporophylls  free  or,  if  aggregated,  never  forming  true   flowers;   plants  with 
spores  and  without  seeds.  PTERIDOPHYTA  (Ferns  and  Fern  Allies) 

Leaves  usually  ample  or,  if  small,  never  reduced  to  scales  forming  sheaths 
about  the  solid  stems;   sporophylls  not  aggregated  into  terminal  cones 
(strobili)  formed  of  peltate  scales. 
Terrestrial  plants;  leaves  never  grass-like. 

Leaves  (fronds)  not  closely  overlapping  or  imbricated,  of  medium  to 
large  size,  each  with  a  stalk  or  stipe;  sporangia  numerous  on  each 
sporophyll. 


*  Torreya,  vol.  12,  pp.  73-85. 

t  h  includes  a  number  of  plants,  some  of  which  are  common  to  the  Sierra  and 
both  Northern  and  Southern  Eockies,  and  some  common  to  the  Sierra  and  only 
one  of  these  subdivisions,  but  at  present  the  details  of  plant  distribution  for 
eastern  Idaho,  southwest  Wyoming,  and  western  Colorado,  are  too  imperfectly 
known,  at  least  to  me,  to  warrant  an  attempt  to  distinguish  the  exact  ranges  of 
the  plants  included  in  this  group.  Accordingly  h  is  added  to  both  of  the  totals 
assigned  to  the  divisions  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  a  procedure  not  affecting  the 
degree  of  similarity  with  the  Sierran  flora  of  these  two  divisions  as  compared  to 
each  other,  though  it  may  affect  the  value  of  comparing  either  of  these  totals 
with  that  assigned  to  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  67 

Leaf  solitary  but  divided  into  a  sterile  and  a  fertile  part;  sporangium 
sessile,  without  an  annulus.  Family  2.  Ophioglossaceae 

Leaves  few  to  many,  not  divided  into  sterile  and  fertile  parts;  sporan- 
gium stalked  and  having  an  annulus.          Family  1.  Polypodiaceae 
Leaves  closely  imbricated,  very  small  attached  to  the   stem  by  broad 
bases;  sporangium  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 

Family  4.  Selaginellaceae 

Aquatic   plants,    submerged    or   merely    emergent,    with    tufted    grass-like 
leaves  having  enlarged  bases  which  enclose  the  sporangia. 

Family  5.  Isoetaceae 

Leaves  reduced  to  scales  and  united  by  their  bases  to  form  sheaths  about 
the  hollow  jointed  stems;  sporophylls  aggregated  into  terminal  cones 
(strobili)  formed  of  peltate  scales.  Family  3.  Equisetaceae 

Sporophylls  aggregated  into  true  flowers;  plants  producing  seeds. 

SPERMATOPHYTA  (Conifers  and  Flowering  Plants) 

*Plants  with  ovules  exposed  upon  the  sporophylls  and  not  enclosed  within  an 
ovary;  woody  plants  with  (in  ours)  always  evergreen  needle-like  or 
scale-like  leaves.  GYMNOSPERMAE:  in  our  region  with  but  a  single 
family.  Family  6.  Pinaceae 

**Plants  with  ovules  enclosed  within  ovaries;  woody  or  herbaceous  plants 
with  evergreen  or  deciduous  foliage. 

ANGIOSPERMAE,  or  True  Flowering  Plants 

I.  Flowers  composed  of  parts  arranged  in  3's  or  6's,  never  in  4's  or  5's  (i.e., 
3  petals,  6  stamens,  etc.,  never  4  petals,  5  stamens,  etc.,  except  Pota- 
mogeton  with  4-merous  flowers) ;  ours  all  herbaceous  plants  with  the 
leaves  having  their  prominent  veins  parallel:  stems  without  central 
pith  and  ringlike  layers.  MONOCOTYLEDONS 

Ovary  or  ovaries  distinct  (in  Juncaginaoeae  united  at  first  but  separating 
at  maturity)  and  simple;  perianth  (=  sepals  and  petals  taken  together) 
none  or  calyx-like. 

Perianth  none,  or  calyx-like  with  scalelike  divisions. 
Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  dry  chaffy  bracts. 

Flowers  monoecious,  grouped  into  globose  heads  along  the  upper  part 
of  the  stem,  the  upper  heads  staminate,  the  lower  pistillate. 

Family  7.  Sparganiaceae 
Flowers  perfect,  not  in  globose  heads. 

Immersed  plants  with  flowers  composed  of  4  sepals,  4  stamens,  and 

4  ovaries,  the  latter  always  distinct.  Family  8.  Najadaceae 

Terrestrial  plants  with  grasslike,  somewhat  fleshy  leaves  and  flowers 

composed  of  6  sepals,  6  stamens,  and  usually  6  ovaries,  the  latter 

at  first  united  but  distinct  at  maturity. 

Family  9.  Juncaginaceae 
Flowers  in  the  axils   of   dry  chaffy  bracts,   aggregated  into   spikes   or 

spikelets. 

Stems  mostly  terete  (round)  and  hollow,  sheathed  by  the  bases  of 
the  leaves,  the  sheaths  mostly  open  opposite  the  blades;  anthers 
versatile  and  stigmas  plumose;  fruit  a  grain. 

Family   10.  Gramineae 

Stems  mostly  triangular  and  solid;  leaf -sheaths  closed;  anthers  basi- 
fixed,  stigmas  not  plumose;  fruit  an  achene. 

Family  11.  Cyperaceae 


68  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Ovary  compound  (=  formed  of  more  than  a  single  carpel) ;  perianth  always 

present,  its  segments  in  2  series. 
Ovary  superior  (i.e.,  free  from  the  calyx). 

Plant  rush-like;  perianth  segments  similar,  chaffy,  none  petaloid. 

Family  12.  Juncaceae 

Plant    not    rush-like;    at    least    the    inner    whorl    of   perianth    segments 
petaloid.  Family  13.  Liliaceae 

Ovary  inferior  (i.e.,  its  wall  united  with  the  calyx). 

Flowers  in  umbels,  regular;  stamens  3.  Family  14.  Iridaceae 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  irregular;  stamen  1. 

Family  15.  Orchidaceae 

II.  Flowers  composed  of  parts  arranged  in  4's  or  5's,  rarely  otherwise;  leaves 
with  the  veins  forming  a  network;   stems  with   central  pith  and,   if  per- 
ennial, showing  annual  rings.  DICOTYLEDONS 
*Corolla  none:  calyx  absent  or  present:  if  present,  then  herbaceous  or  petaloid 

(in  Caryophyllaeeae,  the  corolla  commonly  present). 
Trees  and  shrubs. 

Flowers  in  catkins   (aments). 

Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  catkins. 

Flowers  1  to  each  scale  or  bract  of  the  catkin,  the  ovary  developing 
to  a  many-seeded,  1-celled  pod  with  comose  seeds. 

Family  16.  Salicaceae 

Flowers  2  or  3  to  each  scale  of  the  catkin;  ovary  becoming  a  winged 

nutlet.  Family  17.  Betulaceae 

Staminate   flowers  only  in   catkins;   pistillate  flowers   in   an  involucre 

becoming  an  acorn  cup  or  spiny  bur.  Family  18.  Fagaceae 

Flowers  not  in  catkins. 

Leaves   alternate,    functional;    fruit    an    achene   with   persistent    long 

plumose  style.  Family   (30).  Cercooarpus 

Leaves  opposite,  scale-like;  parasitic  dwarf  shrubs,  growing  on  conifers 

(in  ours).  Family  19.  Lcranthaceae 

Herbs,  sometimes  suffrutescent  at  base. 
Ovary  superior. 
Calyx  present. 

Pistil  1,  its  ovary  5-celled;  reddish  or  whitish  saprophyte. 

Family  (44).  Mlotropa 
Pistil  1,  its  ovary  1-celled. 

Stipules  present  and  forming  sheaths  about  the  nodes. 

Family  20.  Polygonaceae 
Stipules  absent. 

Flowers   involucrate;    calyx   6-parted.     Family    (20).  Eriogorwm 

Flowers  not  surrounded  by  an  involucre;   calyx  and  corolla  5- 

parted,  or  the  latter  wanting.     Family  21.  Caryophyllaeeae 

Pistils   more    than    1    and    distinct    (i.e.,    each    an    ovary),    forming 

achenes  or  follicles.  Family  24.  Ranunculaceae 

Calyx  absent  (i.e.,  flowers  naked) ;  aquatic  plant  with  opposite  leaves. 

Family  34.  Callitrichaceae 
Ovary  inferior;  aquatic  plant  with  whorled  leaves. 

Family  40.  Haloragidaceae 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  69 

Calyx  and  corolla  both  present,  the  latter  of  distinct  petals. 
Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils. 
Flowers  with  stamens  distinct. 

Stamens  hypogynous,  more  than  10. 

Pistils  several  to  many,  simple  and  distinct,  becoming  achenes  or 
follicles.  Family  24.  Ranunculaceae 

Pistil  1. 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Leaves  entire,  fleshy;  petals  8-16,  sepals  4-8,  style  divided  into 
filiform  divisions.  Family  (22).  "Lewisia 

Leaves  compound,  thin  or  membranous;  petals  reduced  or  some- 
times wanting,  sepals  4;  style  obsolete  and  stigma  broad, 
obscurely  lobed.  Family  (24).  Actaea 

Ovary  more  than   1-celled. 

Aquatic  herb  with  peltate  leaves,  petals  10-20,  sepals  5-12, 
anthers  dark  red.  ,  Family  23.  Nympheaceae 

Terrestrial  creeping  dwarf  plants;   petals   5,   sepals   5,   stamens 
in  3-5  bunches,  anthers  yellow.     Family  38.  Hypericaceae 
Stamens  hypogynous,  10  or  fewer. 
Pistils  more  than  1,  distinct. 

Pistils  more  numerous  than  sepals  or  petals. 

Family  24.  Ranunculaceae 

Pistils  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  petals.      Family  28.  Crassulaceae 
Pistils  5,  more   or  less  united   at  first  but  separating  as   1-seeded 
carpels  when  mature.  Family  32.  Geraniaceae 

Pistil  1. 

Ovary  becoming  2-celled  by  a  false  partition;  flowers  cruciferous 
(4  sepals,  4  petals,  6  stamens — 4  long,  2  short — or  rarely 
fewer;  fruit  a  silique  or  silicle).  Family  26.  Cruciferae 

Ovary  1-celled;  stamens  equal. 

Corolla  irregular   (=  petals  not  uniform) 

Stamens  5,  connivent  over  the  ovary;   petals  5,  lower  petals 

spurred;  sepals  5,  unequal.  Family  39.  Violaceae 

Stamens  6;   petals  4;   sepals  2;   flowers  somewhat  cordate   at 

base.  Family  25.  Fumariaceae 

Corolla  regular. 

Leaves  strictly  basal  with  circinnate  vernation,  bearing  viscid 
glandular  hairs;  flowers  in  secund  racemes  on  leafless 
peduncles;  insectivorous  bog-plants. 

Family  27.  Droseraceae 
Leaves  not  strictly  basal,  usually  more  or  less  scattered  on 

the  stems;   no  insectivorous  bog-plants. 

Leaves  reduced  to   functionless  scales;   white  or  brownish 
saprophyte  of  coniferous  forest  floors. 

Family  (44).  Pleuricospora 

Leaves  not  reduced  to  scales;  autotrophic  plants. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  distinct  or  united  sepals. 

Family  21.  Caryophyllaceae 

Calyx  of  2  distinct  sepals.  Family  22.  Portulacaceae 

Ovary  more  than  2-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Family  44.  Ericaceae 

Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal   slits.         Family  33.  Linaceae 


70  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Stamens  perigynous. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  edge  of  a  hypogynous  disk  within  the  calyx; 
ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  2-winged  samara. 

Family  35.  Aceraceae 
Stamens  borne  on  the  calyx. 

Leaves  simple,  exstipulate;  stamens  5  or  10;  pistil  always  solitary. 

Family  29.  Saxifragaceae 

Leaves  simple  or  compound,  stipulate;   stamens  10  to  numerous; 

pistils  1  to  several.  Family  30.  Rosaceae 

Flowers  with   stamens  united  by  their  filaments,  monadelphous   or   dia- 

delphous. 

Stamens  10   or  fewer;   flowers  irregular;    ovary   1-celled;    leaves  com- 
pound. 

Stamens  6,  diadelphous,  in  two  sets  of  3  each;  sepals  2  and  petals  4; 
flowers  somewhat  cordate  at  base.  Family  25.  Fumariaceae 

Stamens   10,   diadelphous    (9   united   and   1   free)    or   monadelphous; 
sepals  and  petals  5;  flowers  papilionaceous. 

Family  31.  Leguminosae 

Stamens  numerous  united  by  their  filaments  into   a  tube   about   the 
several-celled  ovary;   leaves  simple.  Family  37.  Malvaceae 

Calyx  united  with  the  pistil  or  pistils  (ovary  inferior). 
Herbaceous  plants. 

Flowers  not  in  umbels. 

Flowers  apetalous;  stamen  solitary.  Family  (40).  Hippuris 

.    Flowers  with  petals;   stamens  more  than  1. 
Style  1;  sepals  and  petals  4  (rarely  5  or  2). 

Family  41.  Onagraceae 
Styles  2  to  5;  sepals  and  petals  always  5. 

Family  29.  Saxifragaceae 

Flowers  in  umbels   (the  rays  of  the  umbel  sometimes  short  and  the 
flowers  appearing  in  capitate  clusters).      Family  43.  Umbelliferae 
Shrubs. 
Petals  5. 

Fruit  a  pome.  Family  30.  Rosaceae 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Stamens  10,   anthers  basi-fixed;   petals  plane   or   merely  curving, 

not  hooded.  Family  (29).  Jamesia 

Stamens  5,  anthers  versatile;  petals  hooded.    Family  (36).  Qeanotlius 

Fruit  a  berry.  Family  (29).  Eibes 

Petals  4;  fruit  a  drupe.  Family  42.  Cornaceae 

***Calyx  and  corolla  both  present,  the  latter  of  more  or  less  united  petals. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores  (except 

in  Pleuricospora  the  anthers  dehisce  by  longitudinal  slits  to  the  base, 

and  in  Allotropa  to  the  middle,  of  each  cell).        Family  44.  Ericaceae 

Stamens   inserted   on   the   corolla;    anthers   opening   by   longitudinal    slits. 

Ovary  superior. 

Stamens  more  than  5. 
Petals  5,  sepals  5. 
Pistil  1. 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous;  ovary  1-celled. 

Family  31.  Leguminosae 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  71 

Stamens  numerous,  monadelphous;   ovary  several-celled. 

Family  37.  Malvaceae 

Pistils  4  or  5,  distinct;  stamens  10.  Family  28.  Crassulaceae 

Petals  4,  in  pairs;  sepals  2;  stamens  6,  diadelphous. 

Family  25.  Fumariaceae 
Stamens  5  or  fewer. 
Corolla  regular. 
Pistil  1. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  to 

the  lobes.  Family  45.  Primulaceae 

Stamens  as  many  as  or  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 

alternate  with  the  lobes. 
Ovary  1  or  2-celled;  styles  or  stigmas  2  or  1. 

Fruit  with  septicidal  dehiscence;  herbage  smooth;   style  1, 
entire  or  slightly  lobed  at  tip;  ovary  1-celled. 

Family  46.  Gentianaceae 

Fruit   with    loculicidal    dehiscence;    herbage    more    or    less 
hairy;  styles  2,  or  1  and  2-cleft;  ovary  1  or  2-celled. 

Family  49.  Hydrophyllaceae 
Ovary   3-celled;   style   3-cleft  or   3-lobed. 

Family  48.  Polemoniaceae 

Ovary  4-celled  and  usually  4-lobed,  the  lobes  maturing  into 
4  nutlets;  leaves  and  stems  harsh  to  the  touch  or  densely 
^covered  with  prickles. 

Family  50.  Borraginaceae 
Pistils  2,  becoming  follicles  with  seeds   (in  ours)   long  comose. 

Family  47.  Apocynaceae 
Corolla  irregular,  more   or  less  conspicuously  2-lipped. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  splitting  into   as  many  nutlets;   foliage   aromatic. 

Family  51.  Labiatae 
Ovary  entire,  developing  into  a  capsule. 

Ovary  1-celled;   aquatic  plant  with  finely  dissected  leaves. 

Family  54.  Lentibulariaceae 

Ovary  2-celled;  terrestrial  plants.     Family  52.  Scrophulariaceae 
Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  distinct;  flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads. 

Calyx  persistent  upon  the  achene-like  fruit,  its  free  limb  divided 
into  about  15  filiform  divisions  and  forming  a  kind  of  pappus; 
stamens  3;  herbs  only.  Family  56.  Valerianaceae 

Calyx  not  pappose;  herbs  and  woody  plants. 

Leaves  small,  verticillate  in  whorls  of  3  or  more;  stems  delicate, 
herbaceous  or  slightly  woody;   annuals  and  perennials. 

Family  53.  Rubiaceae 
Leaves  opposite,  medium  to  large  in  size;  all  woody  plants. 

Family  55.  Caprifoliaceae 

Stamens  united  by  their   anthers  to   form   a  tube   about   the   divided 
style;   stamens  always  5;  flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 

Family  57.  Compositae 


72  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


ANNOTATED    LIST    OF    THE    SPECIES    OF    VASCULAR 

PLANTS    GROWING    WITHIN    THE    BOREAL 

REGION  OF  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA 

1.  POLYPODIACEAE  (FERN  FAMILY) 

Indusia  present,  covering  the  sori  at  least  when  young. 

Sori  marginal,  Avith  a  false  indusium  formed  by  the  reflexed  and  altered  margin 

of  the  frond. 
Stalks  of  the  fronds  light  colored;   fronds  evidently  of  two  sorts,  sterile 

and   fertile 1.  Cryptogramma 

Stalks  of  the  fronds  dark;  fronds  not  evidently  of  two  sorts. 
False  indusium  continuous  at  edge   of  segment;   fronds  small. 

Stalks  of  the  fronds  chaffy  or  hirsute 2.  Cheilanthes 

Stalks  of  the  fronds  naked 3.  Pellaea 

False  indusium  not  continuous;   fronds  large 4.  Adiantum 

Sori  not  marginal;  each  sorus  with  its  own  true  indusium. 

Indusium  peltate  or  laterally  attached,   superior  and  entire. 

Sori  oblong,  parallel  to  the  oblique  lateral  veins 5.  Asplenium 

Sori  orbicular  or  reniform. 
Indusium  centrally  attached. 

Indusium  round,  without  a  sinus 6.  Polystichum 

Indusium  reniform  7.  Dryopteris 

Indusium  laterally   attached 8.  Cystopteris 

Indusium  inferior  and  fimbriate 9.  Woodsia 

Indusia  never  present 10.  Athyrium 


1.  CKYPTOGRAMMA 

1.  Cryptogramma  acrostichoides,  R.  Br.  App.  Frankl.  Jour.,  p. 
767.    1823. 

Type  locality. — "In  shady  rocky  woods,  between  lat.  56°  and  60° 
north." 

Range. — Alaska  to  Quebec,  south  to  California,  Colorado,  and  the 
Great  Lakes. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1877 ;  cliffs 
of  granite  ledges  above  Donner  Lake,  Sonne  323 ;  high  mountain  near 
Donner  Pass,  Torrey  597;  Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet, 
Hall  9,342 ;  near  Summit,  Heller  7,027 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S.  Atkin- 
son in  1900 ;  Lake  Lucile  Ridge,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900 ;  Suzy 
Lake,  McGregor  108;  Heather  Lake,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  161;  Tahoe 
region,  6-8,000  feet,  G.  B.  Grant  in  1906;  Angora  Lake,  7,600  feet, 
Smiley  12;  Mt.  Tallac  trail,  8,000  feet,  Abrams  4825;  Mono  Pass, 
9-10,000  feet,  Bolander  6241;  Old  Tioga  Road,  dry  ledges,  R.  A. 
Ware  560 ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  699 ;  Tioga 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  73 

Road  near  Dark  Hole,  7,700  feet,  Smiley  882;  Old  Baldy,  Fresno 
County,  A.  A.  Eaton;  Mineral  King,  Coville  and  Funston  1502;  Mt. 
Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee  in  1905. 

2.  CHEILANTHES 

1.  Cheilanthes  gracillima  D.  C.  Eaton,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv., 
vol.  2,  p.  234.    1859. 

Type  locality. — "Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  at  7,000  feet  alti- 
tude, lat.  44°." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  southern  California ;  east  to  Idaho. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Butterfly  Valley,  Plumas  County,  Mrs. 
Austin;  mountains  around  Webber  Lake  and  Sierra  Valley,  J.  G. 
Lemmon;  crevices  in  granite  ledges  above  Donner  Lake,  Sonne  319; 
Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  9,000  feet,  Abrams  4,847 ;  Yosemite 
Valley,  Canby,  October,  1869;  Kern-Kaweah  Falls,  Tulare  County, 
10,000  feet,  Dudley  2374. 

Christ87  extends  the  range  of  this  fern  to  Central  Mexico  and 
Costa  Rica  and  eastward  to  Missouri.  I  have  seen  no  representatives 
outside  of  the  range  indicated  above. 

Cheilanthes  Fendleri  Hook,  is  reported  by  Parish88  from  Mt.  Stan- 
ford (now  called  Castle  Peak),  but  I  have  seen  no  evidence  that  the 
species  enters  the  high  mountains  of  the  Sierra. 

3.  PELLAEA 

Lanceolate  fronds  once  pinnate  and  all  alike. 

Pinnae  entire  or  rarely  a  few  divided;  stalk  not  brittle 1.  P.  Bridges!! 

Pinnae  divided  into  two  unequal  lobes;  stalk  very  brittle 2.  P.  Brewer! 

Triangular  fronds  thrice  pinnate  and  of  two  sorts,  fertile  and  sterile..3.  P.  densa 

1.  Pellaea  Bridgesii  Hook.,  Sp.  Fil.,  vol.  2,  p.  238.    1858. 

Type  locality. — "Mountains,  interior  of  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada, 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Valley,  8,000  feet,  Pringle,  Sep- 
tember 21,  1882 ;  above  Meadow  Lake,  Lemmon  1229 ;  Bierstadt  Peak, 
7,300  feet,  Davy  3200;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7015 ;  ridge  below  Lake  Lucile,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900 ;  Deso- 
lation Valley,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  99 ;  rocks  above  Glen  Alpine 
road,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909;  Silver  Lake,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  648 ;  granite  ledge  above  Donner  Lake,  Sonne  322 ;  Mariposa 


74  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

County,  crevices  of  dry  ledges  at  5,400  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  525;  Glen 
Alpine,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July,  1901 ;  trail  from  Snow  Creek  to 
Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  675;  Mineral  King,  south 
slope  at  2,750  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1418. 

2.  Pellaea  Breweri  D.  C.  Eaton,  in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6, 

p.  555.    1866. 

Type  locality. — "Rupestris  inter  rnontes  Sierra  Nevada  Calif orniae 
altitudine  7,800-9,000  ped.  super  mare."  Brewer. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  east  to  Colorado  and  north  to  Oregon. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Brandegee; 
base  of  Castle  Peak,  9,500  feet,  Pringle,  September  27,  1882;  east 
slope  of  the  Sierra  five  miles  west  of  Tnickee,  8,300  feet,  Sonne  320 ; 
trail  to  Angora  Lake  over  moraine  south  of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  7,300 
feet,  Smiley  6;  Yosemite,  Lemmon,  August,  1872;  Amador  Pass, 
among  rocks  at  9,000  feet,  Brewer  2102;  Sonora  Pass,  7,000  feet, 
Brewer  1919;  Mono  Pass,  9-10,000  feet,  Bolander  6243;  side  of  Mt. 
Dana,  12,000  feet,  Lemmon,  August,  1878. 

Miss  Eastwood  reports89  this  fern  as  very  common  at  Bullfrog  Lake 
and  East  Lake  in  the  high  mountains  of  Tulare  County. 

3.  Pellaea  densa  Hook.,  Sp.  Fil.,  vol.  2,  p.  150.,  pi.  125.    1852.  . 

Onychium  densum  Brack.,  in  Wilkes'  Exped.,  vol.  16,  p.  120.     1854. 

Type  locality. — "Oregon,  on  the  banks  of  Rogue's  Rover." 

Range. — British  Columbia  east  to  Montana  and  south  to  Kings 
River  in  the  Sierra  and  in  the  Rockies  to  Wyoming;-  also  in  eastern 
Canada  (Ontario  and  Gaspe). 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran  to  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7168 ;  Tahoe,  G.  B.  Grant  in  1906 ;  among  rocks  near  Fallen 
Leaf  Lake,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S.  Atkin- 
son in  1900;  Silver  Lake,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  648;  cliffs  of  granite 
ledges  above  Donner  Lake,  Sonne  321;  Yosemite,  Torrey  590;  near 
Mineral  King,  Coville  and  Funston  1454. 

Pellaea  brachyptera  (Moore)  Baker,  reported  by  Parish88  to  grow 
"at  high  altitudes  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,"  is  not  known  to  me  as 
occurring  above  the  Transition  life-zone  and  is  common  only  on  dry 
rocks  in  the  Upper  Sonoran. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  75 


4.  ADIANTUM 

1.  Adiantum  pedatum  var.  aleuticum  Ruprecht,  Distrib.  Crypt. 
Vase,  in  Imp.  Ross.,  p.  49.     1845. 

Type  locality. — Unalaska  and  Kadiak, 

Range. — Alaska  to  California,  east  in  the  north  to  the  Gaspe 
Peninsula,  Quebec. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cliffs  at  Glen  Alpine,  7,000  feet,  McGregor 
138;  Yosemite  Valley  and  mountains,  Torrey  597;  rocks  north  of 
Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  11,300  feet,  Purpus  5674. 

This  variety  is  a  rare  fern  in  the  Sierra :  besides  the  above  reported 
stations,  it  is  said  by  Jones90  to  grow  at  Summit,  Nevada  County. 

5.  ASPLENIUM 

1.  Asplenium  filix-foemina  var.  cyclosorum  Ruprecht ;  D.  C.  Eaton 
in  U.  S.  Geog.  Surv.  W.  100th  Merid.,  vol.  6,  p.  331.    1879. 

Athyrium  cyclosorum  Buprecht,  Beitr.  Pflanzenk.  Euss.  Eeich.,  vol.  3,  p.  41. 
1845. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Petropawlowski !  et  Unalaschka !  Kadiak ! ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  Arizona,  east  to  Nebraska. 
Siberia. 

Zone. — The  few  specimens  seen  of  this  fern  do  not  warrant  zonal 
assignment. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  McGregor  172;  ravine  near 
Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,300  feet,  Smiley  364. 

The  typical  Lady  Fern  (A.  filix-foemina  Bernh.)  is  abundant  in 
moist  shady  places  in  the  Transition  zone  of  both  the  Sierra  and  the 
Coast  Range,  but  does  not  rise  above  that  level. 

The  form  noted  by  Miss  Eastwood  at  East  Lake  and  other  places 
in  the  mountains  of  Tulare  County  and  referred  by  her89  to  Athyrium 
cyclosorum  strictum  Gilbert  (List  N.  M.  Pterid.,  p.  32,  1901)  has 
not  been  seen  by  me. 

6.  POLYSTICHUM 

Pinnae  linear-lanceolate;  stipe  long 1.  P.  munitum 

Pinnae  broader,  triangular  in  outline;  stipe  short 2.  P.  Lonchitis 

1.  Polystichum  munitum  Presl.,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  83.    1836. 

Aspidium  munitum  Kaulf.,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.  236.     1824. 
Dryopteris  munita  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  813.     1891. 


76  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  California."     Chamisso. 

Range. — Alaska  to  California,  east  to  Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin;  Sierra  Val- 
ley, Lemmon  in  1873 ;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  7,000  feet, 
J.  Murdoch  2566. 

These  specimens  are  referred  to  the  type  by  the  average  small  size 
of  the  fronds;  the  larger-fronded  variety — var.  imbricans  (Eaton) 
Maxon  (Fern  Bull.,  vol.  8,  p.  30.  1900) — occurs  on  our  northern 
border. 

2.  Polystichum  Lonchitis  Both.,  Tent.  Fl.  Germ.,  vol.  3,  p.  71. 
1800. 

Polypodium  Lonchitis  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  1088.     1753. 
Dryopteris  lonchitis  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  813.     1891. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  alpinus  Helvetiae,  Baldi,  Arvoniae, 
Monspelii,  Virginiae. ' ' 

Range. — Circumpolar  in  the  northern  hemisphere:  south  in  Amer- 
ica to  California,  Colorado,  New  York,  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,800  feet,  Mrs. 
C.  C.  Hall  9347. 

Polystichum  Lemmonii  Underw.  (Our  Native  Ferns,  ed.  6,  p.  116. 
1900),  a  species  of  alpine  habitat  in  northern  .California  and  ranging 
north  to  Alaska,  has  as  yet  not  been  collected  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

7.  DEYOPTERIS 

1.  Dryopteris  nevadense  Underw.,  Our  Native  Ferns,  ed.  4,  p.  113. 
1893. 

Aspidium  nevadense  D.  C.  Eaton,  Ferns  N.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  73,  pi.  10.  1878. 
Nephrodium  nevadense  Baker,  Ann.  Bot.,  vol.  5,  p.  321.     1891. 

Type  locality. — "In  moist  meadows  and  along  creeks  in  Sierra 
Nevada  of  North  California,  especially  in  meadow  containing  also 
Darlingtonia  near  Quincy,  Plumas  Co. '; 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  north  in  the  Cascades  of  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mill  Creek,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in 
1877;  Lake  Chiquito,  Madera  County,  J.  W.  Congdon,  August  16, 
1895;  Devil's  Gulch,  Mariposa  County,  J.  W.  Congdon,  August,  1892. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  11 


8.  CYSTOPTEBIS 

1.  Cystopteris  fragilis  Bernh.,  in  Schrad.  Neues  Jour.  Bot.,  vol.  1, 
p.  27.    1806. 

Polypodium  fragilis  L.,   Sp.  PL,  p.   1091.     1753. 

Filix  fragilis  Underw.,  Our  Native  Ferns,  ed.  6,  p.  119.     1900. 

Type  locality. — ''Habitat  in  collibus  Europae  f rigidioris. " 

Range. — In  America  from  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Georgia,  New  Mexico,  and  southern  California.  Europe.  Asia. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin,  August,  1882 ; 
Webber  Lake,  Lemmon ;  ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Heller 
7179;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900;  high  mountain  south 
of  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  in  1865 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe, 
under  a  large  boulder,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  53;  Angora  Lake,  cliffs  at 
7,600  feet,  Smiley  10 ;  Glen  Alpine,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  200 ;  Yosemite 
Valley,  Torrey  599;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet, 
Culbertson  (B4352).* 


9.  WOODSIA 

1.  Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  2,  p.  90.    1865. 

Type  locality. — "Rocky  Mountains  near  40°  north  latitude,  Parry, 
Hall  and  Harbour." 

Range. — Alaska  and  British  Columbia,  east  to  the  Great  Lakes 
and  south  to  California,  Arizona,  and  Colorado.  Also  Gaspe  Penin- 
sula, Quebec. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Sierra 
Nevada  (without  locality),  10,000  feet,  J.  Muir;  rock  crevices  on 
Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  255;  Mono  Pass,  J.  Cong- 
don,  August  26,  1895. 

Reported  as  common  about  Bullfrog  Lake,  Tulare  County,  10,600 
feet.89 


*  In  this  list  specimens  cited  as  "Culbertson  (B4352)"  refer  to  plants  col- 
lected by  Culbertson  but  distributed  to  the  various  larger  herbaria  as  a  part  of 
C.  F.  Baker 's  general  distribution. 


78  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

10.  ATHYRIUM 

1.  Athyrium  alpestre  (Hoppe)  Kylands,  in  Moore,  Ferns  Gr.  Br. 

Nat.  Pr.,  vol.  1,  t.  7.    1857. 
Polypodium  alpestre  Hoppe,  Tasehenb.,  p.  216.     1805. 

Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — Holaretic  and  alpine ;  in  the  mountains  of  North  America 
south  to  California  and  Montana.  Also  on  Gaspe  Peninsula,  Quebec. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Tahoe,  Brandegee,  August,  1884; 
Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet,  Mrs.  C.  C.  Hall  9341 ;  ridge 
south  of  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7186;  Pyramid  Peak,  east 
slope,  9,600  feet,  Smiley  101;  Devil's  Gulch,  Mariposa  County,  J.  W. 
Congdon,  August,  1892;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  Hall,  July  28,  1910; 
Sawtooth  Peak,  Tulare  County,  11,500  feet,  Culbertson  (B4538). 


2.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE   (ADDER'S  TONGUE  FAMILY) 
1.  BOTRYCHIUM 

Plant  small  (2-5  inches) ;  vernation  straight 1.  B.  simplex 

Plant  large  (1-2  feet);  vernation  inclined 2.  B.  calif ornicum 

1.  Botrychium    simplex    var.    compositum    (Lasch)    Milde,    Fil. 

Europae  et  Atlantidis,  p.  197.     1867. 
B.  Kanneribergii  forma  compositum  Lasch.,  Bot.  Ztg.,  vol.  14,  p.  608.     1856. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — In  North  America  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  and  south 
to  Maryland,  Minnesota,  Wyoming  and  California.  Northern  Europe. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  meadows. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Lyell,  J.  Muir  in  1872  (said  in  Bot. 
Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  331  to  be  from  foot  of  Lyell  Glacier)  ;  Cathedral  Trail, 
Tuolumne  County,  J.  W.  Congdon,  August  7,  1898;  Dana  Fork 
meadows,  Yosemite,  along  the  creek,  9,700  feet,  Smiley  851;  Kaweah 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  purpus  5046. 

Coville  and  Funston  1632  from  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
growing  in  granite  sand,  and  also  their  number  1704  from  North 
Fork  of  the  Kern  River,  have  not  been  seen  but  are  probably  referable 
to  this  variety.  What  I  suspect  to  be  the  same  plant  was  noted  by 
Miss  Eastwood  on  Bubb's  Creek.89 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  79 

2.  Botrychium   californicum  Underw.,   Torreya,   vol.   5,   p.   107. 
1905. 

B.  Coulteri  Underw.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  537.     1898. 
B.  ternatum  var.  aiistrale  D.  C.  Eaton,  Ferns  N.  Am..,  voL  1,  pi.  20a,  lower- 
most figure  only. 

Type  locality. — "Quincy,  Plumas  County."    Mrs.  Austin. 

Range. — Northern  Sierra  south  to  the  Kings  River  region. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874 ;  Lily  Lake, 
Tahoe,  at  water's  edge,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  386;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare 
County,  9,000  feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  24,  1905. 

This  plant  is  very  close  to  B.  silaifolium  Presl.  (Rel.  Haenk.,  vol.  1, 
p.  76.  1830)  and  further  study  may  show  it  to  be  only  a  form  of 
that  species  which  ranges  from  British  Columbia  to  California. 


3.  EQUISETACEAE   (HORSE-TAIL  FAMILY) 
1.  EQUISETUM 

Sterile  stem  profusely  branched;  annual 1.  E.  arvense 

Sterile  stem  normally  unbranched;  perennial 2.  E.  hyemale 

1.  Equisetum  arvense  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  1061.    1753.  • 
Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  agris,  pratis. " 

Range. — Holarctic;  south  in  America  to  Virginia,  Colorado,  and 
California, 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Trail  to  Pyramid  Peak  below  a  snow  bank, 
8,600,  Smiley  108;  Mineral  King,  Culbertson  (B4558). 

2.  Equisetum  hyemale  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  1062.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  sylvis,  asperis,  uliginosis." 

Range. — North  temperate  zone. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ravine  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe, 
Smiley  360. 

S.  H.  Burnham  (Plant  World,  vol.  1,  p.  10)  reports  finding  on 
Eagle  Peak,  above  Yosemite  Valley,  at  8,000  feet,  a  plant  probably 
referable  to  this  species. 

Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br.  (Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  46,  p.  87. 
1844)  grows  in  the  Sierra  along  streams  below  our  border. 


80  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  SELAGINELLACEAE 
1.  SELAGINELLA 

1.  Selaginella  Watsoni  Underw.,  Bull.  Tor.  Bot,  Club,  vol.  25, 
p.  127.  1898. 

Type  locality. — Not  given  but  the  type  (Watson  1370)  was  col- 
lected in  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  at  8,000  feet,  as 
appears  from  the  label. 

Range. — "Apparently  confined  to  high  altitudes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  neighboring  mountains." 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  9,500  feet,  in  gran- 
ite sand,  Smiley  515  (does  not  completely  agree  with  the  type  as  the 
leaves  are  stouter  than  in  "Watson's  plant)  ;  above  Donner  Lake 
toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7167. 

Coville  and  Funston  2071,  from  1,700  feet  above  timber  line  on 
Mt.  Whitney,  is  cited  in  the  description,  as  is  Hansen  from  Alpine 
County  at  8,000  feet. 

5.  ISOETACEAE  (QUILLWORT  FAMILY) 
1.  ISOETES 

Stomata  present;  leaves  soft,  long  attenuate 1.  I.  Bolanderi 

Stomata  absent;  leaves  firm,  abruptly  acuminate 2.  I.  pygmaea 

1.  Isoetes  Bolanderi  Engelm.,  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  p.  214.    1874. 
Type  locality. — ' '  In  ponds  and  shallow  lakes  on  the  Sierra  Nevada 

of  California,  at  an  altitude  of  5,000-10,000  feet,"  and  "Yellowstone 
Lake,  7,400  feet  altitude."  Bolander  and  Parry. 

Range. — California  to  Washington,  east  to  Colorado  and  Montana. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lakes  in  Summit  Valley,  7,500  feet,  Pringle, 
September  22,  1882;  Glacier  Point  Meadows,  Yosemite,  Smiley  492; 
near  Whitney  meadows,  in  ponds  at  3,000  m.,  Coville  and  Funston 
1643;  Tuolumne  meadows,  in  ponds  back  of  Muir  Lodge,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  747. 

2.  Isoetes  pygmaea  Engelm.,  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  p.  214.    1874. 

I.  Bolanderi  Sonnei  Henderson,  Bull  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  27,  p.  358.    1900. 

Type  locality. — "In  large  patches  in  mud,  covering  gravel,  deeply 
submerged  in  running  water,  on  the  Mono  trail,  eastern  declivity  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  7,000  feet  alt."  Bolander. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  81 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Lemmon,  September,  1886, 
referred  doubtfully  as  the  velum  appears  to  be  complete. 

The  basis  for  7.  Bolanderi  Sonnei  is  a  plant  found  by  C.  F.  Sonne, 
October,  1887,  in  Donner  Lake.  It  has  not  been  seen  but  the  char- 
acters relied  upon  to  separate  it  are  precisely  those  distinguishing 
7.  Bolanderi  and  7.  pygmasa. 

6.  PIN  ACE  AE  (PINE  FAMILY) 

Strobili  woody  and  dry;  leaves  diverging  from  the  branches  spirally. 
Strobili  pendant  and  falling  intact,  the  scales  persistent. 

Leaves  borne  on  short  shoots,  in  ours  in  fascicles  of  two  or  more;  strobilus 

of  hard  woody  bracts 1.  Pinus 

Leaves  not  borne  on  short  shoots,  single,  with  decurrent  woody  bases,  these 

persistent  on  the  branches;  bracts  of  strobilus  thin 2.  Tsuga 

Strobili  erect,  their  scales  deciduous  from  the  persisting  axis 3.  Abies 

Strobili  fleshy  and  berry -like;  leaves  opposite  and  appressed,  or  in  whorls  and 
diverging  4.   Juniperus 

1.  PINTJS 

Needles  with  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle;  the  umbo  terminal  on  the  apophysis; 
needles  5  in  a  fascicle.     Soft  Pines. 

Cones  slender,  long  peduncled,  6-8  inches  long 1.  P.  monticola 

Cones  short  and  thick,  short  peduncled  or  nearly  sessile,  2-5  inches  long. 
Cone  scales  with  thinner  rounded  ends,  the  umbos  not  forming  protuberant 

beaked  tips;  cones  larger 2.  P.  flexilis 

Cone  scales  with  thicker  ends,  the  umbos  beak-like;   cones  smaller. 

3.   P.   albicaulis 

Needles   with   2   fibro-vascular   bundles;    the   umbo    central   on   the   apophysis; 

needles  in  5  's  or  less  than  5.    Hard  Pines. 
Needles  in   5's;    umbos   of   cone   scales   with   a  minute  prickle   or   unarmed; 

needles  %-l  inch  long;  bark  smooth 4.  P.  Balfouriana 

Needles  in  3's;  umbos  of  cone  scales  with  a  long  prickle;  needles  5-10  inches 

long;  bark  rough  and  thick 5.  P.  ponderosa  var.  Jeffrey! 

Needles  in  2's;  umbos  of  cone  scales  with  a  short  prickle;  needles  1-3  inches 
long;  bark  very  smooth  and  thin 6.  P.  Murrayana 

1.  Pinus  monticola  Don,  in  Lambert,  Pinus,  ed.  2,  vol.  3,  p.  27, 
t.  87.  1837. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  northwest  Montana,  south  in  the 
Cascades  through  Oregon  and  northern  California,  continuing  in  the 
Sierras  to  the  Kings  River  region. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon;  Summit  Valley, 
Pringle,  September  26,  1882 ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,625  feet,  Smiley, 
37;  caiion  above  Glen  Alpine,  7,500  feet,  Smiley,  357;  near  Glen 
Alpine,  W.  A.  Setchell,  July,  1901;  Lambert's  Dome,  Tuolumne 


82  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

meadows,  Yosemite,  Dudley,  July  20,  1901;  Cloud's  Rest,  Dudley, 
June  13,  1894 ;  same  at  8,700  feet,  Smiley  513 ;  Mt.  Raymond,  8-9,000 
feet,  Bolander ;  Bald  Mountain,  Dinkey  Creek,  Fresno  County,  10,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler,  372;  Kaiser  Crest,  9,600  feet,  Smiley  647; 
near  Mineral  King,  Coville  and  Funston,  1416;  summit  above  Moun- 
tain Lake,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  934. 

P.  monticola  in  the  northern  Sierra  habitually  occurs  between 
7,000  and  8,000  feet,  with  a  lower  limit  of  6,000  on  north  slopes  and 
rising  in  a  few  places  to  9,000.  It  is  often  found  growing  with  Abies 
magnified  near  the  upper  limit  of  the  fir,  and  commonly  with  Pinus 
Murrayana.  In  a  few  places  it  forms  pure  stands,  as  on  the  ridge 
between  Donner  and  Webber  lakes.  In  the  southern  Sierra,  it  is 
most  abundant  on  the  windward  (west)  sides  of  the  ranges.  At  its 
southern  limit  in  Tulare  County  it  rises  to  over  10,000  feet  (Mountain 
Lake). 

2.  Pinus  flexilis  James,  in-  Rep.  Long's  Exped.,  vol.  2,  p.  35.    1823. 
Apinus  flexilis  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  32,  p.  598.     1905. 

Type  locality. — '"Arid  plains  subjacent  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  extends  up  their  sides  to  the  region  of  perpetual  frost." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia, east  to  New  Mexico  and  western  Texas  and  north  to  Alberta; 
ranges  of  the  Great  Basin. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sedge  Meadow  near  Mt.  Whitney,  Dudley 
2468;  Olancha  Mountain,  10,400  feet,  Rothrock  350;  summit  of  Mt. 
Pinos,  Dudley  and  Lamb  4593 ;  same,  Abrams  and  McGregor  243. 

P.  flexili'S  is  usually  stated  to  range  southward  from  Mono  Pass 
on  the  eastern  slope;  this  station  seems  to  rest  on  a  single  collection 
by  Bolander  (no.  6045  of  the  State  Survey),  and  not  since  repeated. 
In  the  Gray  Herbarium  is  a  sheet  of  this  number  without  the  cones 
to  supply  the  crucial  evidence  whether  this  is  the  "limber  pine"  or 
the  nearly  related  P.  albicaulis.  A  specimen  collected  by  Lemmon 
on  Mt.  Tallac  and  referred  to  P.  flexilis  is  certainly  the  other  species. 

3.  Pinus  albicaulis  Engelm.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  209. 

1863. 

P.  flexilis  var.  albicaulis  Engelm.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  124.     1880. 
P.  cembroides  Newberry,  Pac.  E.E.  Eept.,  vol.  6,  Bot.,  p.  44.     1857. 
Apinus  flexilis  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  32,  p.  598.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "Passes  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  about  latitude 
44°  north." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Newtda  of  California  83 

Range. — Selkirks  of  British  Columbia  south  in  Cascades  to  high 
peaks  of  the  Klamath  Mountains  and  in  the  Sierra  to  Mt.  Whitney; 
southeast  in  the  northern  Rockies  to  northwest  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Nevada,  Pringle,  September  25, 
1882 ;  Mt.  Tallac  at  timber  line,  9,750  feet,  Smiley  367 ;  same,  Lemmon 
1153 ;  Mt.  Rose,  9,000  feet,  Heller  10,656 ;  ridge  above  Gilmore  Lake, 
Tahoe,  9,600  feet,  Smiley  375 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  10,200  feet,  trees  30-40 
feet  high,  Hall  and  Chandler  683 ;  same  at  11,000  feet,  trees  3-6  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  683a;  Bullfrog  Lake,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet, 
Culbertson  (B4814). 

P.  albicaulis  is  the  tree-line  tree  par  excellence  of  the  Sierra ;  while 
it  is  not  infrequently  found  associated  with  other  trees  in  the  Hud- 
sonian zone,  as  the  climatic  tree-line  is  approached,  all  its  companions 
drop  away,  leaving  the  Whitebark  Pine  to  mark  tree-line.  In  such 
situations  it  often  becomes  so  depressed  as  to  form  mats  spreading 
over  the  rocks. 

4.  Pinus  Balfouriana  Jeffrey,  Rep.  Oreg.  Exped.,  vol.  1,  t.  3,  f.  1. 

1853. 

Type  locality. — Scott  Mountains,  northwestern  California. 

Range. — High  Klamath  Mountains  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Head  of  Little  Kern  River,  9,000  feet, 
Dudley  and  Lamb,  August  4,  1895;  Marble  Canon,  Upper  Kaweah 
River,  Dudley  1319 ;  north  of  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
2603 ;  south  slope  of  Toowa  Range,  Hall  and  Babcock  5306 ;  Olancha 
Mountain,  on  west  side  rises  to  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5246. 

The  Foxtail  Pine  is  confined  to  the  high  mountains  of  California 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  curiously  disrupted  distribution;  the  two 
areas  where  it  is  found  are  quite  400  miles  apart  by  the  shortest  dis- 
tance. No  trace  of  the  species  has  ever  been  found  in  the  intervening 
country.  In  the  southern  Sierra  the  altitudinal  range  of  P.  Balfour- 
iana is  about  3,000  feet.  Merriam91  reports  that  on  the  east  slope  west 
of  Owen 's  Valley,  P.  Balfourmna  and  P.  Murrayana  descend  to  about 
the  9,500-foot  contour. 

5.  Pinus  ponderosa  var.  Jeffrey!  Vasey,  Rep.  U.  S.  Com.  Agr., 

p.  179.    1875. 

P.  Jeffreyi  Balfour,  Eep.  Oreg.  Exped.,  voL  2,  t.  1.     1853. 
Type  locality. — Shasta  Valley,  northern  California. 


84  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Southern  Oregon  south  in  the  Coast  Ranges  to  Lake 
County  and  in  the  Sierra  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California 
and  San  Pedro  Martir  in  Lower  California. 

Zone. — Border  of  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  207; 
near  Fallen  Leaf  Lodge,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  138a. 

The  Jeffrey  Pine  is  often  found  growing  with  typical  P.  ponderosa 
near  the  upper  limit  of  the  Yellow  Pine,  but  is  easily  distinguished 
by  its  much  larger  cones. 

6.  Pinus  Murrayana  Balfour,  Rep.  Oreg.  Exped.,  vol.  2,  t.  3,  f.  2. 

1853. 
P.  contorta  var.  Murrayana  Engelm.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  125.     1880. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  Siskiyou  Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  south  in  the  Cascades,  Coast  Ranges,  and  Sierra 
Nevada  to  Lower  California ;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  through  British 
Columbia  to  Colorado  and  Utah. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1877; 
Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Donner  Lake,  Torrey  499;  same, 
Dudley,  June  14,  1900;  Caple's  Lakes,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  243; 
plateau  of  Mt.  Tallac,  9,200  feet,  Smiley  367a ;  Mt.  Tallac,  west  side 
at  9,500  feet,  Smiley  369 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  Sep- 
tember 1,  1894;  Heather  Lake,  McGregor  174;  Desolation  Valley, 
8,200  feet,  Smiley  104;  South  Fork  San  Joaquin,  6,900  feet,  Hall  and. 
Chandler  730 ;  top  of  Kettle  Mountain  ridge,  Fresno  County,  Dudley, 
August  23,  1904;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Smiley 
632 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  northwest  peak,  Dudley,  June  29,  1896 ;  South  Fork 
of  Kern  River,  9,800  feet,  Rothrock  383. 

P.  Murrayana  has  the  widest  range  of  any  conifer  on  the  western 
mountains.  Being  a  prolific  seeder,  it  is  one  of  the  first  trees  to 
pioneer  upon  the  meadows  of  the  Canadian  and  lower  Hudsonian 
zones  and,  as  a  result,  many  of  the  finest  meadows  in  the  mountains 
are  being  blocked  by  a  dense  growth  of  the  young  tamaracks.  This  is 
especially  well  seen  along  the  south  side  of  Tuolumne  meadows  in  the 
Yosemite  region;  at  this  place  all  stages  in  such  an  invasion  and 
occupation  of  new  territory  by  a  vigorous  species  can  be  studied. 
P.  Murrayana  is  a  close  ally  of  the  North  Coast  Pinus  contorta  Dougl. 
and  has  been  considered  a  form  of  that  species,  but  the  very  different 
habit,  distinct  area,  and  character  of  the  bark,  seem  to  sufficiently 
differentiate  it. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  85 

Pinus  aristata  Engelm.  is  a  subalpine  tree  of  the  Panamint  Moun- 
tains in  southeastern  California  but  has  not  yet  been  found  within 
our  area. 

2.  TSUGA 

1.  Tsuga  Mertensiana  Sarg.,  Silva  N.  Am.,  p.  1277,  t.  606.    1898. 

Pinus  Mertqnsiana  Bong.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI,  vol.  2,  p.  45.    1832. 
Abies  Williamsomi  Newberry,  Pac.  E.R.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  pt.  3,  p.  53.     1857. 
Tsuga  Pattoniana  Engelm.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  121.    1880. 

Type  locality. — Sitka. 

Range. — Southeast  Alaska  to  California  (Kings  River)  and  east 
to  Montana. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Indepen- 
dence Lake,  Dudley,  June  19,  1900 ;  Lake  Lucile  ridge,  Tahoe,  Dudley, 
June  27,  1900;  Heather  Lake,  McGregor  145;  summit  Angora  Peak, 
Tahoe,  8,625  feet,  Smiley  38;  Carson  Spur,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  242; 
Mono  trail,  10,000  feet,  Bolander  in  1867 ;  Cathedral  Pass  trail, 
Yosemite,  Dudley,  July  21,  1901 ;  same  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,400 
feet,  Smiley  525. 

The  Alpine  Hemlock,  the  most  beautiful  tree  of  the  higher  moun- 
tains, occurs  in  small  groves  on  most  of  the  high  ridges  south  and 
west  of  Mohawk  Valley  and  most  abundantly  on  the  windward  slopes 
for  this  tree  requires  abundant  moisture  for  typical  development. 
Wherever  it  forms  pure  stands  the  forest  is  dark  and  damp,  with  a 
floor  absolutely  free  of  any  underbrush.  In  the  Tahoe  region  it  is 
frequently  found  at  the  bottom  of  talus  slopes  along  the  line  of 
emergence  of  the  seepage  water. 

3.  ABIES 

1.  Abies  magnifica  Murray,  Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  3,  p.  318, 

figs.  25-33.    1863. 
A.  nobilis  var.  magnifica  Kellogg,  For.  Trees  Calif.,  p.  29.     1882. 

Type  locality. — ' '  The  high  unexplored  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
to  the  eastward  of  San  Francisco. ' ' 

Range. — Siskiyou  Mountains  and  Mt.  Shasta  south  in  the  Sierra 
to  the  South  Fork  of  Kern  River. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Summit, 
A".  Eastwood,  June  16,  1898 ;  near  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  Dudley, 


86  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

September  1,  1894;  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,500 
feet,  Heller  10666 ;  Onion  Valley,  Plumas  County,  Rutter  and  Atkin- 
son, September  1,  1899;  Sentinel  Dome  Trail,  Yosemite,  Dudley, 
June  11,  1894 ;  Glacier  Point,  J.  W.  Congdon,  May,  1888 ;  Mt.  Ray- 
mond, 7,600  feet,  Smiley  527;  Fresno  Dome  meadows,  8,000  feet, 
Smiley  550 ;  top  of  Kettle  Mountain  ridge,  Dudley,  August  23,  1904. 

The  Red  Fir  forms  large,  nearly  pure  stands  on  the  western  flank 
of  the  Sierra ;  on  the  eastern  side  it  occurs  locally  in  the  Tahoe  region. 
Besides  the  typical  form,  there  is  a  variety  with  exserted  bracts — var. 
shastensis  Lemmon  (3rd  Rep.  Calif.  Board  Forestry,  p.  145.  1890)  — 
described  from  the  Shasta  district  but  found  sporadically  throughout 
the  range  of  the  species.  Lemmon  also  described  (I.e.)  a  yellow  coned 
variety,  var.  xanthocarpa,  as  distinct  from  the  common  form  with 
purplish-brown  cones. 

Abies  coneolor  Lindl.  and  Gorden  (Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  5, 
p.  2,10.  1850),  the  common  White  Fir,  growing  on  all  the  mountains 
of  California  and  extending  east  to  Colorado,  not  infrequently  occurs 
above  the  Transition  zone  in  the  Sierra  but  has  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  that  zone. 


4.  JUNIPERUS 

Leaves  opposite  and  appressed 1.  J.  occidentalis 

Leaves  in  whorls  and  diverging 2.  J.  communis 

1.  Juniperus  occidentalis  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  166. 
1839. 

Type  locality. — "N.W.  America.  Banks  of  the  waters  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Lewis  (in  Ph.).  Common  on  the  higher  parts  of 
the  Columbia,  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  attains 
a  height  of  60-80  feet,  and  a  diameter  of  from  2-3  feet.  Douglas." 

Range. — Southeast  Washington  and  Idaho  south  in  the  Cascades 
and  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined,. — Sierra  Valley,  Dudley,  August,  1909 ;  Mt. 
Stanford  (now  called  Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877  ;  between 
Donner  Lake  and  Summit,  Dudley,  June,  1900;  above  Donner  Lake 
toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7166 ;  Sierra  near  Summit  Valley,  7,000 
feet,  Pringle,  September  19,  1882 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Dudley,  July  9,  1893 ; 
Glen  Alpine,  W.  W.  Price,  August,  1898 ;  Suzy  Lake,  McGregor  112 ; 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevad-a  of  California  87 

trail  to  Pyramid  Peak,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  102 ;  Tragedy  Springs,  8,000 
feet,  Hansen  241 ;  peak  above  Sonora  Pass,  Brewer  1917 ;  Carson  Spur, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen;  Silver  Mountain  Pass,  Phillips  and  Sargent  in 
1878;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander  in  1866;  east  of  Half  Dome,  Yosemite, 
Dudley,  June  13,  1894;  Cloud's  Rest  trail,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  508; 
south  slope  of  Lambert's  Dome,  Dudley,  July  20,  1901;  top  of  ridge 
east  of  Sunset  meadow,  Fresno  County,  Dudley,  August  23,  1904; 
below  Fisherman's  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2347 ;  Kern  River, 
Culbertson  (B4334). 

The  Western  Juniper  is  the  most  conspicuous  constituent  of  the 
"Krummholz"  in  the  central  Sierra,  where  its  intricately  branched, 
short,  gnarled  trunks  give  a  most  bizarre  appearance  to  many  of  the 
high  granitic  glaciated  table-lands.  It  is  more  common  on  the  east 
slope.  It  does  not  form  pure  stands  of  any  considerable  size  but 
occurs  in  groups  of  three  or  four.  In  favorable  locations  it  becomes 
a  tree  of  low  height  but  large  diameter.  On  Mt.  Shasta,  Merriam6 
reports  it  as  growing  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  and  Lower  Transition 
life-zones.  In  southern  California,  Abrams92  assigns  it  to  "an  arid 
belt  intermediate  between  the  Transition  and  the  Canadian  zones." 

2.  Juniperus  communis  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  1040.    1753. 

Type  locality. — Europe. 

Range. — Holarctic;  in  North  America  south  to  New  England, 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina;  in  the  west 
south  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  at  least  in  the  form  here  considered. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  8,500  feet, 
Abrams  4880;  top  of  ridge  between  LeConte  and  Heather  lakes, 
Tahoe,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  354 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  W.  Price,  June  26, 
1898 ;  Ralston  Peak  trail,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  418 ;  Mono  Pass,  Brewer 
1753. 

The  plant  here  considered  is  perhaps  best  referred  to  the  var. 
montana  Ait.  (Hort.  Kew.,  vol.  3,  p.  414.  1789)  ;  it  is  by  no  means 
common  in  our  mountains  though  Piper  reports  it  as  common  in  the 
Cascades  of  Washington. 

Rehder93  has  described,  from  "Siskiyou  Gebirge  zwischen  Waldo, 
Oregon,  and  Crescent  City,  Kalifornien,  in  etwa  1,000  m.  Meeres- 
hohe,"  a  variant  with  long  whiplike  branches  having  short  laterals. 
The  type  has  not  been  seen  but  no  specimen  examined  from  our  region 
accords  with  the  too  brief  description. 


88  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

7.  SPARGANIACEAE   ( BUR-REED  FAMILY) 
1.  SPAEGANIUM 

1.  Sparganium  angustifolium  Miehx.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  189. 
1803. 

S.  americanum  Nutt.,  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  203.     1818. 

S.  simplex  var.  angustifolium  Engelm.,  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.,  vol.  5,  p.  481. 
1867. 

Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  amnibus  Canadae. " 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  New  England,  New  York, 
Colorado,  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  growing 
in  ponds  at  9,200  feet,  Purpus  5670;  pools  in  granite  south  of  Lake 
Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  684. 

S.  B.  Parish  (Erythea,  vol.  6,  p.  85.  1898)  reports  this  from 
the  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

There  is  another  Sparganium  growing  in  the  Sierra  which  has 
been  referred  to  S.  simplex  Huds.  and  also  to  S.  minimum  Fries,  from 
both  of  which  species  it  shows  material  differences.  Its  definitive 
assignment  or  description  must  be  deferred  till  more  material  is  avail- 
able for  comparison. 

8.  NAJADACEAE  (PONDWEED  FAMILY) 
1.  POTAMOGETON 

Plants  with  no  floating  leaves;  the  leaves  short  petioled  or  sessile. 

Leaves  linear-filiform   1.  P.   pusillus 

Leaves  broadly   ovate 2.  P.   praelongus 

Plants  with  both  floating  and  submerged  leaves;  the  leaves  usually  distinctly 
petioled,  often  long  petioled. 

Foliage  and  spikes  reddish;  stems  mostly  simple 3.  P.  alpinus 

Foliage  and  spikes  green;  stems  branching  below 4.  P.  heterophyllus 

1.  Potamogeton  pusillus  var.  tenuissimus  Mert.  and  Koch, 
Deutsch.  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  857.  1823. 

Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — North  temperate  zone  in  the  cooler  parts;  in  California, 
this  form  has  been  found  only  in  the  high  Sierra. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Soda  Springs,  near  head  of  the  Tuolumne 
River,  Bolander,  September,  1866. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  89 

2.  Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulf.,  in  Roem.  Arch.  Ill,  vol.   3, 

p.  331.    1805. 

Type  locality. — "Laboci  Junic  Julique  in  fluvio  cognomine,  et  in 
fluvio  Jschiza. " 

Range. — North  America  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Connecticut,  Great  Lakes,  Iowa,  Montana,  and 
California.  Northern  Europe.  Japan. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874. 

3.  Potamogeton  alpinus  Balbis,  Misc.  Bot.,  p.  13.     1804. 
Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  south  in  America  to  New  England, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Colorado,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Valley,  in  ponds  at  7,350  feet, 
Brewer  1978 ;  North  Fork  of  Kings  River,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 563. 

4.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus   Schreb.,   Spicil.  Fl.  Lips.,  p.  21. 

1771. 

Type  locality. — "In  stagno  ad  Lindenthal,"  Germany. 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  south  in  America  to  New  England, 
Michigan,  Wyoming,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  springs,  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,680 
feet,  Brewer  1783;  Whitney  meadows  (now  called  Volcano  meadows), 
Coville  and  Funston  1693 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  in  ponds  behind  Par- 
sons Lodge,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  749. 

Potamogeton  natans  L.  just  reaches  our  lower  borders  (Lily  Lake, 
Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  330). 


9.  JUNCAGINACEAE  (ARROW  GRASS  FAMILY) 
1.  TRIGLOCHIN 

1.  Triglochin  maritima  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  339.    1753. 
Type  locality. — Europe,  "Habitat  in  Europae  maritimis." 
Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  New  England,  New  Jersey, 
Colorado,  and  California, 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 


90  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Tuolumne  meadows,  about  the  soda  springs, 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  734;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  7,600  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  636. 

Triglochin  palustris  L.,  a  plant  widely  distributed  in  North 
America  and  found  in  Washington  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  section 
in  the  higher  mountains ;  may  occur  in  the  boreal  region  of  the  Sierra. 
Coville  has  referred  no.  1433  of  the  Death  Valley  expedition  to  this 
species ;  this  collection  has  not  been  seen  by  me. 

Damas&nium,  a  genus  of  four  species  belonging  to  the  family 
Alismaceae,  has  one  species  in  America;  D.  calif  ornicwm  Torr  (Benth., 
PI.  Hartw.,  p.  341.  1856)  is  confined  to  California  and  is  essentially 
a  Transition  species,  but  just  rises  to  our  lower  limits  (Tallac,  in  a 
wet  field,  6,250  feet,  Smiley  136a). 


10.  GEAMINEAE   (GRASS  FAMILY) 

(All  of  the  wild  grasses  growing  in  the  boreal  region  of  the  Sierra  belong  to 
the  subfamily  Poacoideae ;  of  its  seven  tribes,  three,  P'lialarideae,  Chlorideae,  and 
Bambuseae,  are  unrepresented.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered;  the  axis  straight,  not  zigzag;  rhachilla  sometimes  pro- 
longed behind  the  palet  of  the  uppermost  floret;  spikelets  obviously  pedun- 
culate   1.  Agrostideae 

Spikelets  1-many  flowered;  the  axis  zigzag;   rhachilla  never  prolonged  behind 
the  palet  of  the  uppermost  floret;  spikelets  essentially  sessile  ....2.  Hordeae 
Spikelets  2-many  flowered;  the  axis  straight. 

Lemma  shorter  than  the  glumes;  awns  dorsal  or  from  between  terminal  teeth 

on  the  lemma  and  usually  bent 3.  Aveneae 

Lemma  longer  than  the  glumes;  awns  terminal  or  inserted  between  terminal 
teeth  on  the  lemma  and  usually  straight 4.  Festuceae 


1.  AGROSTIDEAE 

Lemma  with  a  long  terminal  awn  or  mucronate,  closely  investing  the  grain. 
Fruiting  lemma  firm,  coriaceous. 

Awn  twisted  and  persistent 1.  Stipa 

Awn  straight  or  essentially  so  and  deciduous 2.  Oryzopsis 

Fruiting  lemma  thin,  membranaceous 3.  Muhlenbergia 

Lemma  awnless  or  short  awned,  loosely  investing  the  grain. 
Inflorescence  a  dense  spicate  raceme. 

Lemma  awnless;  the  glumes  sharply  and  stiffly  awned 4.  Phleum 

Lemma  awned  below  the  middle;  glumes  awnless 5.  Alopecurus 

Inflorescence  a  more  or  less  loose  panicle. 

Palet    apparently    1-nerved 6.  Cinna 

Palet  obviously  2-nerved  or  minute  or  wanting. 

Lemma  naked  at  base 7.  Agrostis 

Lemma  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  base 8.  Calamagrostis 


2.  HORDEAE 

Axis  of  spike  continuous,  not  becoming  disarticulated 9.  Agropyron 

Axis  of  spike  jointed  and  readily  separating  at  maturity 10.  Sitanion 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  91 


3.  AVENEAE 

The  flat  awn  terminal  from  between  two  teeth  at  apex  of  lemma.  11.  Danthonia 

The  terete  awn  dorsal  on  the  lemma. 

Lemma  convex,  erose  at  tip,  awned  below  its  middle 15.  Deschampsia 

Lemma  keeled,  bidentate,  awned  above  its  middle 13.  Trisetum 


4.  FESTUCEAE 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  florets  sterile  and  couduplicate 14.  Melica 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  florets  perfect  or  sterile  and  abortive. 

Lemmas  keeled,  awnless;  base  of  florets  often  with  cobwebby  hairs  ....15.  Poa 
Lemmas  convex,  often  awned;  no  cobwebby  hairs  at  base  of  floret. 
Nerves  of  the  obtuse,  scarious-tipped  lemma  prominent,  parallel,  5-9. 

16.   Glyceria 

Nerves  of  the  acute  green  lemma  unequally  prominent. 

Lemma  entire,  mucronate  or  terminally  awned 17.  Festuca 

Lemma  bidentate  at  the  apex;  if  awned,  the  awn  inserted  from  between 
the    teeth    .  18.  Bromus 


1.  STIPA 

Awn  plumose,  at  least  near  its  proximal  end 1.  S.  occidentalis 

Awn  scabrous  or  puberulent,  not  plumose 2.  S.  minor 

1.  Stipa  occidentalis  Thurb.,  Bot.  King's  ExpecL,  p.  380.     1871. 

S.  stricta  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  10,  p.  42.     1883. 

S.  stricta  var.  sparsiflora  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  roL  3,  p.  51.     1892. 

S.  occidentalis  Thurb.   var.   montana  Merr.   and   Davy,   Univ.   Calif.   Publ. 

Bot.,  vol.   1,  p.   62.     1902. 
S.  oregonensis  Scribn.,  U.   S.   Dept.   Agr.,  Div.   Agrost.,  Bull.   17,   p.   130, 

f.  426.     1899. 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Trail,  California."    Bolander  5038. 

Range. — Washington  to  southern  California,  east  to  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Valley,  Bolander,  Keller  M.  D.  and 
Co. ;  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  7,000  feet,  *  Jones  2583 ;  Lake  Val- 
ley, 6,400  feet,  Abrams  4775;  Mariposa  and  Yosemite  Trail,  *Bolan- 
der  5020;  same  locality,  *Bolander  5038,  "on  loose  disintegrated 
gravel";  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  very  abundant,  Dudley 
1256;  Volcano  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcoek  5311,  at 
8,000  feet;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500-9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3548 ;  Mt.  Rose,  Nevada,  dwarfed  at  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  983. 


*  These  specimens  have  the  awn  more  or  less  plumose  to  the  tip  and  form  part 
of  the  basis  for  the  variety,  which  so  far  seems  not  to  have  been  detected  outside 
of  California. 


92  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Stipa  minor  Scribn.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.,  vol. 

11,  p.  46.    1898. 
S.  viridula  Trin.  var.  minor  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  50,  1892. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Valley,  8,000  feet,  Pringle,  Sep- 
tember 20,  1882;  Mt.  Dana,  Bolander  5087. 

This  species  is  reported  from  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County 
(10,500  feet),  Hitchcock  3393  (Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  107. 
1912).  It  appears  to  be  a  part  of  S.  viridula  Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2, 
p.  288.  1880.  Professor  Hitchcock  (Jepson,  I.e.)  suggests  that  this 
species  is  probably  also  native  in  Mexico. 

2.  OBYZOPSIS 

1.  Oryzopsis  Kingii  Beal,  Grasses  N.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  229.     1896. 
Stipa  Kingii  Bolander,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  4,  p.  170.     1872. 

Type  locality. — "Meadows  and  open  woods  near  Mt.  Dana,  seven 
to  twelve  thousand  feet  altitude."  Bolander. 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Upper  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,700  feet, 
Bolander  6097  (type);  Yosemite  National  Park,  Lemmon  in  1897; 
meadow  near  Cathedral  Pass  trail,  Yosemite,  Smiley  522;  Mt.  God- 
dard,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler,  July,  1900;  Yosemite-Tenaya 
trail,  Congdon,  August  13,  1894;  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County, 
10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  601 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  meadows  at  10,000 
feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  23,  1905. 

Collections  have  also  been  made  on  Clouds'  Rest  (9,900  feet), 
Congdon,  and  in  Lyell  Fork  Canon,  Hitchcock  3289  (Jepson,  I.e.,  p. 
108). 

3.  MUHLENBERGIA 

1.  Muhlenbergia  filiformis  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  32, 
p.  600.    1905. 

Vilfa  depauperata  Torr.  var.  filiformis  Thurb.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  376. 

1871. 
Vilfa  gracillima  Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  268.     1880,  not  if.  gracillima 

Torr.     1856. 

Sporoboliis  gracillimus  Vasey,  Descr.  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.,  p.  44.     1885. 
Sporo'bolus  -filiformis  Eydb.,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  189.     1895. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  93 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley,  California  (6091  Bolander), 
and  near  Donner  Lake  (565  Torrey)." 

Range. — Mountains  of  Washington  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada, 
east  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6863 ; 
Torrey  565;  Pedlar,  Amador  County,  6,000  feet,  Hansen  603; 
Yosemite  Valley,  Bolander  15 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  865 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  wet  swales  on  the  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley 
741 ;  Mt.  Brewer  and  vicinity,  Tulare  County,  Brewer  2827 ;  Kings 
River,  Lemmon,  July,  1902. 


4.  PHLEUM 

1.  Phleum  alpinum  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  50.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  alpibus." 

Range. — Holarctic  and  alpine  in  the  northern  hemisphere  and  in 
South  America. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  9,000  feet, 
Abrams  4849 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,700  feet,  Smiley  123 ;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000 
feet,  Kennedy  989 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  672 ; 
north  slope  of  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4577)  ; 
Farewell  Gap,  10,500  feet,  Purpus  5251;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  10,000  feet,  G.  B.  Grant  5333. 

Phleum  pratense  L.  is  now  common  in  many  parts  of  the  Sierra, 
especially  along  the  more  travelled  roads,  as  along  the  Tioga  Road 
in  the  Yosemite  region  (near  White  Wolf,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  891; 
Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  195). 

5.  ALOPECURUS 

1.  Alopecurus  aristulatus  Michx.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  43.    1803. 
Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  palodusis  Canadae." 
Range. — Northern  United  States  and  Canada  and  extending  south- 
ward in  the  mountains. 

Zones. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Heller  6872;  Glen  Alpine, 
6,900  feet,  in  low  wet  swales,  Smiley  201;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite, 
^meadow  south  of  lake,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  696. 


94  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

6.  CINNA 

1.  Cinna  latifolia  Griseb.,  in  Ledeb.,  Fl.  Ross.,  vol.  4,  p.  435.    1853. 

Agrostis  latifolia  Trev.,  Groepp.,  Beschr.  Bot.  Gaert.  in  Breslau,  p.  82.   1830. 
Cinna  arundinacea  var.   pendula  Gray,  Man.,   ed.   2,  p.   545.      1856.      Bot. 

Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  276.     1880. 
Cinna.  Bolanderi  Scribn.,  Proc.  Phila.  Aead.     1884,  p.  290.     1884. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — North  temperate  zone  in  its  cooler  part ;  in  North  Amer- 
ica south  to  New  England,  Great  Lakes,  New  Mexico,  and  California. 

Zones. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Emigrant  Gap,  Bolander,  June,  1869 ;  Sum- 
mitt  (Kellogg),  August  8,  1870;  Mariposa  Big  Tree  Grove,  Bolander 
(no.  22  of  small  collection)  ;  Eagle  Peak  meadows,  7,100  feet.  Smiley 
494. 

Cinna  Bolanderi  Seribn.  was  described  as  having  three  stamens 
instead  of  one  as  in  the  typical  form;  there  is  preserved  in  the  Gray 
Herbarium  a  sheet  of  what  appears  to  be  a  part  of  the  type  collection 
(Bolander  22  as  above),  and  this  shows  but  a  single  stamen  in  some 
florets,  two  or  three  in  others. 


7.  AGROSTIS 

Plants  producing  short  rhizomes 1.  A.   lepida 

Plants  without  rhizomes. 

Panicle  narrow,  its  branches  erect 2.  A.  rossae 

Panicle  open. 

Panicle  branches,  or  some  of  them,  widely  divergent 3.  A.  hiemalis 

Panicle  branches  not  divergent. 

Plant  small,  4-18  inches  tall 4.  A.  tenuis 

Plant  large,  over  20   inches  tall;   lower  branches  of  panicle  in   distinct 
whorls   5.   A.    Schiedqana 

1.  Agrostis  lepida  Hitchc.,  in  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  121. 
1912. 

Type  locality. — "In  open  gravelly  woods,  Siberian  Pass,  Sequoia 
National  Park,  California."  Hitchcock  3455. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Farewell  Gap,  11,000-12,000  feet,  Purpus 
5206. 

Professor  Hitchcock  cites  several  specimens,  all  of  his  own  collec- 
tion, from  the  alpine  region  of  Mt.  Whitney. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  95 

2.  Agrostis  rossae  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  76.    1892. 

A.  varians  Trin.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI,,  vol.  4,  p.  314.     1840,  not  of 
Thuill.     1790.     Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  273.     1880. 

Type  locality. — Yellowstone  Park,  Wyoming. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Alaska  to  California  and  east  to 
Wyoming. 

Zone. — Canadian,  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — -Mt.  Rose,  Kennedy  978 ;  Summit  Valley, 
9,500  feet,  Pringle,  September  27,  1882 ;  ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass, 
7,500  feet,  Heller  7140;  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  7,000  feet, 
Hansen  397;  Desolation  Valley,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  346a;  Mt.  Dana, 
Bolander;  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  10,000  feet,  Bolander  5070;  soda 
springs,  Tuolumne  meadows,  Congdon,  August  18,  1890;  Dana  Park 
meadows,  Yosemite,  9,700  feet,  Smiley  850;  soda  springs  of  the  San 
Joaquin,  Madera  County,  Congdon,  August  20,  1895;  meadows  near 
Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  611. 

A.  rossae  is  very  near  to  A.  exarata  Trin.,  which  is  common  in  the 
Sierra  in  the  Transition  zone  and  locally  rises  into  the  Canadian 
(Mt.  Raymond,  dry  meadow  border,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  539). 

3.  Agrostis  hiemalis  var.   geminata  Hitchc.,  U.   S.  Dept.   Agr., 

Bur.  PL  Ind.  Bull.  68,  p.  44.    1905. 

A.  geminata  Trin.,  Gram.  Unifl.,  p.  207.     1824. 

Type  locality. — "Ex  Unalaschka. ' ' 

Range. — Southeastern  Alaska  to  California  and  Colorado  and  in 
the  north  across  the  continent  eastward  to  Newfoundland  and  eastern 
Canada. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Heller  7149 ;  Kern  River, 
Rothrock  323. 

4.  Agrostis  tenuis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.,  vol.  10,  p.  21. 

1883. 

A.  idahoense  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  42.     1897. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California." 

Range. — Washington  to  California,  east  to  Montana  and  New 
Mexico. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — South  side  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  8,200  feet,  Heller  10668;  Desolation  Valley,  8,500 


96  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

feet,  Smiley  96;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen 
818 ;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler,  601a. 

5.  Agrostis  Schiedeana  Trin.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.,  VI,  vol.  4, 
p.  327.     1840. 

A.  Hallii  var.  calif ornica  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  74.     1892. 
A.  elata  Thurb.,  Bot.  Cal.,  voL  2,  p.  274     1880,  not  of  Trin. 

Type  locality. — "Mexico." 

Range. — British  Columbia  south  to  the  high  mountains  of  Central 
Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  33. 

8.  CALAMA6BOSTIS 

Awn  long  and  strongly  bent,  exceeding  the  glumes;  callus  hairs  short. 

Leaves  involute-filiform:  plant  low  (6-12  inches);  panicle  open.  1.  O.  Breweri 
Leaves  plane   or  involute;   plant  taller    (1.5-2   feet);   panicle   dense,   spike- 
like 2.   C.   purpurascens 

Awn  short  and  straight,  little  or  not  at  all  exceeding  the  glumes;  callus  hairs 
mostly  exceeding  the  lemma. 

Panicle  open,  spreading;  leaf -blades  flat 3.  C.  canadensis 

Panicle  narrow  or  even  spikelike;  leaves  flat  or  becoming  involute 

4.  C.  hyperborea 

1.  Calamagrostis  Breweri  Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  280.    1880. 

C.  Lemmoni  Kearney,  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agri.,  Div.  Agrost.,  Bull.  11,  p.  16.    1898. 

Type  locality. — "Near  summit  of  Carson's  Pass."    Brewer  2128. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  summit  of  Carson's  Pass,  8,000  feet, 
Brewer  2128;  above  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7130;  Lemmon 
(without  data),  vicinity  of  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500-9,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3627;  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  9,700  feet,  Bolander 
6898;  mountain  at  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet, 
Purpus  5210. 

Lemmon 's  specimen  is  the  basis  for  C.  Lemmoni  Kearney,  but  I 
was  unable  to  find  a  substantial  difference  in  the  material  at  hand. 

2.  Calamagrostis  purpurascens  R.  Br.,  in  Richards.   Bot.  App. 

Frankl.  Jour.,  p.  731.    1823. 

C.  sylvatica  A.  Gray,  Proa.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  80.     1868.     Thurb.,  Bot. 

Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  282.    1880,  not  of  DC. 
C.  sylvatioa  var.  americana  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  83.     1892. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  97 

Type  locality. — British  America  between  Point  Lake  and  the 
Arctic  Sea. 

Range. — Arctic  America  from  Alaska  to  Greenland  and  south,  in 
the  east  to  Quebec ;  in  the  western  mountains  to  the  Black  Hills,  Colo- 
rado, and  California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  12,500  feet,  Bolander  5071 ;  foot 
of  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898. 

Specimens  collected  on  Mt.  Tamalpais,  north  of  San  Francisco 
Bay,  have  been  referred  to  this  species  provisionally  (Hitchcock  in 
Jepson,  I.e.,  p.  123). 

3.  Calamagrostis  canadensis  Beauv.,  Agrost.,  p.  157.    1812. 

Arundo  canadensis  Michx.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  73.     1803. 

Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  Canada." 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  California,  Colorado,  and 
New  Mexico  in  the  west ;  in  the  east  southward  to  New  England  and 
along  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina. 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Torrey  559;  cliffs  at  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor  169;  Angora  Peak,  8,000  feet, 
Smiley  312;  Merced  River,  Hildebrand  2244;  Yosemite,  "up  to  11,000 
feet,"  Bolander  6087;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  740 ;  77  Corral,  San  Joaquin  trail,  Congdon,  August  15,  1899. 

Some  of  the  above  specimens  are  not  typical,  e.g.  Torrey  559,  and 
have  been  referred  to  the  var.  acuminata  Vasey  (in  Scribn.,  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agri.,  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  5,  p.  26.  1897),  which  forms  a 
transition  to  the  northern  C.  Langsdorfii  Trin. 

4.  Calamagrostis  hyperborea  Lange,  Fl.  Dan.,  vol.  50,  pi.  3.    1880. 

Consp.  Fl.  Greenl.,  p.  160.     1880. 

C.  robusta  Vasey,  in  Eothrock,  Rep.  Wheeler  Exped.,  voL  6,  p.  285.     1878, 
not  Muell. 

Type  locality. — Igalico,  near  Julianshaab,  southern  Greenland. 

Range. — Arctic  America  south  to  California,  New  Mexico,  Ver- 
mont, Eastern  Quebec  and  Newfoundland. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Slope  above  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County, 
8,800  feet,  Smiley  611 ;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,200  feet, 
Purpus  5128;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Congdon,  August  15, 
1894. 


98  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


9.  AGROPYKON 

Ehachis  continuous,  not  separating  into  joints. 

Lemma  awnless  or  merely  mueronate 1.  A.  tenerum 

Lemma  awned 2.  A.  Gmelini  var.  Pringlei 

Ehachis  jointed  and  separating  when  the  grain  is  mature ....3.  A.  Scribneri 

1.  Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  10,  p.  258.     1885. 
Type  locality. — Not  given,  the  collections  upon  which  the  specific 

description  is  based  from  Fort  Garland,  Colorado. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  New  England,  New  Mexico, 
and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian,  at  least  as  to  the  specimens  here  considered. 

Specimens  examined. — -Angora  moraine,  Tahoe,  7,300  feet,  Smiley 
8 ;  Silver  Mountain,  8-9,000  feet,  Brewer  2068 ;  Bloody  Canon,  9,500 
feet,  E.  A.  Ware  2714c. 

2.  Agropyron  Gmelini  var.   Pringlei  Scribn.   and  Smith,   U.   S. 

Dept.  Agri.,  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  4,  p.  31.    1897. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  above  Summit  Val- 
ley." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  eastward  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Nevada  above  Summit  Valley,  9,500 
feet,  Pringle,  September  23,  1882;  slope  east  side  of  LeConte  Lake, 
Tahoe,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  349 ;  Carson  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Bolander  2118 ; 
Mt.  Hoffman,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  20,  1890 ;  Pyramid 
Peak,  west  side,  9,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4718;  Kaiser  Crest, 
Fresno  County,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  622 ;  rocky  slopes  along  Little  Kern 

River,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5515. 

•» 

3.  Agropyron  Scribneri  Vasey,  Bull.,  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  vol.  10, 

p.  128.    1883. 

Type  locality. — Montana. 

Range. — California  east  to  Montana  and  south  to  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

No  specimen  of  this  grass  has  been  seen  from  California ;  it  is  here 
admitted  only  because  reported  by  Hitchcock  (Jepson,  I.e.,  p.  132) 
to  have  been  collected  on  Mt,  Dana  by  Congdon  in  1898. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra,  Nevada-  of  California  99 


10.  SITANION 

Sheaths  and  dorsal  surfaces  of  the  leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous  ....1.  S.  rigidum 

Sheaths  and  dorsal  surfaces  of  the  leaves  pubescent  or  scabrous 

2.  S.   rigidum   var.   californicum 

1.  Sitanion  rigidum  J.  G.  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Agrost. 

Bull.  18,  p.  13.    1899. 

Type  locality. — "Cascade  Mountains,  Washington."  0.  D.  Allen 
178. 

Range. — Washington  to  southern  California,  east  to  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian,  but  ranging  downward  to  Upper 
Sonoran. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Tallac,  east  side  in  talus  rock,  9,500 
feet,  Smiley  240 ;  Camp  Agassiz,  above  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  dry 
rocky  soil,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  362;  south  side  of  Polly  Dome,  Lake 
Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  870 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  9,740  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  4628;  Tinker's  Knob,  Placer  County,  9,000  feet,  C.  F. 
Sonne  7 ;  foot  of  Mt.  Whitney,  12,000  feet,  Kothrock  403. 

Professor  Hitchcock  (Jepson,  I.e.,  p.  188)  reduces  this  species 
to  a  synonym  of  S.  minus  J.  G.  Smith  ( I.e. ) ,  which  was  described  from 
Jacumba,  San  Diego  County,  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  zone  (collected 
by  Sclioenefeldt  3277).  8.  rigidum  is  reported  growing  in  rock  crevice 
on  the  summit  of  Mt.  Grayback  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  at 
an  elevation  of  11,725  feet.94  A  specimen  from  that  station  preserved 
in  the  Gray  Herbarium  (W.  G.  Wright  87)  is,  however,  better  re- 
ferred to  the  following  variety. 

2.  Sitanion  rigidum  var.  californicum  (J.  G.  Smith),  comb.  nov. 

S.  oalifornicum  J.  G.  Smith,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  18,  p.  13. 
1899. 

Type  locality. — "San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California,  altitude 
2,150  m." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California, 
occurring  with  the  species. 

Zone. — Same  as  the  species. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Lola,  Tahoe,  Kennedy  183 ;  Angora 
Peak,  Tahoe,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  42 ;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  12,200  feet, 
Smiley  728;  Denel's  Peak,  timber  line  at  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  5513. 


100  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [Vou  9 

Sitanion  cinereum  J.  G.  Smith  (I.e.,  p.  14),  described  from  "Reno, 
Nev.,"  is  said  to  be  the  common  grass  of  the  glacial  meadows  on  Mt. 
Shasta;53  no  specimens  have  been  seen  from  the  Sierra.  From  the 
description,  it  would  appear  that  it  differs  from  the  var.  calif ornicum 
only  by  a  somewhat  shorter  awn. 

11.  DANTHONIA 

Sheaths  pubescent;  culms  often  geniculate;  spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle 

1.  D.    americana 

Sheaths  glabrous;  culms  erect;  spikelets  aggregated 2.  D.  intermedia 

1.  Danthonia  americana  Scribn.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Agrost. 

Circ.  30,  p.  5.     1901. 

D.  grandiflora  Phil.  Anal.  Univ.  Chile  1873,  p.  568,  1873,  not  of  Hochst. 

1851. 
Merathrepta  amerioana  Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  123.     1906. 

Type  locality. — Chile. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California, 
east  to  Wyoming.  Chile. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Tahoe,  Hansen,  June  30,  1899 ; 
Angora  moraine  south  of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,100  feet,  Smiley 
9 ;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  Purpus  5247. 

2.  Danthonia  intermedia  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  10, 

p.  52.     1883. 

D.  serieea  Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  294.    18$0,  not  of  Nutt. 
Merathrepta  americana  Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  122.     1906. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  New  Mexico.    Gaspe 
Peninsula,  Quebec,  and  Newfoundland. 
Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 
Specimen  examined. — Yosemite  trail,  8,000  feet,  Bolander  6104. 

12.  DESCHAMPSIA 

1.  Deschampsia  caespitosa  Beauv.  Agrost.,  p.  91,  t.  18.    1812. 

Aira  caespitosa  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  64.     1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  pratis  cultis  &  fertilibus." 
Range. — Holarctic  realm;  south  in  North  America  to  California, 
New  Mexico,  Minnesota,  and  New  Jersey. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  101 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Prattville,  Plumas  County,  Heller  and 
Kennedy  8790 ;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  meadow  at  8,400  feet,  Smiley 
258;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  65; 
Tuolumne  Meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  750;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney, 
9,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4369). 


13.  TRISETUM 

Awn  included  by  the  glumes  or  wanting 1.  T.  Brandegei 

Awn  longer  than  the  glumes  and  exserted. 

Sheaths  and  blades  pubescent 2.  T.  spicatum 

Sheaths  and  blades  glabrous 3.  T.  Congdoni 

1.  Trisetum  Brandegei  Scribn.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.   Club,  vol.  10, 

p.  64.    1883. 

T.  subspicatum  var.  muticum  Bolander  in  Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p. 
296.     1880. 

T.  Wolfii  var.  wmticum  Scribn.,  Rhodora,  vol.  8,  p.  88.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Cascade  Mountains,"  Washington.  Brandegee 
and  Tweedy. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  northward  in  the  mountains  of  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Between  Suzy  Lake  and  Glen  Alpine,  7,400 
feet,  Smiley  190 ;  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  7,500  feet,  Bolander  5019 ; 
Kings  River,  Brewer  2822a. 

2.  Trisetum  spicatum  Richter,  PL  Eur.,  vol.  1,  p.  59.    1890. 

Aira  spicata  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  64.     1753,  not  A.  spicata  L.,  op.  tit.,  p.  63. 
Trisetum  subspicatum  Beauv.,  Agrost.,  p.  88.     1812.     Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  2,  p.  296.     1880. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Lapponiae  alpibus. " 

Range. — Nearly  world-wide  in  distribution  in  high  mountains. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  7,000  feet, 
Jones  2923;  Silver  Mountain,  Brewer  2044;  hill  above  Ebbett's  Pass, 
Brewer  2002,  Summit  White  Chief  Peak,  Culbertson  (B4439) ;  Deso- 
lation Valley,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  338a ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,000  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler,  July,  1900;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  10,800  feet,  Smiley 
769;  Mt,  Rose,  Kennedy  986;  base  of  Mt.  Whitney,  12,500  feet, 
Rothrock  390. 


102  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL,  9 

Professor  Fernald  informs  me  that  my  numbers,  here  referred  to 
T.  spicatum,  do  not  conform  to  that  species,  at  least  in  its  typical  form, 
nor  are  they  in  satisfactory  agreement  with  the  var.  molle  Gray  (Man., 
ed.  2,  p.  572.  1856),  a  plant  of  eastern  Canada  and  also  found  in  the 
northwest.  The  above  specimens  are  here  provisionally  assigned 
pending  further  study;  it  may  prove  that  our  Californian  material 
will  be  found  sufficiently  distinct  to  justify  separate  recognition. 

3.  Trisetum  Congdoni  Scribn.  and  Merr.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 
vol.  29,  p.  470.  1902. 

Type  locality. — "Shadow  Lake  trail,  Mariposa  County,  Califor- 
nia." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  mainly,  but  occurring  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Dormer  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7117 ;  Placer  County,  A.  M.  Carpenter,  August-October,  1892 ; 
Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  987;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,600 
feet,  Smiley  342 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  10,020  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4715 ; 
Mt.  Dana,  10,400  feet,  just  above  timber  line,  Smiley  717 ;  Mt.  God- 
dard,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  709 ;  east  slope  Cathedral  Peak, 
Yosemite,  10,300  feet,  Smiley  812;  soda  springs  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
Congdon,  August  20,  1895,  Farewell  Gap,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus 
5116;  Sawtooth  Peak,  12,100  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5678;  Alta 
meadows,  G.  B.  Grant  5338,  5339. 

Trisetum  canescem  Buckl.,  a  Transition  species,  is  occasionally 
collected  in  the  boreal  region  of  the  Sierra  (near  White  Wolf, 
Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  889;  Cisco,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker  1500). 

14.  MELICA 

1.  Melica  stricta  Bolander,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  3,  p.  4.    i~S63. 

Type  locality. — "Silver  City,  Nevada  Territory."     G.  W.  Dunn. 

Range. — Southeastern  Oregon  to  southern  California,  east  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878 ;  Castle 
Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller  7076 ;  rock  crevices  above  Sum- 
mit, 9,000  feet,  Greene  in  1874;  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  8,000 
feet,  Jones  2479  ;  Mt.  Tallac,  talus  slope  on  east  side,  9,000  feet,  Smiley 
228;  Sonora  Pass,  7-8,000  feet,  Bolander  1921;  Cloud's  Rest  sum- 
mit, Chestnut  and  Drew,  July  13,  1889;  same  locality,  A.  Gray  in 
1872 ;  Snow  Creek  trail  to  Lake  Tenaya,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  665 ;  rocky 
mountain  slopes  on  Little  Kern  River,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus '5112. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  103 


15.  POA 

Plants  annual;  lemma  sparsely  webbed  at  base 1.  P.  Bolanderi 

Plants  perennial;  lemmas  not  at  all  webbed  at  base. 

Plants  with  creepng  rhizomes 2.  P.  Olneyae 

Plants  without  creeping  rhizomes. 

Panicle  branches  divergent;  culms  over  1  foot  high 3.  P.  gracillima 

Panicle   branches   ascending    (panicle   spicif orm) ;    culms   less   than    1   foot 
high. 

Lemma  merely  scabrid  on  the  keel  and  lateral  nerves 4.  P.  Pringlei 

Lemma  pilose  on  the  lower  half  of  keel  and  lateral  nerves  5.  P.  Patterson! 

1.  Poa  Bolanderi  Vasey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  7,  p.  32.    1882. 

Type  locality. — Not  given.  Ostrander's,  above  the  Yosemite  Val- 
ley, as  appears  from  the  label  of  Bolander 's  collection. 

Range. — Washington  to  California,  east  to  Alberta  and  Utah. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimetis  examined. — Sierra  Nevada,  8,000  feet,  Greene,  October 
13,  1874;  Soda  Springs,  Jones  in  1881;  Ostrander's,  Yosemite,  Bolan- 
der  6115;  Hockett's  meadows,  Culbertson  (B  4436). 

Specimens  referrable  to  the  var.  Chandleri  Piper  (Contr.  Nat. 
Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  132.  1906)  have  not  been  seen  from  the  Sierra 
though  they  doubtless  occur,  since  this  ill-defined  form,  distinguished 
only  by  a  smaller  panicle  than  is  normal  for  the  species,  has  been 
collected  both  to  the  north  and  south  of  our  region. 

2.  Poa  Olneyae  Piper,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  101.    1899. 

Type  locality. — "Base  of  basalt  cliffs  in  pine  woods,  Spokane, 
Wash." 

Range. — Washington  to  California? 

No  authentic  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  seen  by  me  and 
it  is  here  included  as  a  component  of  the  Sierra  boreal  flora  only 
because  certain  collections  from  the  high  Sierra  are  so  referred  (Jep- 
son,  I.e.,  p.  154). 

3.  Poa  gracillima  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  1,  p.  272.    1893. 

P.  invaginnta,  Scribn.  and  Williams,  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Agrost.  Circ.  9, 
p.  6.     1899. 

Type  locality. — Mt.  Adams,  Washington. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey 
572;  Mono  trail,  among  rocks,  Bolander  6014;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Bolander 
2077 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11,000  feet,  Bolander  5076 ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  8,300 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3503. 


104  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  Poa  Pringlei  Scribn.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  10,  p.  31.    1883. 
Type  locality. — "Mountains  about  the  headwaters  of  the  Sacra- 
mento River,  California."    Pringle. 

Range. — Mt.  Shasta  region  through  the  high  Sierra  to  the 
Tehachapi  Mountains. 

Zone. — Canadian  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Summit  Valley,  9,500  feet,  Pringle, 
September  27,  1882;  ridge  south  of  Dormer  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Heller 
7,157 ;  Suzy-Heather  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  164 ;  Tuol- 
umne  meadows,  Congdon,  August  18,  1890 ;  Mt.  Whitney,  Coville  and 
Funston  2066. 

4a.  Poa  Pringlei  var.  Hanseni  (Scribn.),  comb.  nov. 

P.  Hanseni  Scribn.,  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  11,  p.  53.     1898. 

Type  locality. — "Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  Cal." 

Range. — Same  as  the  species  but  at  somewhat  higher  elevations. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  summit,  Kennedy  1165;  same 
locality  at  10,300  feet,  Heller  10,651. 

This  variety  differs  from  P.  Pringlei  only  in  the  dwarf  size  and 
filliform  leaves. 

5.  Poa  Pattersoni  Vasey  and  Scribn.,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  1, 

p.  275.    1893. 

Type  locality. — "Mountains  of  Colorado,  near  Grays  Peak,  11,000 
to  14,000  ft.  altitude." 

Range. — Central  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming: 
west  to  California? 

Zone. — Alpine  in  the  Rockies  (ace.  Nelson  in  Coulter-Nelson,  Man., 
p.  71). 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  344; 
Desolation  Valley,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  95;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe, 
meadow  at  8,000  feet,  Smiley  262. 

These  specimens,  all  from  the  east  slope  of  the  Sierra  (where  sev- 
eral boreal  Rocky  Mountain  species  rarely  occur),  are  referred  here 
rather  than  to  P.  Pringlei,  where  closely  similar  forms  have  been 
placed,  because  of  the  well  developed  pilosity  upon  the  keel  and  lateral 
nerves  of  the  lemma,  which  in  typical  P.  Pringlei,  and  its  variety,  is 
merely  scabrid.  Beal  (N.  Am.  Grasses,  vol.  2,  p.  578)  considered  these 
species  identical. 


1921]          Smiley :  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  105 

Poa  arctica  R.  Br.  was  once  reported  from  Soda  Springs,  Nevada 
County,95  but  is  not  otherwise  known  south,  of  "Washington. 

Poa  saxatilis  Scribn.  and  Williams,  an  arctic-alpine  species  of 
Washington  is  said  by  Scribner96  to  be  represented  in  typical  form  by 
Hansen  1963 ;  I  do  not  know  whether  or  not  this  is  the  G.  E.  Hansen 
who  collected  and  distributed  so  many  numbers  from  the  central 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Other  Poas  from  the  alpine  districts  of  the  Sierra  have  been  re- 
ferred to  P.  Leibergii  Scribn.  and  P.  Cottoni  Piper  (Jepson,  I.e.,  p. 
160),  both  described  from  the  Arid  Transition  of  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington.  I  have  not  seen  the  specimens. 


16.  GLYCEBIA 

1.  Glyceria  pauciflora  Presl.,  Rel.  Haenke.,  vol.  1,  p.  257.    1830. 

Panicularia  pauciflora  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  783.     1891. 
Glyceria  erecta  Hitchc.,  in  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  161.     1912. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  sinu  Nootka. ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  (Yakutat  Bay)  southward  and  eastward  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Valley,  8,000  feet,  Pringle,  Sep- 
tember 23,  1882;  Truckee  River,  Heller  7113;  Donner  Lake,  Heller 
6987;  Farewell  Gap,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5151;  near  Whitney 
meadows,  Coville  and  Funston,  1676. 

The  type  of  G.  erecta  came  from  Sunrise  Creek  above  Yosemite. 

Glyceria  elata  Hitchc.  (in  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  162 ;  Panicu- 
laria elata  Nash,  in  Rydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  54.  1900, 
described  from  "Sweet  Grass  Canyon,  Crazy  Mountains,  Montana), 
a  variant  of  G.  nervata  Trin.,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by 
broader  leaves  and  a  more  vigorous  habit  of  growth,  but  connected  in 
the  Northwest  with  typical  G.  nervata  by  numerous  intermediate 
forms  (cf.  Piper,  Fl.  Wash.— Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  140), 
occurs  in  both  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  in  the  Transition, 
and  not  infrequently  rises  into  the  boreal  region  along  streams  or  in 
rich  meadows  (Angora  Peak,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  309 ;  Suzy  Lake  trail, 
Tahoe,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  199 ;  Scandinavian  Caiion,  7,000  feet,  Brewer 
2061). 


106  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

17.  FESTUCA 

Blades  narrow,  flat,  or  loosely  involute;  lemma  membranaceous  ....1.  F.  viridula 
Blades  closely  involute  or  sulcate;  lemmas  coriaceous 2.  F.  ovina 

1.  Festuca  viridula  Vasey,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Bot.  Bull,  13, 

pi.  93.    1893. 
F.  graoillima  Thurb.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  318.     1880,  not  Hook. 

Type  locality. — "California,"  presumably  near  Summit. 

Range. — Mountains  of  Washington  and  Idaho,  south  through  Ore- 
gon and  northern  California  to  the  central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierras,  5-8,000  feet,  Bolander,  Kellogg  and 
Co.  in  1872 ;  ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Heller  7154 ;  Suzy 
Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  185 ;  Donner  Lake,  J.  B.  Davy  3222. 

2.  Festuca  ovina  var.  supina  Hack.,  Bot.  Centralbl.,  vol.  8,  p.  405. 

1881. 

F.  Supina  Schr.,  Enum  PI.  Transs.,  p.  784.     1866. 

Type  locality. — "Auf  Felsen  und  Gerolle  der  Hochalpen,"  Trans- 
sylvania. 

Range. — Holarctic ;  in  America  south  to  Newfoundland  on  the  east 
coast;  in  the  west  along  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico  and  southern 
California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  984;  Mt. 
Gibbs,  11,000  feet,  Smiley  786;  Mt.  Dana,  Hall  and  Babcock  3608; 
Denel's  Peak,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5514;  near  Farewell  Gap, 
11-12,000.  feet,  Purpus  5117,  3076;  Sawtooth  Peak,  12,250  feet,  Hall 

and  Babcock  5676. 

*. 

2a.  Festuca  ovina  var.  brachyphylla  Piper,   Contr.  Nat.  Herb., 
vol.  10,  p.  27.    1906. 

F.  brachyphylla  Sehult.,  Mant.  vol.  3,  p.  646.     1827. 

Type  locality. — "In  Melville  Island"   (Arctic  Archipelago). 

Range. — In  America  south  from  the  Arctic  regions  to  California. 
New  Mexico,  northern  New  England  and  Newfoundland. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  12,500  feet,  Brewer  (State  Sur- 
vey no.  5066)  ;  Bolander  (State  Survey  no.  6100). 

A  collection  made  on  the  Mt.  Lyell  trail,  Yosemite,  10,900  feet,  is 
possibly  of  this  variety  (Smiley  524). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  107 


17.  BROMUS 

Spikelet  terete;  panicle  strict  and  rather  dense 1.  B.  Suksdorfii 

Spikelet  strongly  compressed;  panicle  spreading.  2.  B.  marginatus  var.  seminudus 

1.  Bromus  Suksdorfii  Vasey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  10,  p.  223.    1885. 
Type    locality. — "In    Washington    Territory,    and    also    by    Mr. 

Cusick  in  Oregon;  altitude  about  7,000  ft." 

Range. — "Washington  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Silver  Mountain  trail,  8-9,000  feet, 

Brewer  2088 ;  Calaveras  County,  Hillebrand  2258 ;  above  Dormer  Lake 

toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7120. 

2.  Bromus  marginatus  var.  seminudus  Shear,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 

Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  23,  p.  55.    1900. 

Type  locality. — "On  open  mountain  side  5  miles  above  Wallowa 
Lake,  Oregon." 

Range. — Washington  to  southern  California,  east  to  Montana  and 
Wyoming. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,400 
feet,  Purpus  5124. 


11.  CYPEEACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 
Flowers  perfect. 

The  enlarged  base  of  the  style  persisting  upon  the  mature  achene 

1.  Eleocharis 

The  style  deciduous  entire  from  the  mature  achene. 

Bristles  few  (not  more  than  6  in  ours)  2.  Scirpus 

Bristles  very  numerous,  long,  white-silky 3.  Eriophorum 

Flowers   unisexual   4.    Carex 

1.  ELEOCHARIS 

Culms  setaceous,  from  very  slender  rootstocks;  scales  of  the  spike  acute. 

— -- 1.  E.   acicularis 

Culms  stouter,  from  larger  rootstocks;  scales  of  the  spike  obtuse. 

2.  E.    Bolanderi 

1.  Eleocharis  acicularis  R.  and  S.,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  154.    1817. 

Scripus  acicularis  L.,.Sp.  PI.,  p.  48.    1753. 

Type  locality. — European. 
Range. — North  temperate  zone. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 
.  Specimens  examined. — Yosemite,  Torrey  553 ;  Milburn,  Mariposa 
County,  Congdon,  June  8,  1890. 


108  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

This  species  is  reported50  from  the  southern  Sierra,  Mt.  "Whitney 
region,  from  an  altitude  of  3,000  m.,  but  the  specimen  has  not  been 
seen  by  me. 

2.  Eleocharis  Bolanderi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  392. 
1868. 

Type  locality. — "Mariposa  County,  on  banks  of  stream  near 
Clarks."  (Yosemite.) 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimen  examined. — Sierra  Nevada  near  snow  at  9,500  feet, 
Greene  448 ;  the  specimen  is  immature  and  is  doubtfully  referred. 

« 
2.  SCIRPUS 

Spikelets  solitary  and  terminal. 
Involucral  bract  present. 

Bristles  longer  than  the  achene;  culms  naked 1.  S.  dementis 

Bristles  shorter'  than  the  achene;  culms  leafy 2.  S.  yosemitanus 

Involucral  bract  wanting 3.  S.   pauciflorus 

Spikelets  numerous. 

Spikelets  in  a  dense  glomerule 4.  S.  criniger 

Spikelets  in  an  open  umbellate  inflorescence 5.  S.  microcarpus 

1.  Scirpus  dementis  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  14,  p.  21. 

1912. 

Type  locality. — "Rae  Lake,  King's  River,  California,  alpine." 
No  specimen  of  this  species  has  been  seen ;  it  is  here  admitted  only 

because,  to  judge  from  the  description,  it  and  the  following  species 

represent  in  our  region  8.  caespitosiis  L. 

2.  Scirpus  yosemitanus  sp.  nov. 

Culmi  dense  caespitose,  6-10  cm.  alti,  gracile,  tenue,  valde  striati. 
Folium  unicum  culmo  multo  brevius,  convolutum  rigidum,  iaeve 
glaucescens.  Spicula  parvula  (3-4-flora)  unica  terminalis  bracteata. 
Squamae  oblongae  valde  obtusae  vel  subtruncatae,  inferiores  clarius 
castatae  sed  non  aristatae.  Achenium  obovatum  cum  apice  conica. 
Setae  3  ligulatae,  planae  achenio  breviores. 

(Culms  densely  matted,  6-10  cm.  high,  with  old  sheathing  leaf- 
bases,  slender,  terete,  very  prominently  striate,  somewhat  glaucous 
and  having  a  single  blunt  thick  terete  leaf,  2—3  cm.  long  at  about  the 
middle.  Spikelet  small  solitary  and  terminal,  3-4-flowered,  subtended 
by  a  bract  about  twice  as  long.  Scales  oblong,  very  blunt  or  squarrose, 
the  lower  and  outer  very  prominently  ribbed  but  not  awned.  Achene 
obovate,  with  a  conical  distal  end  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style. 
Bristles  3,  ligulate,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  achene.) 

Type  from  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite  National  Park ;  collected 
by  J.  W.  Congdon,  August  8,  1898. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  109 

This  species  differs  from  S.  caespitosus  L.  in  the  bristles  being  3, 
not  6 ;  from  S.  Clementis  Jones,  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  single 
blunt  leaf  about  midway  on  the  culm.  In  8.  Clementis  the  culm  is 
naked. 

3.  Scirpus  paucifloms  Lightf.,  Fl.  Scot.,  p.  1078.    1777. 

Eleocharis  pauciflora  Link.,  Hort.  Berol.,  vol.  1,  p.  284.     1827.    Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  2,  p.  221.     1880. 

Type  locality. — Highlands  of  Scotland,  "as  upon  Malgbyrdy  in 
Breadalbane. ' ' 

Range. — In  America,  British  Columbia  to  Newfoundland,  south  to 
California,  Colorado,  and  northeastern  United  States. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Smiley 
334;  soda  springs,  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  Brewer,  1780;  Bonita 
meadow,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock,  5181. 

Coville50  reports  this  from  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  at 
2850  m. 

4.  Scirpus  criniger  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  392.    1867. 
Type  locality. — "In  bogs  on  Red  Mountain,  Humboldt  Co." 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  North  Coast  Ranges  northward  into 

southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878; 
Placer  County,  A.  N.  Carpenter  in  1892 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  east  side  at 
9,700  feet,  Smiley  128 ;  foot  of  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898 ; 
Elizabeth  Lake,  Tuolumne  meadows,  growing  on  the  peat  marsh, 
9,800  feet,  Smiley  800;  Monarch  Creek  near  Mineral  King,  Tulare 
County,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5699. 

5.  Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.,  Rel.  Haenke.,  vol.  1,  p.  195.    1823. 
Type -locality. — Nootka  Sound,  Vancouver  Island. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  California,  New  Mexico. 

Zone.- — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878; 
ravine  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe  6,700  feet,  Smiley  363 ;  Walker 
Lake,  7,930  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2711c. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  usually  stated  to  extend  to  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  mountains  of  New  York  and  New  England,  but,  accord- 
ing to  Professor  Fernald,  the  plant  of  the  northeastern  United  States 


110  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

shows  material  difference  from  the  typical  plant  of  the  west  and  he 
has  therefore  described  it  as  S.  rubrotinctus  (Rhodora,  vol.  2,  p.  20, 
1905).  M.  E.  Jones97  later  reduced  this  species  to  a  variety  of  S. 
microcarpus. 

3.  ERIOPHORUM 

1.  Eriophorum  gracile  Roth.,  var.  caurinum  Fernald,  Rhodora, 
vol.  7,  p.  67.  1905. 

Type  locality. — "Oregon,  subalpine  regions." 

Range. — Oregon  southward  to  Mt.  Shasta  and  the  northern  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874 ;  Big  Trees, 
Hildebrand  2331. 

4.  CAREX 

A.i  Spikelets  solitary  and  terminal. 

Female  scales  persistent,  concealing  the  mature  perigynia;  leaves  filiform- 
involute  or  carinate. 

Stigmas  2  1.  C.   capitata 

Stigmas  3. 

Perigynia  neither  chartaceous  nor  inflated;    spikes  narrowly  cylin- 
drical   2.  C.   filifolia 

Perigynia  chartaceous,  inflated,  and  very  thin;  spikelets  pyramidal. 

3.    C.    Breweri 

Female  scales  falling,   exposing  the  maturing  perigynia;   leaves  nearly 

flat  4.  C.  nigricans 

A.2  Spikelets  2-many. 

B.i  Stigmas  2;  spikelets  all  or  nearly  all  bisexual,  or  dioecious  and  sessile; 
achene  lenticular  in  cross-section;  male  flowers  few  and  incon- 
spicuous. 

Staminate  flowers  borne  at  top  of  the  spikelets. 
Plants  with  long  creeping  rhizomes. 

Perigynium  with  a  short  minute  beak 5.  C.  simulata 

Perigynium  long-beaked. 

Spikelets  in  a  dense,  broad,  compact  head;   scales  not  at  ajl  or 

only  narrowly  hyaline-margined 6.  C.   vernacula 

Spikelets  forming  an  oblong  continuous  spike;  scales  with  broad 

hyaline   margins 7.  C.    siccata 

Plants  caespitose  with  scarcely  spreading  rootstocks. 

Ferrugineous  scales  of  the  spikelets  scarious  margined  and  with 

green    midribs 8.  C.    Hoodii 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  not  scarious  margined. 

Acute  scales  of  the  spikelets  reddish-yellow  with  straw-colored 

keels;  culms  weak,  somewhat  compressed 9.  C.  nervina 

Blunt  scales  of  the  spikelets  brown;  culms  stiff,  sharply  angled 

and  rough  10.  C.  Jonesii 

Staminate  flowers  borne  at  base  of  the  spikelets. 

Perigynium  not  wing-margined  (slightly  winged  at  base  in  C.  illota). 
Spikelets  few  and  rather  loosely  flowered. 

Scales   green,    acute,    and    marginless;    spikelets   remote;    plant 

stoloniferous   11.  C.   tenella 

Scales  reddish,   blunt,   and   white  margined;    spikelets   approxi- 
mate; plant  not  stoloniferous 12.  C.  heleonastes 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  111 

Spikelets  several  and  densely  flowered. 
Perigynium  long-beaked. 

Spikelets  densely  congested  into  a  capitate  cluster  at  top  of 

culm  13.  C.  illota 

Spikelets,  at  least  some  of  them,  remote. 

Spikelets,  except  the  terminal,  somewhat  globose  or  stellate 
and    scattered    along   the   upper   part    of   culm;    scales 

ovate  r 14.  C.  stellulata 

Spikelets  oblong  (up  to  %  inch  long)  or  linear-cylindrical; 
scales  acute  and  often  hispidly  awned  ..15.  C.  Bolanderi 

Perigynium  short-beaked 16.  C.  canescens 

Perigynium  wing-margined. 

Spikelets  aggregated  into  a  more  or  less  dense  head. 

Bracts  subtending  the  head  greatly  elongated 

17.  C.  athrostachya 

Bracts  not  greatly  elongated,  sometimes  obsolete. 

Perigynium   acuminately   rostrate;    scales   obtusish 

18.   C.   Macloviana 

Perigynium  abruptly  rostrate;  scales  acute 

19.  C.  straminifonnis 

Spikelets  more  or  less  remote,  at  least  some  of  them  quite  distinct. 
Scales  not  scarious  margined. 

Beak  of  perigynium  short  and  wing  smooth 

20.  C.   straminea  var.  mixta 

Beak  of  perigynium  longer  and  wing  scabrid  ....21.  C.  specifica 
Scales  broadly  scarious  margined. 

Beak  gradually  attenuate,  bidentate  at  the  tip  ....22.  C.  tahoensis 

Beak  abruptly  rostrate  and  deeply  cleft 23.  C.  Liddouii 

B.2  Stigmas  3,  or  rarely  2  and  then  at  least  some  of  the  spikelets  pedunculate. 
Stigmas  2;  achene  plano-convex  or  lenticular  in  cross-section. 

Perigynium  becoming  fleshy  when  mature 24.  C.  aurea 

Perigynium  not  becoming  fleshy  when  mature. 

Perigynium  strongly  ribbed 25.  C.  nebraskensis  var.  praevia 

Perigynium  not  strongly  ribbed. 

Perigynium   turgid;    plants   from   stiff  woody  rootstocks;    culms 
stiff  and  obtusely  angled;  beak  of  perigynium  minute  and 

erect  26.  C.  rigida 

Perigynium  not  turgid;  plants  caespitose,  sometimes  with  slen- 
der rootstocks;  culms  weak  and  sharply  angled. 
Plant  somewhat  glaucous;    spikelets  short  and  thick 

27.  C.  Goodenovii 

Plant  green;  spikelets  linear-cylindrical. 

Scales  acutish,  black,  unmargined;  plant  16-30  inches  high. 

28.   C.   acutina 

Scales    obtuse,    dark    red,    scarious    margined;    plant    8-16 

inches  high 29.  C.  Kelloggii 

Stigmas  3;  achene  triangular  in  cross-section. 

Leaves   septate-nodulose,   sometimes   only   slightly   so. 

Perigynium  more   or   less   gradually   tapering  to   the  beak;    culm 
sharply  angled  below  the   spikelets   and   scarcely   spongy   at 

base  30.  C.  vesicaria 

Perigynium   abruptly  rostrate;    culm   obtusely   angled,   thick,   and 

spongy  at  base 31.  C.  rostrata 

Leaves  not  septate-nodulose. 

Perigynium  pubescent  or  hispid. 

Beak     of     perigynium     entire;     leaf     and     its     sheath     densely 

pubescent  32.  C.  yosemitana 

Beak    of    perigynium    bidentate;    leaf    and    its    sheath    nearly 
glabrous  or  only  scabrid  on  the  margins. 

Beak  of  perigynium  short 33.  C.  lanuginosa 

Beak  of  perigynium  longer , 34.  C.  Congdoni 

Perigynium  glabrous  (except  in  var.  brevipes  of  C.  Rossi). 
Upper  spikelet  bisexual,  male  at  base. 

Spikelets  all  but  the  lowest  sessile;  culms  rigid;  scales  purple 
margined  with  yellow  mid-nerve;  perigynium  prominently 
nerved  ...  ....35.  C.  Buxbaumii 


112  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Spikelets  pedunculate;  culms  weaker,  often  partially  nodding; 

scales  dark  red  or  purple;  perigynium  nerveless. 
Spikelets   very    shortly  pedunculate   or   sessile,    aggregated 

into  a  capitate  cluster. 

Scales  acute  but  not  awned  by  the  projecting  nerve;  peri- 
gynium sometimes  slightly  scabrid  ..36.  C.  quadrifida 
Scales  aristate,  often  with  a  distinct  awn  formed  by  the 
projecting  nerve;  perigynia  somewhat  granulate. 

37.    C.    nova 

Spikelets  distinctly  peduncled,  the  lower  often  drooping. 

38.   C.   atrata 

Upper  spikelet  male  throughout  (rarely  C.  luzulae folia  has  a  few 

female  flowers  in  the  male  spikelets). 
Whole  plant   (except  the  perigynium  and   scales)   whitish  or 

glaucous  pubescent 39.  C.  Whitney! 

Plants  glabrous  or  essentially  so. 

Most   of   the    spikelets   radical,   few   flowered,    and    hidden 

among  the  leaves . 40.  C.  Rossi 

All  of  the  spikelets  conspicuous. 

Perigynium  prominently  beaked;   culm  obtusely  angled 

and  smooth;  plants  not  stoloniferous 

41.  C.  luzulaefolia 

Perigynium     shortly     beaked;     culm     sharply     angled, 

usually  scabrous;   plants  stoloniferous. 
Perigynium  nerved,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  scales. 
Leaves  somewhat  glaucous,   ^4-%   inch  wide 

42.   C.    Raynoldsii 

Leaves  green,  yi2  inch  or  less  wide  ....43.  C.  limosa 

Perigynium  nearly  nerveless,  usually  shorter  than  the 

scale  44.  C.  invisa 

1.  Carex  capitata  L.,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  p.  1261.    1759. 
Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  North  America  very  rare,  especially 
in  the  west ;  so  far  known  only  from  Wyoming  and  California ;  also 
Mt.  Rose,  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 673. 

Heller  (Muhl.,  vol.  6,  p.  77)  reports  this  species  from  Mt.  Kose. 

2.  Carex  filifolia  var.  erostrata  Kiikenth.,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  24,  Heft 

20,  p.  86.     1909. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Hudsonian,  and  rarely  in  the  alpine  meadows. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  Kellogg,  June  24,  1870;  Echo  Lake, 
Brainerd  111 ;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon,  May,  1875 ;  Mono  Pass,  11,000 
feet,  Brewer  1733;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  abundant  in  meadows, 
8,400  feet,  Smiley  270;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Brewer  1697; 
Elizabeth  Lake  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  797 ;  Mt.  Lyell, 
10,900  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3581;  Dana  Fork  meadows,  Yosemite, 
9,800  feet,  Smiley  854. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  113 

Mr.  K.  K.  Mackenzie  considers  our  Californian  plant  to  be 
specifically  distinct  from  C.  filifolia  Nutt.  and  has  accordingly  de- 
scribed it  as  C.  exserta  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  42,  p.  620.  1915), 
an  evaluation  of  its  divergent  characters  in  which  I  am  unable  to 
concur. 

3.  Carex  Breweri  Boott,  111.  Car.,  vol.  4,  p.  142,  t.  455.    1867. 
Type  locality.— "California,  on  Mount  Shasta,  7,000-10,000  ft.  in 

dry  volcanic  soil."    Brewer  1422. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  northern  California, 
north  to  Mt.  Hood. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  lower. 

Specimens  examined. — Dick's  Peak,  Tahoe,  just  below  summit, 
10,000  feet,  Smiley  434 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  27,  1895 ;  Eliza- 
beth Lake  meadow,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  798 ;  Sawtooth  Peak, 
12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5680 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Bolander  in  1866. 

4.  Carex  nigricans  C.  A.  Meyer,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.,  vol.  1, 

p.  210,  t.  7.     1831. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Unalaschka. " 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  Colorado.     East  Asia? 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  8,300,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4664;  Devil's  Basin,  Eldorado  County,  8,300  feet,  Brainerd,  July 
18,  1897;  summit  of  Rush  Creek  Divide,  east  of  Minarets,  Mariposa 
County,  Congdon,  August  21,  1899. 

5.  Carex  simulata  Mackenzie,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  34,  p. 

604.    1907. 

Type  locality. — "Wyoming:  Chug  Creek,  Albany  County."  A. 
Nelson  7316. 

Range. — Washington  to  California,  east  to  Montana  and  New 
Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Eldorado  County,  bogs  near  Echo  Post- 
office,  5,800  feet,  Brainerd,  July  12,  1897;  east  slope  Sonora  Pass, 
8,000  feet,  Brewer  1865. 

6.  Carex  vernacula  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  20,  p.  417. 

1893. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Washington  to  California  and  east  to  Utah,  perhaps  to 
Colorado. 


114  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [Vo^.  9 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Ebbett's  Pass,  Brewer  2066;  Summit  Camp, 
Kellogg,  July  22,  1870 ;  Sierra  Nevada  above  Summit  Valley,  Pringle 
1102;  Mt.  Goddard,  Yosemite,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  694; 
Shadow  Lake  trail  east  of  Minarets,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
August  20,  1899;  Upper  Kern  River  near  Langley's  Camp,  11,800 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5545. 

This  is  the  C.  foetida  of  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  232 ;  Kiikenthal  in 
his  revision  reduces  C.  vernacula  to  a  variety  of  C.  foetida  Allioni. 

7.  Carex  siccata  Dew.,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  ser.  1,  vol.  10,  p.  278, 

t.  F,  fig.  18.    1826. 

Type  locality. — " Grows  on  the  sandy  plains  in  Westfield,  Mass," 
Range. — Across  the  continent  in  the  northern  United  States  and 
south  in  the  western  mountains. 
Zone. — Canadian. 
Specimen  examined. — Hill  above  Ebbett's  Pass,  Brewer  2728. 

8.  Carex  Hoodii  Boott,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  211. 

1840. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Columbia  River. ' ' 

Range. — "Washington  and  British  Columbia  south  to  California 
and  east  to  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Meisner's  Ranch,  Eldorado  County,  7,600 
feet,  Brainerd  150 ;  soda  springs,  Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet,  Brewer 
1702 ;  Yosemite,  Bolander  6215,  6218 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  752. 

9.  Carex  nervina  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  10,  p.  203,  t.  3.    1885. 
Type  locality. — "Summit  Camp,  California."     Dr.  Kellogg. 
Range. — Pacific  Coast  states. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Emigrant  Gap.  M.  E.  Jones,  February, 
1883;  Summit  Camp,  Kellogg,  July  10,  1870;  Brian's  meadow,  Eldo- 
rado County,  8,500  feet,  Brainerd  133 ;  Yosemite,  7,300  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3456;  Indian  trail  above  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  28, 
1899;  Upper  San  Joaquin  River,  Madera  County,  Congdon,  August 
17,  1895. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  115 

10.  Carex  Jonesii  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1,  p.  16. 

1889. 

Type  locality.— "Soda.  Springs,  Nevada  Co.,  Cal.,  7,000  feet." 
Jones. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  states ;  east  to  "Wyoming. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Yuba  Pass,  6,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
4519 ;  Truckee  River,  meadows  at  7,000  feet,  Davy,  June  25-30,  1897 ; 
Volcano  Creek,  Tulare  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5447; 
Salmon  Creek,  Tulare  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5167; 
Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5250. 

11.  Carex  tenella  Schkuhr,  Riedgr.,  p.  23,  f.  104.    1801. 
Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  to  California,  Utah, 
Colorado,  Michigan,  and  New  Jersey. 

Zone. — Canadian  or  highest  Transition. 

Specimen  examined. — Butterfly  Valley  in  meadow  with  Darling- 
tonia,  Lemmon  1246. 

No.  1697  of  the  Death  Valley  collection,  a  specimen  not  seen  by 
me,  was  refered  here  by  Dr.  Bailey. 

12.  Carex  heleonastes  Ehrh.,  L.,  f.  Suppl.,  p.  414.    1781. 
Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 
Europe. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Lake  near  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,200  feet,  Brewer 
2063. 

13.  Carex  illota  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1,  p.  15.    1889. 
Type  locality. — Not  given,  but  the  type  specimen  collected  in  Colo- 
rado. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  east  to  "Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Devil's  Basin,  Eldorado  County,  8,000 
feet,  Brainerd  177;  Lake  Andrian,  Eldorado  County,  7,500  feet, 
Brainerd  175 ;  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  550 ;  Yosem- 
ite,  Congdon,  August  15,  1890. 


116  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

14.  Carex  stellulata  var.  ormantha  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  4,  p. 

222.    1902. 

C.  echinata  var.  ormantlia,  Fernald,  Proc.  Am.  Aead.,  voL  37,  p.  483.     1902. 
C.  echinata  W.  Boott,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  237.    1880,  in  part. 

Type  locality. — "California,  bogs  along  Strawberry  Creek,  Eldo- 
rado Co.,  alt.  1815  m."  Brainerd  180. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  southward  to  the  Middle  States  and 
in  the  west  at  least  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Bog  along  Strawberry  Creek,  Eldorado 
County,  5,000  feet,  Brainerd  160;  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County, 
Bolander  2324;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet, 
Smiley  52. 

15.  Carex  Bolanderi  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  393.    1868. 
Type  locality. — "California,  Yosemite  Valley  and  Mariposa  Big- 
tree  Grove." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  southern  California,  east  to  Montana 
and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Strawberry  Creek,  Eldorado  County,  5,900 
feet,  Brainerd,  July  20,  1897;  Clear  Creek  Canon,  Ormsby  County, 
Nevada,  Baker  1250;  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  892. 

16.  Carex  canescens  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  974.     1753. 
Type  locality— -Europe. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  and  south  to  Colorado  and  California 
in  the  west. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

• 

Specimen  examined. — About  Walker  Lake,  Mono  County,  7,930 
feet,  R.  A.  Ware,  2709c. 

Death  Valley  no.  1506,  a  specimen  not  seen  by  me,  was  referred 
to  the  var.  dubia  Bailey  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  9,  p.  119.  1884) — see  Contr. 
Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  214. 

17.  Carex  athrostachya  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  393. 

1866. 

Type  locality. — "California,  Yosemite  Valley." 
Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado. 
Zone. — Canadian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  117 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Tahoe  to  Bear  Valley,  Kellogg;  trail 
to  Snow  Cascade,  Eldorado  County,  8,000  feet,  Brainerd  232;  lower 
end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6915 ;  mountain  near  Kaweah  River, 
10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5144. 

18.  Carex  Macloviana  d'Urv.,  in  Mem.  Soc.  Linn.,  vol.  4,  p.  599. 
1826. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  the  Cordilleran  section  of  North 
America. 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Emigrant  Gap,  Jones,  February,  1883 ; 
Desolation  Valley,  west  side  rising  toward  Pyramid  Peak,  9,100  feet, 
Smiley  87. 

Some  of  the  many  forms,  in  which  this  very  variable  species  occurs, 
are  given  below  but  it  is  often  quite  impossible  to  satisfactorily  assign 
individual  collections,  the  segregates,  subspecies,  varieties,  and  forms, 
which  have  been  proposed  from  time  to  time,  merging  into  each  other 
in  all  characters. 

18a.  Carex  Macloviana  var.  gracilis  Kiikenth.,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4, 
Heft  20,  p.  197.  1909. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  north  into  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3639 ;  Gold  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  4497 ;  meadow  above  Donner  Lake,  Davy  3236 ;  Tamarack 
trail,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  257. 

18b.  Carex  Macloviana  var.  stricta  Kiikenth.,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4, 
Heft  20,  p.  197.  1909. 

Type  locality. — "California." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Marlette  Lake,  Nevada,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  4584;  Summit  Camp,  Kellogg,  July,  1870;  Brian's  meadows, 
Eldorado  County,  9,000  feet,  Brainerd  223;  near  Ebbett's  Pass,  9,000 
feet,  Brewer  2012 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11,000  feet,  Bolander  5069 ;  Mt.  Lyell, 
MtLean,  June  7,  1894. 


118  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

18c.  Carex  Macloviana  var.  Haydeniana  Holm,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  160,  p.  286.  1900. 

Type   locality. — ' '  California. ' ' 

Range. — California  east  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  12,500  feet,  Bolander  5074; 
Tuolumne  meadow,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  755 ;  Dog  Lake,  Yosemite,  9240 
feet,  Smiley  839 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  81. 

18d.  Carex  Macloviana  var.  subfusca  Kiikenth.,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd. 
4,  Heft  20,  p.  197.  1909. 

Type  locality. — "Lake  Tahoe  (Kellogg},  and  near  Virginia  City, 
Nevada,  Bloomer." 

Range. — Southern  range  of  the  species. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Kellogg,  July  14,  1870;  same 
locality,  7,000  feet,  Heller  8841;  Truckee  River,  wet  meadows,  7,000 
feet,  Davy,  June  25^30,  1897;  Cisco,  Kellogg,  June  9,  1870. 

19.  Carex  straminiformis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1, 

p.  24.    1889. 
C.  straminea  var.  congesta  Olney,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  396.     1868. 

Type  locality. — Mt.  Shasta,  California. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  states. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Ebbett's  Pass,  on  border  of  a  little 
lake,  8,5-9,000  feet,  Brewer  2083;  Echo  Lake,  Eldorado  County, 
Brainerd  197 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  east  side,  9,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
4742;  same  locality,  Brewer  2173;  Silver  Mountain,  11,000  feet, 
Brewer  2026;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Smiley ^347; 
Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  meadow  at  8,400  feet,  Smiley  261;  Angora 
Peak,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  6b;  Mt.  Rose,  Heller  9903;  Carey's 
Peak,  Alpine  County,  10,800  feet,  Brewer  2125 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosem- 
ite, Congdon,  August  17,  1890. 

20.  Carex  straminea  var.  mixta  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22, 

p.  151.    1887. 

No  specimens  of  this  sedge  have  been  identified  with  certainty  from 
within  our  limits  and  it  is  here  included  only  because  Professor  Bailey 
has  referred  (I.e.)  to  it  certain  specimens  collected  on  the  State  Survey 
in  the  higher  mountains. 


!92i]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  119 

21.  Carex  specifica  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1,  p.  21. 

1889. 

C.  scoparia  Schk.,  var.  fulva  W.  Boott,  in  Watsu,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  237. 
1880. 

Type  locality. — "California,  Silver  Valley,  head  of  Tuolumne 
River,  and  Ebbett's  Pass." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  in  the  higher  mountains. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  Jones  2448 ; 
Slippery  Ford,  Eldorado  County,  6,200  feet,  Brainerd  212;  head  of 
Tuolumne  River,  Brewer  1774 ;  Silver  Valley,  Brewer  1969 ;  near  Lily 
Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  397;  Yosemite  Creek  to  Porcupine 
Flat,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3463;  Buck  Camp,  Mariposa 
County,  8,000  feet,  Congdon,  August  12,  1890. 

22.  Carex  tahoensis,  sp.  nov. 

Rhizoma  caespitosum.  Culmus  1.5-3  dm.  altus  subfirmus  triqueter 
scaber  superne  foliatus  inferne.  Folia  culmo  multo  breviora  1  mm. 
lata  complicata  rigidula  pallida,  vaginae  inferiores  hyalinae.  Spiculae 
3-4,  ovatae  gynaecandrae  (masculina  inferne),  densiflorae  sessiles  col- 
lectae,  Squamae  lanceolatae  ovatae  castaneosae,  cum  marginibus  albo- 
hyalinis,  5  mm.  longae  viridi-carinatae.  Utriculi  longiores  (6  mm. 
longi)  erecti  concavo-convexi  brunnei  nervosi,  cum  marginibus  an- 
gustis  viridi-alatis  et  per  dimidium  superius  dense  ciliato-scabris,  in 
rostrum  longum  bidentatum  sensim  attenuati.  Stigmata  2. 

(Plant  densely  caespitose.  Culms  1.5-3  dm.  high,  rather  firm  and 
somewhat  triangular,  roughened  above,  leafy  at  the  base.  Leaves  light 
green,  shorter  than  the  culm,  rather  rigid,  1  mm.  broad  and  closely 
folded  along  the  midrib,  their  sheaths  hyaline.  Spikelets  3-4,  ovate, 
bisexual,  male  at  base,  densely  flowered,  sessile  and  approximate. 
Scales  5  mm.  long,  lanceolate-ovate,  castaneous,  their  margins  broadly 
hyaline  and  midnerves  green.  Perigynia  6  mm.  long,  exceeding  their 
scales,  erect,  concave-convex,  brown  in  color  and  nerved  on  the  inner 
side  above  the  constricted  base,  their  narrow  margins  green  and 
winged,  with  the  upper  halves  of  the  wings  densely  ciliate-scabrid 
along  the  sides  of  the  gradually  attenuate  bidentate  beak.  Stigmas  2. ) 

The  species  here  proposed  as  new  has  its  nearest  allies  in  C.  Lid- 
donii  Boott  and  C.  phaeocephala  Piper :  from  the  former  it  differs  in 
the  merely  bidentate  beak,  which  in  C.  Liddwiii  is  deeply  cleft  and 
in  the  beak  being  gradually  acuminate,  not  abruptly  rostrate  as  in 
Dr.  Boott 's  species.  From  C.  phaeocephala,  this  species  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  much  longer  beak  of  the  perigynium  and  the  oblong 
ovary,  the  latter  in  C.  phaeocephala  being  obovate. 

Type  collected  July  19,  1913,  on  Mt.  Tallac,  west  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
at  an  elevation  of  about  9,300  feet  in  the  Hudsonian  life-zone,  Smiley 
239. 


120  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

23.  Carex  Liddonii  Boott,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  214, 

t.  215.    1839. 

C.  adusta  var.  congesta  W.  Boott  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  238.     1880. 
C.  Liddoni  Boott  var.  inoerta  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  13,  p.  89.     1888. 

Type  locality. — "Columbia  River." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Dry  soil  in  canon  above  Slippery  Ford, 
Eldorado  County,  6,500  feet,  Brainerd  191^ ;  Truckee  River  Basin, 
Placer  County,  Davy  3266;  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  7,000  feet, 
Jones  2515 ;  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  32. 

24.  Carex  aurea  Nutt.,  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  205.    1818. 
Type  locality. — "On  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan." 

Range. — Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia  and  south  to  Califor- 
nia, Colorado,  Middle  States,  and  southern  New  England. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  21;  Suzy 
Lake,  Tahoe,  above  Glen  Alpine,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  197 ;  soda  springs, 
Upper  Tuolumne  River,  Bolander  6220;  open  ground  near  soda 
springs,  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware,  2705c. 

25.  Carex  nebraskensis  var.  praevia  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 

vol.  1,  p.  49.    1889. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada;  east  to  Colorado  and  northward  through 
Oregon  to  Washington. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lower  end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6913;  Sil- 
ver Valley,  rather  dry  places,  Brewer  1970;  Bonita  meadow,  Tulare 
County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5182;  Kern  River,  9800  feet,  Rothrock  371. 

26.  Carex  rigida  Gooden.,  Linn.  Trans.,  vol.  2,  p.  193.    1794. 
Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — In  America  south  to  the  mountains  of  Quebec,  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  in  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  Bolander  5077;  Snow  Flat, 
Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3493 ;  Mt.  Dana,  wet  meadow 
on  the  north  side,  'll,800  feet,  Smiley  726. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  121 

26a.  Carex  rigida  var.  hesperia  Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11, 
p.  173.    1906. 

Carex  vulgaris  var.  bracteosa  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Aead.,  vol.  22,  p.  81.    1886, 
not  C.  bracteosa  Schwein. 

Type  locality.— Ebbett's  Pass,  California,  alt.  8,000  feet." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Ebbett's  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  2015. 

Carex  scopulorum  Holm  (Am.  Jour.  Sci.  IV,  vol.  14,  p.  422.  1902), 
a  high  mountain  sedge  of  Colorado  and  nearly  related  to  C.  rigida,  is 
accredited  to  California  by  Kukenthal  (Pflanzenr.,  I.e.,  p.  303),  but 
no  specimens  from  the  Sierra  have  agreed  with  the  description  or 
figures  of  that  species,  particularly  in  the  sharply  flexed  beak  to  the 
perigynium. 

27.  Carex  Goodenowii  J.  Gay,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II,  vol.  11,  p.  191. 

1839. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Transcontinental  at  the  north,  extending  southward  in 
the  mountains. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Eagle  Lake,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5367 ;  Silver  Lake,  Brewer  2099 ;  Elizabeth  Lake, 
Tuolumne  meadows,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  799. 

28.  Carex  acutina  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1,  p.  52. 

1889. 

Type  locality. — " Oregon,"  without  definite  locality,  Howell  935. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  east  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Plumas  County,  Heller  and  Kennedy  8784; 
this  specimen  referred  with  considerable  hesitation  as  it  is  too  imma- 
ture for  certain  determination. 

29.  Carex  Kelloggii  W.  Boott,  in  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  240. 

1880. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  Alta  and  from  Lake 
Tahoe  to  Bear  Valley." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  and  Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian  (?). 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Tahoe  to  Bear  Valley,  Dr.  Kellogg; 
Meisner's  Ranch,  by  a  small  lake,  7,600  feet,  Brainerd  76. 


122  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

30.  Carex  vesicaria  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  979.    1753. 
Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — North  temperate  zone. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Dr.  Kellogg,  July  27,  (1870?); 
lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6938 ;  bog  along  Strawberry  Creek, 
Eldorado  County,  5,900  feet,  Brainerd  10,  14 ;  marshy  borders  of  Lake 
Andrain,  Eldorado  County,  7,500  feet,  Brainerd  12;  Ostrander's 
meadow  above  Yosemite,  Bolander  6211 ;  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet, 
Smiley  331a;  soda  springs,  head  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  Brewer 
1781;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  7,600  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  625. 

Some  of  the  above  specimens  have  been  referred  to  the  many 
inconstant  varieties  of  this  polymorphous  species ;  in  view  of  what  I 
believe  to  be  the  fact — viz.,  that  in  any  large  series  of  specimens  the 
several  named  varieties  merge  inextricably — it  has  not  seemed  to  me 
desirable  to  attempt  here  their  discrimination. 

31.  Carex  rostrata  Stokes,  in  With.  Bot.  arr.  Brit.  Veg.,  ed.  2, 

p.  1059.    1787. 
C.  ampullacea  Gooden.,  Linn.  Trans.,  vol.  2,  p.  207.     1794. 

Type  locality. — "Bogs  of  Isla,  and  on  Bentelkerny  and  Breadal- 
bane,"  England. 

Range. — Transcontinental  in  the  north;  southward  to  California, 
New  Mexico,  Illinois,  Middle  States  and  New  England. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  but  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Truckee  River,  Brewer  2161 ;  Summit, 
Kellogg ;  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  387 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  49;  peat  bogs  on  Meisner's  meadow,  Eldo- 
rado County,  7,600  feet,  Brainerd  8 ;  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,50$  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  4642 ;  Westf all 's  meadows,  Yosemite,  Bolander 
4968 ;  Silver  Valley,  Brewer  1966 ;  Kaweah  meadows,  in  ponds  at 
9,300  feet,  Purpus  5137. 

All  of  the  above  specimens  appear  to  be  referable  to  the  var. 
utriculata  (Boott)  Bailey. 

32.  Carex  yosemitana  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1,  p.  8. 

1889. 

Type  locality. — ' ' California,  Yosemite  Valley,  alt.  6,000  feet." 
Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada;  also  in  southern 
California. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  123 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  but  rising  in  dry  rocky  stations  even  to 
above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Tioga  Road  above  Aspen  Valley,  Yosemite, 
6,700  feet,  Smiley  900;  Yosemite  Valley,  Brewer*  1636  (co-type) ;  Big 
Oak  Flat  Road,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  June  6,  1896. 

33.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.,  Fl.  N.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  175.    1803. 
Type  locality. — "Ad  lacus  Mistassins,"  Canada. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  south  to  Cali- 
fornia, New  Mexico,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Brunswick. 

Zone. — Transitian  mainly,  entering  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lower  end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6989 ;  Tal- 
lac,  6,200  feet,  Brainerd  19y2. 

34.  Carex  Congdoni  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  21,  p.  6.    1896. 
Type  locality. — "California:  Mt.  Warren  Pass,  Tuolumne  County, 

and  east  side  of  Mt.  Warren,  Mono  County. ' ' 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Specimen  examined. — Sawtooth  Peak,  Tulare  County,  11,800  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5687. 

35.  Carex  Buxbaumii  Wahl.,  Kongl.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  II,  vol. 

24,  p.  163.    1803. 

Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — In  America  south  from  the  arctic  regions  to  California, 
Wyoming,  Great  Lakes,  and  Middle  States. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Soda  springs,  head  of  the  Tuolumne  River, 
9,700  feet,  Bolander  5056. 

36.  Carex  quadrifida  Bailey,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II,  vol.  3,  p.  104. 

1891. 

Type  locality. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada;  the  type  from  Mt.  Dana. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Heller  9,975;  soda 
springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Congdon,  August  18,  1890* ;  Bloody  Canon, 
Mono  County,  9,500  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2715c;  Lake  Tenaya,  Congdon, 
August  19,  1890;  near  Brown  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5160;  Yosemite  Creek  and  Indian  Canon  to  Porcupine  Flat, 


124  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

7,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3457 ;  mountain  near  Little  Kern  River, 
10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5238*. 

37.  Carex  nova  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1,  p.  10.    1889. 

C.  atrata  var.  nigra  Boott,  111.  Car.,  vol.  3,  p.  114,  t.  363.     W.  Boott,  in 
Wats.,  Bot  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  239.     1880. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. ' ' 

Range. — California  east  to  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  near  summit  in 
rocks,  12,200  feet,  Smiley  783;  Unicorn  Peak,  Yosemite,  10,400  feet, 
Smiley  811 ;  Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3610 ;  Mt.  God- 
dard,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  674;  Wood's  Peak,  10,000  feet, 
Brewer  2122;  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County,  10,100  feet,  Smiley  640. 

Professor  Bailey  identified.  Coville  and  Funston  2073  from  above 
timber  line  on  Mt.  Whitney  with  this  species. 

38.  Carex  atrata  var.  discolor  Bailey,  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.,  vol.  26, 

p.  321.    1888. 

Type  locality. — ''Mountains  of  Colorado  and  Utah  and  south- 
ward. ' ' 

Range. — Mountains  of  western  United  States. 

Specimen  examined. — High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey 
549. 

39.  Carex  Whitney!  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  394.    1868. 
Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada;  mountains  of  northern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

^ 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Heller  6941 ;  Meisner  's 
Ranch,  Eldorado  County,  7,600  feet,  Brainerd  123 ;  soda  springs, 
Tuolumne  River,  Brewer  1778;  Tuolumne  meadows,  open  dry  gravel 
slope,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2706c. 

40.  Carex  Rossii  Boott,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  222. 

1840. 

C.  novae-angliae  var.  Eossii  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  10,  p.  207.     1885. 
C.  deflexa  var.  Sossii  and  var.  media  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  1, 
p.  43.     1889. 


*  These  specimens  belong  to  the  high  mountain  dwarf  form  described  as  the 
var.  lenis  Bailey  (I.e.),  which  is  connected  to  the  typical  form  of  stouter  habit 
by  numerous  intergrades. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  125 

C.  Novae-angliae  var.   deflexa   Bailey,   Proc.   Am.  Aead.,   vol.    22,   p.   124. 

1886. 
C.  deflexa  var.  Farwellii  Brit.,  in  Brit,  and  Brown,  111.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  334. 

1896. 
C.  Farwellii  Mackenzie,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  37,  p.  244.  1910. 

Type  locality. — "N.W.  Coast,  Douglas;  Kocky  Mountains,  Drum- 
mond. ' ' 

Range.— British  Columbia  east  to  mountains  of  Alberta,  south  in 
the  Rockies  and  Sierra-Cascades  to  California  and  Colorado.  Ace. 
Mackenzie  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.,  vol.  40,  p.  541)  this  is  also  present 
in  northern  Michigan. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Nevada,  Kellogg;  Summit,  Heller 
9853;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  Hall'  and  Chandler  4749;  Tuolumne 
meadows,  gravelly  loam  of  pine  forest,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2721c. 

41.  Carex  luzulaefolia  W.  Boott  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p. 
250.  1880. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  high  altitudes,  from 
above  Yosemite  Valley  to  Ebbett's  Pass  and  northward." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  meadow  at  8,400 
feet,  Smiley  268 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  8,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4747 ; 
Devil's  Basin,  Eldorado  County,  8,000  feet,  Brainerd  28;  Mt.  Tallac, 
9,000  feet,  Abrams  4850;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  102;  above 
Ebbett's  Pass  near  lake,  Brewer  2019;  soda  springs,  Yosemite,  10,000 
feet,  Brewer  1701;  Wood's  Peak,  wet  places,  Brewer  2131. 

41a.  Carex  luzulaefolia  var.  ablata  Kiikenth.,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4, 

Heft  20,  p.  558.    1909. 
C.  ablata  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  13,  p.  82.     1888. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  east  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Same  as  the  species. 

Specimen  examined. — Strawberry  Creek,  bog  at  5,900  feet,  Eldo- 
rado County,  Brainerd  30. 

This  variety  is  said  by  Parish  (So.  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.,  Prelim. 
Synop.)  to  have  been  collected  on  Mt.  Grayback  at  9,500  feet,  by  G.  B. 
Gr&nt  6405. 


126  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

41b.  Carex  luzulaefolia  var.  strobilantha  Holm,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
IV,  vol.  20,  p.  305.  1905. 

Type  locality. — "California:  above  Dormer  Pass  in  Placer  county 
in  a  sub-alpine  meadow,  where  snow  drifts  lie  late,  and  usually  near 
granite  rocks." 

Range. — So  far  known  only  from  the  original  station. 

Specimen  examined. — Above  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7187. 

42.  Carex  Raynoldsii  Dewey,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  II,  vol.  32,  p.  39. 

1861. 
C.  Lyallii  Boott,  111.  Car.,  vol.  1,  p.  150,  t.  483.     1858. 

Type  locality.— ''Pierre's,  Hole,  Snake  River  Valley,  alt.  6,000  ft." 

Range. — Mountains  of  western  North  America  south  from  British 
Columbia  to  California,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Valley,  dry  hillsides,  8,000  feet, 
Brewer  1968;  Meisner's  Ranch,  Eldorado  County,  7,600  feet,  Brainerd 
81 ;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  256 ;  Old  Tioga  Road, 
Yosemite,  dry  pine  forest,  8,400  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2717c;  Mt.  Dana, 
10,000  feet,  Bolander  5088;  Lake  Tenaya,  dry  places,  Brewer  1690; 
Lake  Tenaya,  8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3645 ;  same  locality,  8,200 
feet,  Smiley  864;  Tuolumne  meadows,  gravelly  loam  in  pine  forest, 
8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2720c. 

43.  Carex  limosa  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  977,  1753. 
Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — Arctic  America  south  to  California,  Montana,  Ohio,  and 
New  Jersey. 

Zone. — Canadian,  occurring  in  peat  bogs. 

Specimen  examined. — Bog  hole  near  Lake  Andrian,  Eldorado 
County,  7,500  feet,  Brainerd  22. 

44.  Carex  invisa  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22,  p.  82.     1887. 

C.  podocarpa  W.  Boott,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  245.     1880,  not  of 
E.  Or. 

Type  locality. — •"  Summit  Camp,  Kellogg,  the  type  growing  in 
exceedingly  tough  and  matted  clumps. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to  Mt.  Lassen  and  (ace.  Bailey, 
I.e.)  to  the  Selkirks  of  British  Columbia. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra,  Nevada  of  California  127 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley 
198;  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Hall  and  Chandler  4656;  Carson  Pass, 
Brewer  2136;  Summit  Camp,  Kellogg;  foot  of  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon, 
August  10,  1898 ;  Nellie  Lake,  meadow,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  600. 

Other  Carex  species  are  not  infrequently  collected  within  our 
borders  but  their  zones  of  greatest  frequency  are  below  our  limits. 

Since  the  above  treatment  of  this  difficult  genus  was  completed, 
Mr.  K.  K.  Makenzie  has  published  a  paper  on  the  ' '  Calif ornian  Rep- 
resentatives of  the  Ovales"  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  43,  pp.  601- 
620.  1916),  wherein  a  number  of  new  species  are  proposed  and 
certain  specimens  cited  which,  in  the  treatment  here  presented,  are 
otherwise  referred. 


12.  JUNCACEAE   (Eusn  FAMILY) 

Leaves  soft  and  flat,  their  sheaths  closed;  stems  hollow;  capsule  1-celled  and 
3-seeded;  plants  more  or  less  villous 1.  Luzula 

Leaves  stiff,  terete  or  flat,  their  sheaths  open;  stems  usually  filled  with  spongy 
pith;  capsule  3-celled  and  many  seeded;  plants  never  villous 2.  Juncus 

1.  LUZULA 

Inflorescence  an  open  cyme. 

Pedicels   short,   the   flowers  in   somewhat   fascicular    clusters;    leaves  lance- 
linear  to  lanceolate 1.  L.  parviflora 

Pedicels  elongated,  the  flowers  solitary;  leaves  linear 2.  L.  divaricata 

Inflorescence  spicate  or  glomerate. 

The  inflorescence  nodding,  usually  a  single  spike;  leaves  channeled 

3.   L.    spicata 

The  inflorescence  erect,  of  2  or  more  subglobose  or  oblong  clusters 

4.   L.   campestris 

1.  Luzula  parviflora  var.  subcongesta  Buchenau,  Monogr.  Juncac., 

p.  110.    1890. 
L.  spadicea  var.  subcongesta  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  202.     1880. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Donner  Lake." 
Torrey. 

Range. — California  northward  and  eastward  to  Washington  and 
Utah? 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey 
541;  above  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7135;  near  Donner  Lake, 
E.  L.  Greene  454;  Tioga  Road  near  Dark  Hole,  Yosemite,  7,700  feet, 
Smiley  877;  Yosemite  Creek,  7,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3458; 
Tioga  Road,  dry  pine  forest,  8,400  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2719c. 


128  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Luzula  divaricata  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  302. 
1879. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  mostly  alpine  from  above 
Mono  Lake  to  Sierra  County." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  central  and  southern  portions. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  815;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  McGregor  182,  186; 
ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7138 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe, 
7,900  feet,  Smiley  153;  above  Summit  Station,  8,500  feet,  E.  L.  Greene 
400;  near  Castle  Peak,  Lemmon  in  1873;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Brewer  2069; 
peak  above  Mono  Lake,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1794;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000 
feet,  Kennedy  1155;  rocky  mountain  slopes  along  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5248 ;  Sawtooth  Peak,  11,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5690 ;  near  Mineral  King,  Coville  and  Funston 
1542. 

5.  Luzula  spicata  var.  nova,  n.  var. 

Differt  a  forma  typica  cum  capsula  segmentis  perianthii  sit  semper 
brevior. 

This  variety,  which  appears  to  be  strictly  west  American,  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  species  by  the  mature  capsule  being  always  shorter 
than  the  segments  of  the  perianth  and  usually  only  one-half  as  long. 
In  the  species,  the  mature  capsule  is  exserted  from  the  perianth. 

"While  the  variety  here  distinguished  has,  so  far  as  known,  no 
other  character  unlike  those  of  the  species,  its  consistent  exhibition 
of  the  critical  character  throughout  its  definite  range  seems  sufficient 
warrant  for  its  proposal.  The  specimen  in  which  the  distinction^  was 
first  recognized  is  Coville  and  Funston  1535  as  represented  in  the 
Gray  Herbarium  and  this  may  be  regarded  as  the  type  sheet. 

Range. — Cordilleran  section  of  the  United  States,  northward  to 
British  Columbia. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Nevada  near  Mineral  King,  Tulare 
County,  Coville  and  Funston  1535 ;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  growing  in  rocky  places,  Purpus  5249;  Mt.  Dana, 
12,200  feet,  Smiley  729. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  129 

4.  Luzula  campestris  var.  congesta   (Thuill.)  Meyer,  Syn.  Luz., 
p.  18.    1823. 

Juncus  congestus  Thuill.,  Fl.  Par.,  ed.  2,  p.  179.     1799. 
Luzula  comosa  var.  congesta  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  203.     1880. 
Junooides  comosum  var.  congestum  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  681. 
1905. 

Range. — In  North  America  in  the  mountains  of  the  Cordilleran 
section  and  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Specimens  examined. — Meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno 
County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  607 ;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Yosemite, 
9,800  feet,  Smiley  791. 

Coville  and  Funston  1553,  from  timber  line  near  Mineral  King, 
Tulare  County,  has  been  referred  to  this  variety,50  but  the  specimen 
is  possibly  too  immature  for  certain  determination. 

4b.  Luzula  campestris  var.  multiflora  (Ehrh.)  Celak.,  Prodr.  Fl. 
Bohm.,  p.  85.    1869. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Newfoundland  and  south  to  Califor- 
nia, Wyoming,  Great  Lakes,  and  Middle  States. 

Specimen  examined. — High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey 
542. 

4c.  Luzula  campestris  var.  comosa   (Meyer)   Fernald  and  Wie- 

gand,  Rhodora,  vol.  15,  p.  41.    1913. 
L.  comosa  var.  subsessilis  Watson,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  203.     1880. 

Range. — In  America  from  the  subarctic  regions  south  in  the  east 
to  Quebec;  in  the  west  to  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Lake  Tenaya,  margin  of  a  stream, 
8,400  feet,  Smiley  862;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Yosemite,  meadow  at  9,800 
feet,  Smiley  792. 

2.  JUNCUS 

Dwarf  annual,  1-2  inches  high 1.  J.  triformis 

Perennials. 

Stems  naked,  terete,  sheathed  at  base;  leaves  terete  or  none;  panicle  lateral 

and  sessile;   flowers  few  (1-4);   low,  high  montane  plants. 
Stems  very  slender,  1  foot  or  less  high  with  inner  sheaths  bristle-tipped; 
spathe   %-l  inch  long,  about  equalling  the  panicle;   anthers  subequal 
to   the   filaments  or   a   little   longer;    capsule   retuse,   included   by   the 

sepals   2.  J.    Drummondii 

Stems  filiform  and  wiry,  3-6  inches  high  with  inner  sheaths  leaf  bearing; 
spathe  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  acute,  exserted  from  the  sepals 3.  J.  Parry! 


130  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Stems  leafy;  inflorescence  terminal. 

Leaves  not   nodulose,   flat   and   grass-like,   neither   equitant   nor   ligulate; 
flowers  capitate  or  clustered. 

Stems  low,  mostly  equalling  the  leaves  or  shorter 4.  J.  obtusatus 

Stems  taller,  exceeding  the  leaves 5.  J.  orthophyllus 

Leaves  nodulose,  compressed  or  flattened  laterally  and  equitant,  ligulate. 
Leaves  lightly  compressed,  subterete,  without  auricles  and  very  narrow; 

stems  %-2  feet  high,  very  slender;  heads  usually  many .". 

6.   J.   nevadensis 

Leaves  obviously  flattened  laterally  and  equitant,  auricled. 

Perianth  segments  pale  and  scarious,  often  obtuse;  heads  1  or  2. 

7.  J.  chlorocephalus 

Perianth  segments  dark  brown  or  purplish  and  usually  acute. 

Heads  solitary,  many  flowered;  stamens  6 8.  J.  Mertensianus 

Heads  5  or  3,  fewer  flowered;  stamens  3 9.  J.  ensifolius 

1.  Juncus   triformis    var.    uniflorus    Engelm.,    Trans.    St.    Louis 

Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  493.    1868. 

J.  uncialis  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  105.     1890. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada  among  mosses." 

Range. — Washington  to  southern  California,  east  to  eastern 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Camp  Agassiz  above  Fallen  Leaf 
Lake,  Tahoe,  6,700  feet,  Smiley  363a;  Tuolumne  meadows,  sandy 
places  on  the  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  739 ;  Upper  Tuolumne, 
Bolander. 

Parish  identifies  Reed  248198  from  Lake  Surprise,  9,000  feet,  San 
Jacinto  Mountains,  as  of  this  species ;  this  is  the  present  known  south- 
ern limit  of  its  range. 

J.  uncialis  Greene  was  described  from  "Low  moist  places  in  fields 
near  Suisun,  California." 

2.  Juncus  Drummondii  E.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.,  Fl.  Ross.,  vol.  4,  p. 

235.    1853. 

J.  subtriflorus  (Mey.)  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  208.     1893. 
J.  compressus  var.  subtriflorus  Meyer,  Linnaea,  vol.  3,  p.  368.     1828. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Unalaschka. ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  New  Mexico.     Eurasia. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Tamarack  trail,  meadow  at  8,400  feet, 
Tahoe,  Smiley  260;  above  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7134;  Dana 
Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,750  feet,  Smiley  848 ;  Mono  trail,  9-10,000 
feet,  Bolander,  August,  1866 ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  9,500  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  27.16c;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  on  a  north 
facing  slope,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  568;  same  locality,  rocks  on  north 
side  of  peak  in  granite,  8,000  feet,  J.  Murdoch  2561;  slope  above 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  131 

Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  613;  Tulare  County, 
Coville  and  Funston  1563. 

The  very  dwarf  var.  Jiumilis  Engelm.  (Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad., 
vol.  2,  p.  445.  1866)  described  from  Mt.  Shasta,  is  not  known  from 
the  Sierra.  Buchenau  (Pflanzeur.,  Bd.  4,  Heft  36,  p.  143)  considers 
it  a  mere  depauperate  form — ' '  Vix  varietas,  sed  forma  parva. ' ' 

3.  Juncus  Parryi  Engelm.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  446. 

1866. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  western  and  north-western  mountains" 
(described  from  Colorado  specimens). 

Range. — Southern  Alaska  (Juneau)  to  mountains  of  southern 
California  and  in  the  Rockies  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  sometimes  in  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey 
536;  Bierstadt  Peak,  Tahoe,  Davy  3220;  Pyramid  Peak  at  summit, 
Talioe,  10,020  feet  and  at  9,600  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4717 ;  Deso- 
lation Valley,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  339 ;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Yosemite, 
rocky  ravine  south  of  the  meadow,  9,900  feet,  Smiley  805 ;  Black  Moun- 
tain, meadows,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  608; 
Sawtooth  Peak,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5689 ; 
basin  of  Upper  Kern  River  near  Langley's  Camp,  11,800  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5544. 

Parish"  reports  this  as  having  been  collected  on  the  summit  of 
Mt.  Grayback,  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  at  11,485  feet,  the  southern 
limit  so  far  as  known. 

4.  Juncus  obtusatus  Engelm.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p. 

495.     1868. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  Big  Tree  Grove,  Mariposa,  California, 
growing  in  large  tufts,  2-3  feet  in  diameter  on  the  sandy  banks  of 
the  streamlets,  alt.  6,500  feet."  Bolander. 

Range. — Sierran  region,  perhaps  in  the  mountains  of  southern 
California. 

Zone. — Transition,  entering  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Big  Tree  Grove,  Bolander;  Sierra 
Buttes,  6,000  feet,  at  Lower  Sardine  Lake,  Hall  and  Babcock  4489, 
doubtfully  referred;  Yosemite,  J.  Muir  in  1875;  Porcupine  Flat, 
Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2735c;  soda  springs  of  Tuolumne, 
Congdon,  August  15,  1894;  Little  Yosemite,  on  Merced  River,  6,700 
feety  R.  A.  Ware  2708c. 


132  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

5.  Juncus  orthophyllus  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  207. 

1893. 

J.  longistylis  var.?  latifolius  Englem.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  496. 

1868. 
J.  latifolius  Buchenau,  Monogr.  Juncac.,  p.  425.     1890. 

Type  locality. — "  Calif ornian  Sierras  on  alpine  meadows  or  along 
rivulets  in  the  Yosemite  Valley  alt.  4000  feet,  Hb.  n.  46 ;  on  the  upper 
Tuolumne,  alt.  10,000  feet,  and  frequent  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
mountains. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  northward  to  British  Columbia. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

No  specimens  of  this  rush  have  been  seen  by  me;  Coville  (I.e.} 
found  a  rush  growing  on  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  which  he 
referred  to  this  species ;  it  formed  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  meadow 
vegetation. 

6.  Juncus  nevadensis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  303. 

1879. 

J.   phaeoceplialus  var.   graoilis  Engelm.,   Trans.    St.   Louis   Aead.,   vol.    2, 
p.   209.      1868. 

Type  locality. — "Frequent  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Kern 
County  (Rothrock)  to  Oregon." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  southern  Cascades. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Independence  Lake,  Sierra  County,  7,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4541 ;  Lake  Tahoe  to  Bear  Valley,  Bolander, 
Kellogg  and  Co.  in  1866;  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey 
535;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  114;  Tamarack  trail, 
Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  259 ;  Castle  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley 
471;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  10,^1890; 
Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3492 ;  Tuolumne 
meadows,  open  ground  at  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2724c ;  between  Lake 
Tenaya  and  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  705;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5617;  near 
Whitney  meadows,  Coville  and  Funston  1721 ;  Kern  River,  9,800  feet, 
Rothrock  382. 

7.  Juncus  chlorocephalus  Engelm.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2, 

p.  485.    1868. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  higher  mountains  of  California." 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 
Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  133 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Heller 
7118;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  596;  meadow 
near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909;  Fallen  Leaf, 
6,400  feet,  Hall  8776 ;  between  Suzy  and  Heather  Lakes,  Tahoe,  8,800 
feet,  Smiley  286;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  23;  Ebbett's  Pass, 
Brewer  1992;  vicinity  Lake  Tenaya,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3636;  near  Mt.  Dana,  dry  places,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1804;  Lake 
Tenaya  trail,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  13-14,  1894;  Tioga  Road, 
Yosemite,  near  White  Wolf,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  88. 

8.  Juncus  Mertensianus  Bong.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI,  vol. 

2,  p.  167.    1833. 

Type  locality. — Sitka. 

Range. — Unalaska  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Smiley 
346 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  80 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe, 
meadow  at  8,200  feet,  Smiley  51;  east  side  of  Mt.  Rose,  8,450  feet, 
Heller  10946a;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander,  September,  1866;  Mt.  Dana, 
Congdon,  August  10,  1898. 

9.  Juncus  ensifolius  Wiks.,  Congl.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  2,  p. 

274.    1823. 

J.  xiphioides  var.  triandrus  Engelm.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  482. 

1868. 
J.  xiphioides  var.  macranthus  Engelm.,  I.e. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  southern  Alaska  to  California  in  the 
Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Shores  of  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,900  feet, 
Smiley  278. 

Juncus  oalticus  var.  montanus  Engelm.  (Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad., 
vol.  2,  p.  446.  1866),  a  dwarf  variety  of  the  common  lowland  species 
and  itself  mainly  of  the  Transition  zone,  has  been  collected  in  the 
higher  mountains :  Coville  reports  what  is  probably  this  variety  from 
Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  at  3,000  m.  (Contr.  Nat.  Herb., 
vol.  4,  p.  204.  1893). 


134  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL-  9 


13.  LILIACEAE    (LILY  FAMILY) 

Leaves  mainly  or  entirely  radical,  the  stems  being  scapes  or  scapose. 
Style  1,  sometimes  trifid  at  the  summit. 

Flowers  with  scarious  bracts  and  persistent  perianth. 
Flowers  in  terminal  umbels. 

Perianth  segments  united  at  base  into  a  tube;  plants  with  corms 

1.  Brodiaea 

Perianth  segments  distinctly  inserted  on  the  receptable;   plants  with 

tunicated  bulbs  2.  Allium 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme 3.  Camassia 

Flowers  bractless  or  the  bracts  foliaceous  and  perianth  caducous. 
Perianth  segments  of  two  sorts,  the  outer  smaller  and  foliaceous 

4.   Calochortus 

Perianth  segments  all  alike. 

Filaments  naked 5.  Erythronium 

Filaments  with  dense  yellow  wool 6.  Narthecium 

Styles  3,  distinct  to  the  ovary. 

Stem  glandular-pubescent  rising  from  a  rootstock 7.  Tofieldia 

Stems  glabrous,  from  a  tunicated  bulb 8.  Zygadenus 

Plants   with    well    developed   cauline    leaves    (the    uppermost    in    Xerophyllum 
reduced  to  bracts). 

Leaves  2-ranked;  fruit  a  berry 9.  Smilacina 

Leaves  whorled  or  in  spirals;  fruit  a  capsule. 
Styles  distinct. 

Leaves  broad,  entire,  not  rigid 10.  Veratrum 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  serrulate,  and  rigid 11.  Xerophyllum 

Styles  united  (i.e.  simple). 

Nectary  a  shallow  pit;  flowers  purplish-mottled 12.  Fritillaria 

Nectary  a  linear  groove;  flowers  white  or  orange 13.  Lilium 

1.  BRODIAEA 

Filaments  broadened  at  base,  their  form  deltoid 1.  B.  ixioides 

Filaments  filiform   2.  B.   gracilis 

1.  Brodiaea  ixioides  Wats.,   Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.   14,   p.   238. 
1879. 

Ornithogalum  ixioides  Ait.,  Hort.  Kew.,  vol.  2,  p.  257.     1789. 

Calliprora  lutea  Lindl.,  Bot.  Beg.,  t.  1590.    1833.    Hook.,  Bot.  Mag.,  t.  3588, 

1837. 
Calliprora  aurantea  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  20.     1860? 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Southern  California  northward  through  the  Sierra  to 
Oregon.  Washington? 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  8;  Glen 
Alpine,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,500 
feet,  Smiley  113 ;  between  Lake  Tenaya  and  Tuolumne  meadows  in 
moist  pine  forest,  8,800  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2665c;  near  Lake  Tenaya, 
8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3522;  woods  near  Lake  Tenaya,  8,200 
feet,  Smiley  693;  below  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  176; 
high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  517a;  Peregoy's,  above 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  135 

Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872  (a  doubtful  form  and  perhaps  better 
referred  to  the  following  variety)  ;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
open  woods,  9,300  feet,  Purpus  5139;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  Culbertson  (B4429). 

la.  Brodiaea  ixioides  var.  scabra  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 
Calliprora  scabra  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  126.     1895. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Same  as  the  species. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,800  feet, 
Hall  9350 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  glacial  valley  on  east  side,  8,800  feet,  Smiley 
98;  Desolation  Valley,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  348;  Gilmore's  Lake,  Tallac, 
C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895;  base  of  Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite  (collector 
not  given)  ;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1775; 
between  Lake  Tenaya  and  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  707 ; 
Lake  Tenaya,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  689. 

This  variety  commonly  grows  at  slightly  higher  levels  than  is 
normal  for  the  species,  though  occasionally  both  forms  will  be  found 
growing  together. 

2.  Brodiaea  gracilis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  238. 
1879. 

Type  locality. — "On  Spanish  Peak,  Plumas  County."  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Desolation  Valley,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900 ; 
near  Gold  Lake,  Plumas  County,  near  the  base  of  Spanish  Peak,  Mrs. 
R.  M.  Austin  in  1877 ;  vicinity  of  Lake  Tenaya,  8,300  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3523. 

2.  ALLIUM 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth  segments  and  included  by  them;  scape  terete. 

Capsule  not  crested. 

Bracts  3;  leaves  usually  2 1.  A.  tribracteatum 

Bracts  2;  leaf  solitary 2.  A.  ambiguum 

Capsule  conspicuously  crested;  leaves  several. 

Filaments  broadened  at  the  base 3.  A.  bisceptrum 

Filaments  filiform  4.  A.  campanulatum 

Stamens  longer  than  the  perianth  segments  and  exserted. 

Scape  very  stout,  somewhat  angled,  1-3  feet  high 5.  A.  validum 

Scape  very  slender,  much  compressed  and   2-edged,  3-5   inches  high 
^*. 6.  A.  platycaule 


136  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

1.  Allium  tribracteatum  Torr.,  in  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  4,  p.  148. 

1857. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Hillsides,  Duffield  's  Ranch,  Sierra  Nevada. ' ' 

Range. — Central  Sierra,  Mono  County  to  Plumas  County;  also  in 
Tulare  County. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  9,000  feet,  Bolander  in  1872 ;  trail  to 
Mt.  Tallac  above  Glen  Alpine,  7,200  feet,  Reed  and  Pendleton  1650 ; 
peak  above  Mono  Lake,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1799 ;  Mt.  Surprise,  Mari- 
posa  County,  Congdon,  August  11,  1890;  Pana  Fork  meadows, 
Yosemite,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  855. 

The  extension  of  the  range  to  Tulare  County  is  not  based  upon 
specimens  seen  by  me  but  is  founded  upon  Coville's  statement50  that 
Coville  and  Funston  1543  is  of  this  species. 

2.  Allium  ambiguum  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  10,  p.  18. 

1902. 

Type  locality. — "Growing  on  alpine  ridges  at  Summit,  Calif." 

Range. — Mountains  of  Modoc  County  southward  through  the 
Sierra,  perhaps  to  southern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Summit,  Jones  6660  (type  collec- 
tion) ;  shoulder  of  Mt.  Ralston,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Setchell  and  Dobie, 
July,  1901;  Cisco,  Placer  County,  A.  R.  Valentin,  June,  1914;  sum- 
mit between  Lake  Lucile  and  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  M.  S.  Baker, 
July  17,  1904. 

3.  Allium  bisceptrum  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  351,  t.  37. 

1871. 

Type  locality. — "On  stream  banks  in  the  mountains,  from  the 
Trinity  to  the  East  Humboldt  Ranges,  Nevada,  and  in  the  Wahsatch ; 
6-7,500  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Nevada,  9,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene 
387 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  13,  1895. 

4.  Allium  campamilatum  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  231. 

1879. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada  (Mariposa  to  Plumas  Counties: 
n.  4943  Bolander;  Mrs.  M.  E.  P.  Ames)." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  137 

Range. — Sierra  to  Mt.  Shasta  and  on  the  inner  side  of  the  North 
Coast  Ranges  (Tehama  County). 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Ames  in  1875 ;  ridge 
south  of  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Heller  7155;  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
Tahoe,  7,850  feet,  McGregor  42;  Mt.  Blwell,  Plumas  County,  6,900 
feet,  Hall  9338* ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  13* ;  Mt. 
Bullion,  Mariposa  County,  Bolander  4943 ;  Gravelly  slopes  near  Lake 
Lucile,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4667;  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901* ;  near  Marlette 
Peak,  east  side  Lake  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4590*; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  709;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  9,000  feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  4,  1905. 

Dr.  H.  M.  Hall  has  pointed  out  (Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p. 
196.  1912)  some  of  the  numerous  intergrades  between  typical  A.  cam- 
panulatum  and  the  dwarf  form  of  the  higher  mountains,  which  was 
described  by  Watson  as  A.  Bidwelliae  (I.e.)  and  has  shown  that  it  is 
impossible  to  maintain  the  latter  species  distinct.  Among  the  speci- 
mens cited  above,  those  marked  *  are  of  the  dwarf  form. 

5.  Allium  validum  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  350.    1871. 
Type  locality. — "From  Mono  Pass." 

Range. — California  to  Washington  and  Idaho,  east  to  the  ranges 
of  eastern  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  683;  Silver  Lake, 
Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  139;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,200 
feet,  McGregor  95 ;  Marshy  ravine  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,700 
feet,  Smiley  315;  above  Mono  trail,  Bolander  6248  (type);  saddle 
between  Mt.  Dana  and  Mt.  Gibbs,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889 ; 
South  Fork  of  San  Joaquin,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  655 ;  Coyote 
Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4363);  Mineral  King,  Brande- 
gee, July  27,  1892;  Mt.  Brewer,  Brewer  2824;  Hockett  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5621;  Alta  meadows, 
10,000  feet,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  6,  1905. 

6.  Allium  platycaule  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  234. 

1879. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada  (high  valleys,  Placer  to  Plumas 
Counties)." 

Range. — Northern  Sierra  Nevada. 
Zone. — Canadian. 


138  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Bear  Valley,  8,000  feet,  Bolander  in  1873 ; 
Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  in  1873 ;  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  close 
to  snow  among  rocks,  Jones ;  ridge  east  of  Red  Clover  Valley,  Heller 
and  Kennedy  723;  near  Squaw  Peak,  Placer  County,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr., 
July,  1895. 

Allium  obtusum  Lemmon,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  69.  1890,  said  to  be 
near  A.  nevadense  Wats,  and  A.  tribracteatum  Torr.  and  described  as 
being  "Rare  in  the  subalpine  region  of  Gold  Lake,  Plumas  County," 
where  the  type  was  collected  by  Lemmon,  June  26,  1889,  is  unknown 
to  me  nor  have  I  been  able  to  find  any  specimens  referable  to  it  by 
character. 

The  statement  made  by  Professor  M.  E.  Jones  (Contr.  W.  Coast 
Bot.,  vol.  10,  p.  8.  1902)  that  A.  haematochiton  Wats,  grows  at  Soda 
Springs,  Nevada  County,  a  station  within  our  region,  is  certainly  an 
error;  this  species  is  only  known  from  the  southern  Coast  Ranges 
(Ojai  Valley)  and  southern  California. 

3.  CAMASSIA 

1.  Camassia  quamash   (Pursh.)   Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 
vol.  11,  p.  64.     1897. 

Phalangium  quamasli  Pursh.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  226.    1914. 
Camassia  esculenta  LindL,  Bot.  Reg.,  voL  18,  t.  1486.     1832. 

Type  locality. — Near  Weippe,  Idaho. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana,  south  to  California  and 
Utah. 

Zone. — Transition,  entering  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Kennedy  and  Doten  149 ; 
bog  in  Little  Yosemite  Valley,  6,300  feet,  Hall  9047. 

4.  CALOCHORTUS 

Leaf  solitary,  flat,  much  exceeding  the  scape;  anthers  mucronate  at  the  tip, 
scarcely  sagittate  at  base 1.  C.  nudus 

Leaves  2-several,  narrow,  re  volute,  shorter  than  the  scape;  anthers  sagittate 
at  base  2.  C.  NuttaUii 

1.  Calochortus  nudus  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  263. 
1879. 

C.  elegans  var.  subclavatus  Baker,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  (Bot.),  vol.  14,  p.  305. 
1875. 

Type  locality. — "California  (in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Yosemite  Val- 
ley to  Plumas  County;  n.  1986,  Hartweg)." 

Range. — Mt.  Shasta  to  Tulare  County  through  the  Sierra. 
Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  139 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  in  1876 ; 
Glen  Alpine,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Lake  of  the  "Woods, 
Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  58 ;  Desolation  Valley,  7,500  feet,  McGregor 
163 ;  Duffield  's  Ranch,  Bigelow ;  Meadow  back  of  Glacier  Point, 
Yosemite,  A.  Graef  in  1872;  Hockett  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500 
feet,  in  grass  beneath  pines,  Hall  and  Chandler  4754;  Tioga  Road, 
Yosemite,  marshy  meadow  near  Aspen  Valley,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  908. 

2.  Calochortus  Nuttallii  var.  Leichtlinii  (Hook.),  comb.  nov. 

C.  Leichtlinii  Hook.,  Bot.  Mag.,  vol.  96,  t.  5862.     1870. 
C.  Nuttallii  var.  subalpinus  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  12,  p.   78. 
1908. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Jameson  Creek,  Plumas  County,  6,300  feet, 
Hall  9311;  southeastern  approaches  to  Castle  Peak,  Heller  7062; 
Blue  Lakes,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  1252;  near  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,600 
feet,  Smiley  167 ;  Tallac  sawmill,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  141 ;  Glen 
Alpine,  Dudley,  June  28,  1900;  Caple's  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500 
feet,  Hansen  587 ;  peak  south  of  Sonora  Pass,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1923 ; 
Ebbett's  Pass,  9-12,000  feet,  Brewer  1993;  Tioga  Road  west  of  Lake 
Tenaya,  Yosemite,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  585;  Volcano  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5426. 

Typical  C.  Nuttallii  T.  and  G.  is  a  widely  ranging  species  in  west- 
ern North  America  while  this  variety,  distinguished  by  the  paler 
colored  flowers  and  anthers  more  or  less  sagittate  at  base,  is  strictly 
of  the  Sierran  region  and  is  found  at  a  higher  level  than  the  species. 

5.  ERYTHEONIUM 

1.  Erythronium  purpurascens  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  12, 

p.  277.     1877. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada:  near  Downieville,  Sierra 
Co.,  and  frequent  in  Plumas  Co." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  in  1876 ; 
Downieville,  Dr.  J.  M.  Bigelow  (type)  ;  near  snowbank  on  north  side 
of  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  8,200  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr. 
554:  Mt.  Moses,  Tulare  County,  rocky  places,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus 
1341. 


140  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

6.  NARTHECIUM 

1.  Narthecium  californicum  Baker,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.,  vol.  15,  p. 
351.    1876. 

N.  ossifragum  var.  occidentale  A.  Gray,  in  Bolander,  PI.  Calif.,  p.  15.    1870. 
Abama-Abama  calif ornioa  Heller,  Cat.  N.  Am.  PL,  p.  36.     1898. 

Type  locality. — "Swamps  at  Eed  Mountains."  (Mendocino 
County.) 

Range. — In  the  Sierra  north  from  the  Yosemite  region  and  in  the 
North  Coast  Ranges  of  California,  extending  into  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  585;  side  of 
Downieville  Peak,  Lemmon,  September,  1877;  Tuolumne  Canon, 
Yosemite,  7,500  feet,  F.  M.  Reed,  July  21,  1911  (U.  C.  no.  161233). 

7.  TOFIELDIA 

1.  Tofieldia  occidentalis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  283. 
1879. 

Type  locality. — "N.  California  (Mendocino  County,  n.  1022  Kell. 
&  Harf.)  to  Washington  Territory  (Cascade  Mountains,  Lyall)." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  states. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Half-moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  Mc- 
Gregor 63;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August 
1,  1895;  Gilbert  Lake  and  Kearsarge  Pass,  Tulare  County,  S.  W. 
Austin  367 ;  wet  meadows  on  Little  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus 
5232;  along  streams  on  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  8458. 

While  this  species  can  usually  be  separated  without  difficulty  from 
T.  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.  of  the  east,  I  am  at  a  loss  in  trying  to  find 
characters  by  which  T.  intermedia  Rydb.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol. 
27,  p.  528.  1900)  can  be  distinguished  from  Dr.  Watson's  species; 
certainly  those  differences  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Rydberg  as  distinguish- 
ing his  species  from  the  eastern  T.  glutinosa  are  precisely  those  defin- 
ing T.  occidentalis. 

8.  ZYGADENTJS 

1.  Zygadenus  venenosus  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14,  p.  279. 

1879. 

Type  locality. — Not  given ;  Monterey  County  according  to  the  label 
on  the  type  collection  by  Brewer. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  th&  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  141 

Range. — California  to  British  Columbia  and  western  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878;  Sil- 
ver Lake,  2,000  feet,  Hansen  584;  meadow  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake, 
Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909 ;  Half  Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4691 ;  Lily  Lake  meadow,  Tahoe,  6,700  feet, 
Smiley  393 ;  Yosemite  Valley  and  mountains,  Torrey  514 ;  meadows 
along  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9-9,500  feet,  Purpus  1817. 

9.  SMILACINA 

Eaceme  simple;  stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth  segments  their  filaments 
slender  1.  S.  sessilifolia 

Eaceme  compound  (inflorescence  paniculate) ;  stamens  exceeding  the  perianth 
segments,  their  filaments  broadened 2.  S.  amplexicaulis 

1.  Smilacina  sessilifolia  Nutt.,  in  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  14, 

p.  245.    1879. 

Vagnera  sessilifolia  Greene,  Man.  Bay  Eegion,  p.  316.     1894. 
Tovaria  sessilifolia  Baker,  Jour.  Linn.  Soe.,  vol.  14,  p.  566.     1875. 
Smilaoina  stellata  sessilifolia  Henderson,   Bull.   Torr.   Bot.   Club,  vol.   27, 
p.  358.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "America  borealis  occidentalis  a  Columbia  brit- 
tanica  ad  Calif orniam  et  Mexicum  Novum. " 

Range. — Throughout  the  Cordilleran  section  and  west  to  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specim&ns  examined. — Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  99 ;  Porcu- 
pine Flat,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2651c;  Long  Canon, 
Tulare  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5300;  Natural  Bridge, 
Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4362). 

2.  Smilacina  amplexicaulis  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  vol.  7,  p.  58. 

1834. 

S.  racemosa  var.  amplexicaulis  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.   345.     1871. 
Vagnera  amplexicaulis  Greene,  Man.  Bay  Eegion,  p.   316.     1894. 
Vagnera  pallescens  Greene,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1895,  p.  551.     1896. 
Vagnera  brachypetala  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  268.    1901. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  the  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  about  the 
sources  of  the  Columbia  River. ' '  Wyeth. 

Range. — Throughout  the  Cordilleran  section  and  west  to  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 


142  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Independence  Lake,  Dudley,  June  19,  1900 ; 
Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet,  McGregor  89 ;  near  Glen  Alpine  Springs, 
Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen  581;  Mt.  Raymond,  Madera  County,  in  summit 
rocks,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  546* ;  Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet, 
Hall  9320*;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  7,900  feet,  Smiley 
562;  South  Fork  of  Kaweah  River,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Cul- 
bertson  (B4252). 

Unifolium  lilaceum  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  281.  1889),  described 
as  "A  species  inhabiting  the  higher  Sierra  in  California,  extending 
northward  indefinitely, ' '  is  unknown  to  me  in  authentic  specimens : 
Greene  (I.e.}  compares  it  to  8.  sessilifolium,  which  he  claims  is  con- 
fined to  the  Coast  Range,  while  Wooton  and  Standley  (Contr.  Nat. 
Herb.,  vol.  19,  p.  139.  1915)  find  no  constant  character  by  which  it 
may  be  distinguished  from  8.  stellata  Desf. 


10.  VEEATRUM 

1.  Veratrum  californicum  Durand,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  II,  vol.  3, 
p.  103.     1855. 

V.  speciosum  Kydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  27,  p.  531.     1900. 

Type  locality. — Not  given;  the  type  collected  by  Pratten  near 
Nevada  City  on  Deer  Creek. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  and  northern  Rockies,  perhaps  south  to 
Chihuahua. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specim&ns  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  in  1878; 
Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1194;  about  Marlette  Lake,  east  of 
Tahoe,  2460  m.,  Baker  1864 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet, 
E.  Mulliken  134;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4697;  same  locality,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  50;  high  ridge  above 
Donner  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Heller  7177;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow, 
Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  67;  Grizzly  meadow,  near  Little  Shuteye 
Pass,  Madera  County,  6,000  feet,  Abrams  4926 ;  Summit,  Mrs.  Brande- 
gee,  July  15,  1908;  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet, 
Culbertson  (B4322). 


*  These  collections  represent  a  form  in  the  higher  mountains  in  which  the 
usual  hispid  pubescence  is  nearly  or  entirely  wanting,  but  plants  from  intermediate 
levels  show  all  possible  gradations  between  the  extremes. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  143 

11.  XEROPHYLLUM 

1.  Xerophyllum  tenax  Nutt.,  Gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  235.    1818. 

Helonias  tenax  Pursh.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  245.     1814. 

Xerophyllum  Douglasii  Rydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  92.     1900, 
not  of  Wats. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  high  lands  near  the  Rocky  Mountains." 
Lewis. 

Range. — Southeastern  Alaska  to  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Coast  Range,  east  to  Montana. 

Zone. — Canadian  in  our  range. 

Specimens  examined. — High  mountains  of  Plumas  County,  Mrs. 
Austin  in  1876;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  1056. 

12.  FBITILLARIA 

1.  Fritillaria  gracillima,  sp.  nov. 

Bulbus  parvulus,  squamis  carnosis.  Caulis  simplex,  gracillimus, 
foliatus  20-30  cm.  altus,  decumbens.  Folia  anguste  linearia  (4-6  cm. 
longa,  2.5-3.5  mm.  lata) ,  apicibus  recurvis.  Flos  solitarius,  terminalis : 
segmenta  periaiithii  subequalia,  ovata  sed  abrupte  acuminata  (12-14 
mm.  longa,  6.5  mm.  lata),  involuta,  in  unguem  contracta.  Stamina 
vix  basi  segmentorum  perianthii  affixa:  filamentis  filiformis  sed  basi 
leviter  dilatatis.  Styli  ad  apicem  paene  ovarii  distincti,  filiformis, 
superiore  styli  quarta  parte  stigmatosa.  Fructus  incognitus. 

(Bulb  small,  formed  of  a  few  fleshy  scales.  Stems  simple,  very 
slender,  20-30  cm.  long,  decumbent.  Leaves  all  alternate,  4-6  cm.  long, 
2.5-3.5  mm.  broad,  narrowly  linear  or  gramineous  with  recurving  tips, 
green  and,  like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  completely  glabrous.  Flowers 
solitary,  terminal  the  perianth  segments  clawed  at  base  and  abruptly 
acuminate  at  the  apex.  Stamens  hardly  attached  to  the  base  of  the 
perianth  segments  with  slender  filaments,  which  broaden  slightly 
below.  Styles  free  nearly  to  the  top  of  the  ovary,  the  stigmatic  portion 
forming  about  ^4  their  length.  Fruit  unknown.) 

Type  collected  on  Mt.  Lyell,  Yosemite  National  Park,  in  the  alpine 
zone  and  found  growing  on  a  north  slope  at  10,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3562,  July  18,  1902. 

This  alpine  Fritillaria  has  its  nearest  ally  in  F.  atropurpurea  Nutt. 
but  differs  from  that  species  in  the  very  slender  habit,  reclining  stems, 
gramineous  leaves,  none  of  which  are  verticillate,  the  single-flowered 
stems  and  deeply  divided  style.  The  other  species  of  the  genus  found 
in  the  Sierra,  F.  pinetorum  Davidson,  is  glaucous,  thick-stemmed,  and 
has  an  inflorescence  of  several  darker  colored  flowers;  it  is  as  yet 
only  known  from  the  Yellow  Pine  belt  of  the  southern  Sierras  and 
Tehachapi  Mountains. 


144  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

13.  LILIUM 

1.  Lilium  parvnm  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  179,  fig. 
12.    1862. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Camp,  Kellogg,  July  14,  1870; 
high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  526;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County, 
7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  140;  Cisco,  Placer  County,  Hall  8755;  Grass 
Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  2;  Blue  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  593;  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6995;  between  Fallen  Leaf  Lake 
and  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909;  below  Lucile 
Ridge,  Eldorado  County,  Dudley,  June,  1900 ;  Lily  Lake  marsh,  6,700 
feet,  Smiley  314. 

la.  Lilium  parvum  var.  luteum  Purdy,  Erythea,  vol.  5,  p.  105. 
1897.  ' 

Type  locality. — "Plumas  County."    Mrs.  Austin. 

Range. — Apparently  to  the  south  of  the  specific  range  for  the  most 
part. 

Specimens  examined. — Butterfly  Valley,  Plumas  County,  3,800 
feet,  Hall  9273;  Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4333)  ; 
Hockett's  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4296). 

This  variety  is  very  doubtfully  worthy  of  taxonomic  recognition 
since  its  only  character  is  the  revolute  shape  to  the  petals. 

Hansen100  says  that  he  noted  two  forms  of  L.  parvum  in  the  central 
Sierra:  a  small  pale  green  plant  with  few  (2-7)  flowers,  and*-  large 
robust  form  with  dark  foliage  and  having  an  inflorescence  of  20-50 
flowers.  These  forms  I  have  not  been  able  to  discriminate  among  the 
specimens  cited  above  though  according  to  Hansen  they  are  very 
different  in  appearance  and  with  consistent  character. 

Lilium  Washingtonianum  Kellogg  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p. 
13.  1863),  the  most  beautiful  of  the  wild  lilies  of  California,  grows 
in  the  chaparral  of  the  upper  Transition  and  occasionally  encroaches 
upon  our  lower  borders  (east  slope  Cathedral  Peak,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet, 
Smiley  212). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  145 

14.  IEIDACEAE  (!RIS  FAMILY) 
1.  SISYRINCHIUM 

Ovary  glabrous;  flowers  yellow 1.  S.  ELmeri 

Ovary  sparsely  glandular-hairy;   flowers  purple 2.  S.  oreophilum 

1.  Sisyrinchium  Elmeri  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  106.    1890. 
Type  locality. — "Lake  Eleanor,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada."   .Yosemite. 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Eleanor,  Yosemite,  Chestnut  and 
Drew,  June  28,  1889  (co-type)  ;  Yosemite  and  Wawona  Turnpike, 
Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  June  5,  1897 ;  wet  meadows  on  Little 
Kern  River,  10,000  feet,  Purpus  5237  and  2020.  Miss  Eastwood3  noted 
this  species  along  Bubb  's  Creek,  Tulare  County. 

2.  Sisyrinchium  oreophilum  Bicknell,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol. 

31,  p.  381.    1904. 

Type  locality. — "Mariposa  County:  Yosemite  Valley." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Specimens  examined. — Yosemite  Valley,  7,600  feet,  F.  T.  Bioletti, 
May-June,  1900 ;  South  Fork  San  Joaquin  River,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  652. 

Very  doubtfully  distinct  from  the  common  S.  bellum  "Wats. 

15.  ORCHIDACEAE  (ORCHIS  FAMILY) 

Leaves  2,  somewhat  orbicular;  flowers  greenish  with  a  conspicuous  flat  2-lobed 

lower  lip 1.  Listera 

Leaves  several  to  many,  several  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Flowers  in  a  twisted  spike;  none  of  the  petals  spurred 2.  Spiranthes 

Flowers  in  a  stright  spike  or  raceme;  lower  petal  with  a  slender  spur  at  base. 
3.    Habenaria 

1.  LISTERA 
1.  Listera  convallarioides  Torr.,  Fl.  N.  U.  S.,  p.  320.     1826. 

Epipactis  convallarioides   Swartz,   Kongl.   Vet.   Akad.    Handl.    Stockh.    II, 

vol.  21,  p.  232.     1800. 

Listera  Esclisclioltziana  O.  and  S.,  Linnaea,  vol.  3,  p.  33.     1828. 
Ophrys  convaUarioides  W.  F.  Wight,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  32,  p.  380. 

1905. 

Type  locality. — "E.  Terra  Nova  Amer.  sept." 
Range. — Newfoundland   to   Alaska,   south   to   northern  Vermont, 
Great  Lakes,  Colorado,  and  California. 
~Zane. — Transition  and  Canadian. 


146  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Upper  end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6996 ;  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor  37;  near  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe, 
marshy  woods,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  317 ;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
J.  Muir  in  1873. 

2.  SPIBANTHES 

1.  Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana  Cham.,  Linnaea,  vol.  3,  p.  32.    1828. 

Gyrostachys  romanzoffiana  MacM.,  Met.  Minn.,  p.  171.     1892. 
Gyrostaohys  stricta  Bydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  107.     1900. 
Ibidium  romanzoffiana  (Cham.)  House,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  129.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "In  alveo  turfuso  convallium  infimorum  Un- 
alascheae  passim." 

Range. — Subarctic  America  from  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Connecticut,  Great  Lakes,  Colorado,  and  California.  In  New  Mex- 
ico (Wooton  and  Standley,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  19,  p.  154.  1915). 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

'  Specimens  examined. — Lake  Valley,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Abrams 
4777;  vicinity  of  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor  211; 
high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  509 ;  Cascade  Mountains, 
Tahoe,  Chestnut  and  Drew,  August  8,  1890;  Hopkins  Creek  above 
Yosemite,  Lemmon  in  1873 ;  Tioga  Road  above  Aspen  Valley,  Yosem- 
ite,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  898 ;  Billy  Brown  meadows,  6,500  feet,  Shuteye 
Mountain,  Madera  County,  J.  Murdoch  Jr.,  1551;  region  of  Dinkey 
Creek,  Hall  and  Chandler  569;  Hockett  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5626 ;  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
in  granite  sand  and  gravel  all  about  the  meadows  and  above  timber 
line,  Coville  and  Funston  1633 ;  northwest  of  Whitney  meadows  along 
North  Fork  of  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  V.  Bailey  1713. 

% 
3.  HABENARIA 

Flowers  shorter  than  the  bracts;  plants  of  moist  places. 

Flowers  greenish;    spike  loosely  flowered 1.  H.   sparsiflora 

Flowers  white;  spike  densely  flowered 2.  H.  dilatata  var.  leucostachys 

Flowers  much  longer  than  the  bracts;  plants  of  dry  places  ....3.  H.  unalaschensis 

1.  Habenaria  sparsiflora  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  12,  p.  276. 

1877. 

Limnorchis  sparsiflora   (S.  Wats.)    Eydb.,  Bull.   Torr.  Bot.   Club,  vol.  28, 
p.  631.     1901. 

Type  locality. — "Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains 
of  northern  California." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  147 

Range. — California  north  to  Oregon  and  east  to  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Donner  Lake,  Torrey  511;  Half- 
Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4700;  Mt.  Dyer, 
Plumas  County,  Mrs.  K.  M.  Austin,  July,  1879 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosem- 
ite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  691 ;  same  locality,  8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3510;  above  soda  springs  of  the  San  Joaquin,  Congdon,  August  14, 
1899;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  on  Monache  Creek,  8,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5269;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  8,100 
feet,  Smiley  567. 

2.  Habenaria  dilatata  var.  leucostachys  (Lindl.)  0.  Ames,  Orchid., 

vol.  4,  p.  71.    1910. 

Platanthera  leitcostachys  Lindl.,  Gen.  and  Sp.  Orchid.  PL,  p.  288.     1835. 
Habenaria  leucostachys  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  134.     1880. 
Limnorcliis  leucostachys   (Lindl.)    Kydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.   1, 
p.  106.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  ora  occidental!  Americae  septentrion- 
alis." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  southern  California,  east  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1877 ; 
Cisco,  Kellogg,  June  21,  1870;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200 
feet,  E.  Mulliken  141;  lower  end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6919;  Half- 
Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4699 ;  meadows  near 
Meisner's  sheep-ranch,  Eldorado  County,  7,600  feet,  Brainerd,  July 
17,  1897;  Hopkins  Creek  above  Yosemite,  Lemmon  in  1873;  trail  to 
Clouds'  Rest,  Yosemite,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  495;  Mineral  King,  Tulare 
County,  8-9,000  feet,  Dr.  E.  Palmer  223;  same  locality,  Eastwood, 
July  13,  1903 ;  near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  193. 

3.  Habenaria  unalaschensis   (Spreng.)   Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad., 

vol.  12,  p.  277.    1877. 
Spiranthes  unalaschensis  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  3,  p.  708.     1826.* 

Type  locality. — "Ins.  Aleut." 

Range. — Alaska  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  south  in  the  west 
to  southern  California  and  Wyoming. 
Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 


*  For  complete  synonymy  see  Ames,  The  Genus  Habenaria  in  North  America, 
Orcildaceae,  fasc.  4.     1910,  Boston. 


148  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Woods  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss 
Lathrop,  July  22,  1909 ;  near  Glen  Alpine  on  trail  to  Suzy  Lake,  7,800 
feet,  Smiley  194;  above  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  near  Camp  Agassiz  under 
Juniperus  occidentalis,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  358 ;  near  Tamarack 
Flat,.  Yosemite,  6,500  feet,  Abrams  4887 ;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  dry 
fir  forests,  6,800  feet,  Hall  9184;  above  Sonora  Pass,  Brewer  1933; 
slope  above  Home  Camp  meadow,  Fresno  County,  6,900  feet,  Smiley 
651 ;  General  Grant  National  Park,  Brandegee,  July  20,  1892 ;  North 
Fork  of  King's  River,  Tulare  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
554. 

The  Ghost  Orchid — Cephalanthera  Austinae  (Gray)  Heller — and 
Corallorhiza  multiflora  Nutt.  are  sometimes  taken  above  our  lower 
limits. 


16.  SALICACEAE  (WILLOW  FAMILY) 

Scales  entire  or  merely  toothed,  persistent;  stamens  (in  ours)  not  more  than  2; 

stigmas  short;  buds  with  several  scales 1.  Salix 

Scales  lacerate,   caducous;    stamens  more  than   6,  usually   numerous;    stigmas 

elongated;  buds  with  a  single  scale 2.  Populus 

1.  SALIX 

Low  depressed  alpine  dwarfs  with  creeping  branches  rooting  at  the  nodes  and 

with  short   (1.5-3  inch)   erect  leafy  branches  bearing  the  catkins. 
Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  equally  green  on  both  sides  with  margins  plane, 
not  at   all  rugose   above;    scales   of  the  aments   dark  brown   to   black, 

densely  hirsute 1.  S.  tenera 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  suborbicular,  obtuse  or  retuse,  with  margins  often 
revolute,  dark  green  and  somewhat  rugose  above,  very  glaucous  below; 

scales  of  the  aments  light  yellow,  nearly  glabrous 2.  S.  nivalis 

Taller  shrubs  with  ascending  or  erect  branches   (at  least  not  creeping). 

Twigs  and  smaller  branches  covered  with  a  pruinose  bloom;  leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  silky-sericeous,  becoming  glabrate  and  green  above;  style  obsolete 

and  stigma  appearing  sessile 3.  S.  macrocarpa 

Twigs  and  branches  yellowish-green  or  brown,  not  pruinose. 

Ovary  and  capsule  always  glabrous 4.  S.  cordata  var.  Watsoni 

Ovary  and  capsule  pubescent,  at  least  at  first. 

Pistillate  catkins   short,   densely  flowered,   subglobose  when   mature,   on 
very   short   nearly   leafless   branches    and   appearing   sessile;    leaves 

M>-1  inch  long,  glabrous  and  bright  green  above 5.  S.  monica 

Pistillate  catkins  elongate-cylindrical,  obviously  pedunculate. 
Stamens  2,  the  filaments  distinct. 

Leaves  early  glabrate  and  green  on  both  sides;  pistillate  catkins 
short  peduncled,  their  scales  very  dark;  styles  short  or  some- 
times nearly  obsolete 6.  S.  Lemmoni 

Leaves,  if  glabrate  above,  permanently  pubescent  below;  the  scales 
of  the  catkins  brown  or  reddish;  styles  elongated. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  without  marginal  glands 

7.    S.    glaucops 

Leaves  glandular-serrate 8.  S.   californica 

Stamens  1  (or  if  2,  the  filaments  more  or  less  united) ;  leaves  somewhat 
revolute  and  silvery-silky  below  ....9.  S.  sitchensis  var.  angustifolia 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  th&  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  149 

1.  Salix  tenera  Anderss.,  in  DC.  Prodr.,  vol.  16,  pt.  2,  p.  288. 

1868. 

S.  artica  Pallas  var.  petraea  Anderss.,  I.e.,  p.  287. 
8.  Brownii  Bebb  var.  petraea  Bebb,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  14,  p.  115.     1889. 
S.  petrophila  Eydb.,  Bull.  N".  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  268.     1899. 
S.  caespitosa  Kennedy,  Muhl.,  vol.  7,  p.  135.     1912. 

Type  locality. — "In  America  septentrional!,  ad  Cascade-mountain, 
lat.  49,  alt.  7000  ped." 

Range. — British  Columbia  and  mountains  of  Alberta  south  to  the 
southern  Sierra  Nevada  through  the  Cascades  and  through  the 
Rockies  to  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1173  (co- 
type  of  S.  caespitosa  in  U.  C.)  ;  Dick's  Peak,  Tahoe,  10,000  feet,  Smiley 
431 ;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  208  (without  definite  locality)  ;  Mt. 
Dana,  10-11,000  feet,  Brewer  1734;  same  locality,  Congdon,  August 
11,  1898;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  12,200  feet,  Smiley  760;  Mt.  Lyell, 
10,800-11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3584 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  685 ;  Milestone  Plateau  near  Mt.  Whitney,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  2463 ;  Mt.  Brewer  above  Bubb's  Creek,  12,000  feet, 
E.  B.  Copeland,  August  7,  1899. 

As  is  indicated  by  the  above  synonymy,  I  am  unable  to  find  any 
characters  by  which  it  is  possible  to  distinguish  the  recently  published 
segregates  from  the  S.  tenera  of  the  northern  Cascades  and  Rockies. 
This  and  the  next  are  the  only  true  alpine  willows  of  the  Sierra,  none 
of  the  genuine  arctic  species  reaching  our  region. 

2.  Salix  nivalis  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  152.    1839. 

S.  reticulata  var.  nivalis  Anderss.,  in  DO.  Prodr.,  vol.  16,  pt.  2,  p.  301.    1868. 
S.  saximontana  Kydb.,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  261.     1899. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  summits  of  the  peaks  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  and  Alberta  south  in  the  Rockies  to 
northern  New  Mexico  and  in  the  Cascade-Sierra  to  the  central  Sierra 
Nevada(?). 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  Theo.  Labouchere,  July,  1915. 

S.  saximontana,  described  from  an  alpine  willow  collected  on 
Grays  Peak,  Colorado,  is  an  exact  synonym  for  the  older  S.  nivalis. 
Dr.  Rydberg,  in  a  note  subjoined  to  the  description,  says,  "In  Mon- 
tajia  it  seems  to  grade  into  S.  nivalis,"  and,  referring  to  the  last  named 


150  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

species,  states  that  it  "is  nearest  related  to  8.  saximontana,  and  per- 
haps represents  only  the  most  depauperate  form  thereof. ' '  Professor 
Piper72  includes  8.  saximontana  among  the  willows  of  Washington, 
with  the  comment:  "Probably  not  specifically  distinct  from  8. 
nivalis."  The  above  cited  specimen  is  the  only  known  collection  from 
California. 

3.  Salix  macrocarpa  Nutt.,  var.  argentea  Bebb,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  10, 

p.  225.    1885. 

S.  'Geyeriana  Anderss.,  Sal.  Bor.  Am.,  p.  63 (").     1858. 
S.  Covillei  Eastwood,  Zoe,  vol.  5,  p.  80.     1900. 

Type  locality. — Plumas  and  Sierra  counties. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to  Idaho. 

Zone. — Upper  transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Red  Clover  Valley,  Plumas  County, 
Heller  and  Kennedy  8728 ;  Donner  Lake  meadow,  Tahoe  region, 
Dudley  5001 ;  Lake  Valley,  Tahoe,  Abrams  4778 ;  Twin  Lakes,  Alpine 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  199 ;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  6,700 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  632;  Golden  Trout  Creek,  Tulare  County, 
8,500  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8415;  Whitney  meadows,  8-9,000 
feet,  Purpus  1893. 

This  variety  of  the  more  northern  species  is  a  common  willow  in 
the  Sierra  about  sandy  meadows  or  in  washes  in  the  streams;  it 
becomes  12-16  feet  high,  forming  a  very  attractive  coppice  because  of 
its  glistening  foliage. 

4.  Salix  cordata  var.  Watsoni  Bebb,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2, 

p.  86.    1880. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Carson  City  (Watson),  and  in  Sierra 
County,  Lemmon." 

Range. — Mountains  of  California  from  the  San  Jacintos  northward 
through  the  Sierra  and  eastward  in  the  Great  Basin. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  entering  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Johnson  Lake  above  Crescent  Lake,  Yosem- 
ite,  Congdon,  August  2,  1898 ;  Yosemite  Valley,  Abrams  4492. 

5.  Salix  monica  Bebb,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  90.    1880. 

Type  locality. — "Mono  Pass  summit." 

Range. — High  peaks  of  the  central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  and  extending  downward  below  timber  line. 


1921J          Smiley:  Flam  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  151 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass  summit,  Brewer  1732 ;  near  head 
of  Mono  Pass,  Congdon,  August  13,  1898;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono 
County,  Congdon,  August  16,  1894;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne, 
Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  1,  1898. 

6.  Salix  Lemmoni  Bebb,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  88.    1880. 
Type  locality. — "Sierra  County." 

Range. — Eastern  Oregon  through  the  Warner  Mountains  to  the 
Yosemite  region  of  the  Sierra  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  of  the 
Great  Basin. 

Zone. — Transition  (Upper)  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Shore  of  Webber  Lake,  Sierra  County,  the 
common  willow  here,  Dudley,  August  29,  1894 ;  Sierra  County,  Lem- 
mon;  Iceberg  meadow,  Alpine  County,  6,500  feet,  Abrams  4745; 
divide  south  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,600  feet, 
Heller  10926,  10928;  shores  of  Red  Lake,  Black  Mountain,  Fresno 
County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  733 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe, 
Dudley,  September  1,  1894. 

7.  Salix  glaucops  Anderss.,  in  DC.  Prodr.,  vol.  16,  pt.  2,  p.  281. 

1868. 

S.  glauca  var.  mllosa  Anderss.,  Sal.  Bor.  Am.,  p>.  22.     1858. 

S.  mllosa  Don,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  voL  2,  p.  144.    1830,  not  of  Schleich, 

1815. 

S.  Seemannii  Eydb.,  BulL  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  2,  p.  164.     1901. 
S.  wyomingcnsis  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  271.     1901. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  omni  America  septentrionali  usque  ad  fl.  Sas- 
katchewan erescore  dicitur." 

Range. — Throughout  the  Cordilleran  section  and  west  to  the 
Pacific  Coast  south  of  Washington. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Heller  6970;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe, 
McGregor  106;  between  Donner  Lake  and  Summit,  Dudley  5076; 
Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  800 ;  Highland  Lake, 
Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Abrams  4751 ;  Blue  Lakes,  Alpine  County, 
8,000  feet,  Abrams  4755;  near  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  9,000  feet,  form- 
ing a  mat  8  feet  in  diameter,  Smiley  50;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet,  ' 
Smiley  117;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  77,  78; 
shores  of  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  283 ;  Crescent  Lake, 
Majiposa  County,  Congdon,  August  9,  1890;  Mt.  Dana,  11,500  feet, 


152  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany          (ToL-  9 

E.  A.  "Ware  2621c ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  Congdon,  August  13, 
1898 ;  Cathedral  trail,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  7,  1898 ;  Tuolumne 
meadows,  shores  of  Elizabeth  Lake,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  790;  above 
timber  line,  White  Chief  mine,  Mineral  King,  Hall  and  Babcock  5653 ; 
along  brooks  at  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus 
5163. 

8.  Salix  californica  Bebb,  in  Wats.,  Bot.   Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.   88. 

1880. 

Type  locality. — "This  occurs  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  lower  alti- 
tudes (8,000  to  9,000  feet)  than  the  preceding  (8.  glaucops],  from 
Mariposa  County  northward." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  generally  replacing  8.  glaucops  in  that 
zone. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874 ;  between 
Donner  Lake  and  Summit,  Dudley  5071 ;  near  Donner  Pass,  Brewer 
2162 ;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9909 ;  about  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  2460  m.,  Baker  1299;  along  the  crest  of  Mt.  Lola, 
Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4534;  Suzy  Lake  Basin,  Tahoe, 
7,900  feet,  Smiley  187 ;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Yosemite,  Cong- 
don, August  15  (year  not  given)  ;  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3496 ;  Dog  Lake,  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,240  feet,  Smiley  843 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  R.  A.  Ware,  July  17,  1907 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  10,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  659 ;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,100  feet, 
Smiley  625. 

9.  Salix  sitchensis  var.  angustifolia  Bebb,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif., 

vol.  2,  p.  87.    1880. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  a  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  northward  probably  to  British  Columbia. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Gilmore  Lake,  Mt.  Tallac,  8,300  feet, 
Abrams  4854;  creek  between  Heather  and  Suzy  Lakes,  7,800  feet, 
Smiley  144;  near  Summit,  Dudley  5072,  5072a. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  153 

2.  POPULUS 

Leaves  orbicular  with   abrupt  tip;   petioles   compressed;   stamens  few   (6-12); 

small  shrub  or  tree 1.  P.  tremuloides 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base;  petioles  not  compressed; 

stamens  numerous  (40-60);  large  tree 2.  P.  trichocarpa 

1.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  243.    1803. 
Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  Canada  et  Noveboraco." 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  California.  New  Mexico, 
Missouri,  and  the  Middle  States. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Sierra  County,  Dudley, 
June,  1900;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  202;  Carson 
Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  197 ;  Angora  Peak,  forming 
chaparral  along  the  east  side,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  18;  Tenaya  Lake, 
Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  692;  Lake  of  Islands,  near  Kaweah 
Peaks,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Dudley,  August  31,  1894. 

The  aspen  is  a  very  common  member  of  the  high  mountain  chap- 
arral and  in  the  Sierra  does  not  seem  to  form  the  groves  of  tall  slender 
trees  that  are  so  conspicuous  in  many  parts  of  the  Colorado  mountains. 

2.  Populus  trichocarpa  T.  and  G.,  in  Hook.,  Ic.  PL,  vol.  9,  p.  878. 

1852. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Santa  Clara  River,  near  Beneventano  (Ventura) , 
California. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  northwest  Montana,  south  to  south- 
ern California. 

Zone. — From  the  Upper  Sonoran  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Dudley,  June  14,  1900;  be- 
tween Fallen  Leaf  and  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  207; 
Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  803;  South  Fork 
of  the  San  Joaquin,  6,700  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  727. 

At  the  higher  levels  the  characters  of  this  tree  vary  somewhat 
from  the  typical,  the  foliage  becomes  whiter,  the  leaf -form  changes  to 
a  longer  and  narrower  type  of  leaf,  while  the  cordate  base  is  com- 
pletely lost,  the  leaf -base  being  truncate  or  even  ovate. 


154  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

17.  BETULACEAE  (BiECH  FAMILY) 

Pistillate  catkins  clustered,  becoming  pendulous  oval  woody  cones,  their  per- 
sistant  scales  5-lobed  at  the  apex;  stamens  1-7 1.  Alnus 

Pistillate  catkins  solitary,  the  ultimately  deciduous  scales  3-lobed  at  the  apex; 
stamens  2 2.  Betula 

1.  ALNTIS 

1.  Alnus  tenuifolia  Nutt.,  Sylva,  vol.  1,  p.  32.    1842. 

A.  incana  var.  virescens  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  81.     1880. 
A.  occidentalis  Dippel,  Handb.  Laubh.,  vol.  2,  p.  158.     1892. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  borders  of  small  streams  within  the 
Range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  afterwards  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon." 

Range. — British  Columbia  and  Mackenzie  south  to  California  and 
New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6952;  Lake 
Tahoe,  Dudley,  August  23,  1909;  Glen  Alpine,  W.  W.  Price,  July, 
1898;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet,  McGregor;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  809;  shores  of  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800 
feet,  Smiley  174 ;  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  35 ;  Chiquito 
Creek,  Sierra  National  Forest,  6,000  feet,  Abrams  4931;  Upper  San 
Joaquin,  Congdon,  August  19,  1895. 

Miss  Eastwood89  found  this  in  the  Sierra  of  Tulare  County  along 
Bubbs  Creek  and  Kings  River. 

2.  BETULA 

1.  Betula  glandulosa  Michx.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  180.    1803. 

Type  locality. — "Circa  lacus,  a  sinu  Hudsonia  ad  Mistassins. " 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada, 
in  the  Rockies  to  New  Mexico,  and  in  the  eastern  United  States  to 
Minnesota,  Great  Lakes,  and  New  England. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Big  Meadows,  Plumas  County,  Lemmon, 
May,  1879 ;  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878. 

No  other  collections  of  the  Scrub  Birch  are  known  from  the  Sierra 
though  it  has  been  often  collected  in  the  Mt.  Lassen  region  and  further 
north  in  the  Warner  Mountains  of  Modoc  County ;  it  is  barely  possible 
that  these  specimens  were  in  fact  collected  farther  north  than  the 
data  on  the  labels  indicate. 


192!]          Smiley:  Flora,  of  ihe  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  155 


18.  TAG-ACE AE  (BEECH  FAMILY) 

Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  erect,  often  branching  catkins;  fruit 
a  spiny  bur 1.  Castanopsis 

Staminate  flowers  in  pendulous  catkins;  pistillate  flowers  sessile  in  an  involu- 
crate-like  cup  of  ultimately  woody  scales;  fruit  an  acorn 2.  Quercus 


1.  CASTANOPSIS 

1.  Castanopsis  sempervirens  Dudley,  in  Merriam,  Biol.  Surv.  Mt. 

Shasta,  p.  142.    1899. 
Castanea  sempervirens  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  71.     1855. 

Type  locality. — "From  the  vicinity  of  Mariposa. " 

Range. — Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of 
southern  California.  Southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  occasionally  near  to  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  timber  line  on  south  side  of  Mt.  Tallac, 
Tahoe,  C.  H.  Merriam  in  1898 ;  Glen  Alpine,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  174 ; 
Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  22;  Castle  Peak,  east  slope 
in  slide  rock,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  472;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County, 
8,000  feet,  Hansen  790;  trail  to  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  7,900  feet, 
Smiley  499;  Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4284)  ; 
big  crag  of  Alta  Peak,  Dudley  1357;  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County, 
9,000  feet,  Smiley  623;  lower  side  Mt.  Kaweah,  12,500  feet,  Dudley 
2113 ;  rocky  slopes  of  Little  Kern  River,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5114. 

2.  QUERCUS 

1.  Quercus  vaccinifolia  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad,  vol.  1,  p.  96. 
1855. 

Q.   chrysolepis  var.   vaccinifolia  Engelm.,   Trans.   St.   Louis  Acad.,   vol.   3, 
p.  393.     1877.     Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  97.     1880. 

Type  locality. — "Trinity,  Scott  and  Siskiyou  Mountains." 

Range. — Mountains  of  Northwest  California,  Mt.  Shasta  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada  south  to  the  Kings  River  region. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  W.  W.  Price,  July, 
1898 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  trail  at  8,500  feet,  Abrams  4826 ;  between  Tahoe  and 
Lake  Lucile,  7-8,000  feet,  Miss  K.  A.  Chandler,  September,  1901; 
Grass  Lake,  McGregor  10 ;  about  Summit  Station,  Donner  Pass,  Heller 
6980 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  204 ;  Plumas 
County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878;  near  Summit  Valley,  8,000  feet, 


156  University  o.f  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Pringle,  September  23,  1882 ;  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,700  feet,  Smiley 
2 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  base  of  east  slope,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  107 ;  Rubicon 
Peak,  chaparral  along  trail,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  411;  Ebbett's  Pass,  a 
common  chaparral  oak,  Brewer  2037 ;  cliffs  of  granite  on  Glacier  Point 
trail,  Yosemite,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Panorama  Cliffs,  Yosemite, 
6,500  feet,  Hall  9679;  Cloud's  Rest,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  512;  Sentinel 
Dome,  Yosemite,  Dudley,  June  11,  1894;  Funston's  Trail,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  2090 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  694. 


19.  LOEANTHACEAE   (MISTLETOE  FAMILY) 

Fruit  a  globose  sessile  berry 1.  Phoradendron 

Fruit  a  compressed  berry  on  recurved  pedicels 2.  Arceuthobium 

1.  PHORADENDRON 

1.  Phoradendron  juniperinum  Engelm.,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II,  vol. 
4,  p.  58.    1849. 

Type  locality. — "Parasitic  on  the  kinds  of  shrub  cedar  (Juniperus) 
which  grow  on  the  hills  and  elevated  plains  about  Santa  Fe,  and  on 
no  other  tree. ' ' 

Range. — California  and  Oregon  east  to  Colorado  and  Texas,  south 
into  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian  in  the  Sierra  since  its  host  there  is  Juniperus 
occidentalis. 

Specimen  examined. — Vicinity  of  Mt.  Whitney,  on  Juniper  and 
abundant,  Dudley  2467. 

Our  Sierran  form  of  this  leafless  Phoradendron  is  considered  by 
Professor  Trelease  to  constitute  a  distinct  species  from  the  mistletoe 
found  on.  the  Western  Juniper  from  Colorado  to  northern  "Mexico. 
To  this  Pacific  Coast  plant  the  name  Phoradendron  ligatum  Trelease 
(I.e.,  p.  24),  is  assigned  with  the  comment:  "The  western  represent- 
ative of  the  Rocky  Mountain  P.  juniperinum,  from  which  it  is  scarcely 
separable  except  by  its  curiously  constricted  scales. 

2.  ARCEUTHOBIUM 

Growing  only  on  Pinus  Murray  ana:  male  flowers  in  pseudo-panicles  formed  by 

branches  simulating  peduncles 1.  A.   americanum 

Growing  on  other  conifers;  male  flowers  in  axils  of  scales  in  spikes. 

Staminate  flowers  in  short  spikes  of  usually  5  flowers;  stems  short  (1-5  inches 

high),  greenish-yellow  in  color 2.  A.  Douglasii  var.  abietinum 

Staminate  flowers  in  longer  spikes  (9-17  flowered) ;   stems  4-16  inches  high, 
greenish-brown   in    color 3.  A.    campylopodum 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  157 

1.  Arceuthobium   americanum   Nutt. ;    Engelm.,   in   Gray,   Jour. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  214.    1850. 

Rasoumofskya  americana    (Nutt.)    Kuntze,   Rev.   Gen.   PL,  vol.   2,  p.   587. 
1891. 

Type  locality. — Oregon. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  California 
and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian,  growing  only  on  Pinus  Murrayana. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Donner  Lake,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  7, 
1893;  Mayers  meadow  near  Truckee,  C.  F.  Sonne;  Little  Yosemite 
Valley,  Bolander  5095;  North  Fork  of  Kings  River,  Tulare  County, 
7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  426. 

2.  Arceuthobium  Douglasii  var.  abietinum  Engelm.,  Bot.  Calif., 

vol.  2,  p.  106.    1880. 

Type  locality. — "In  Sierra  Valley  (/.  G.  Lemmon)  and  S.  Utah, 
Parry." 

Range. — California  to  Washington  and  Utah. 

No  specimen  of  this  mistletoe  has  been  seen;  it  is  here  included 
because  Hell101  reports  it  to  grow  upon  Abies  magnifica  in  the  Yosemite 
region. 

3.  Arceuthobium  campylopodum  Engelm.,  in  Gray,  Jour.  Bost. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  214.    1850. 

A.  occidentale  Engelm.,  in  Wats., ,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  107.     1880. 
EazoumofsTcya  campylopoda   (Engelm.)   Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11, 
p.  222.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Oregon,  on  Pinus  ponderosa."  Collected  by 
Geyer  and  the  region  being  in  fact  northern  Idaho. 

Range. — British  Columbia  south  to  California  in  both  the  Sierra 
and  Coast  Range. 

Zone. — Transition  and  entering  the  Canadian.  Growing  mainly 
on  Pinus. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Tallac  on  P.  Jeffreyi,  Dudley,  June  8, 
1893 ;  Silver  Mountain,  north  side  at  7,000  feet,  on  Juniperus  occi- 
dentalis,  Brewer  2055;  near  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  13,  1889 ;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  on  P.  Jeffreyi,  6,600  feet, 
H.  M.  Hall,  July  26,  1911 ;  Mt.  Pinos,  8,000  feet,  Rothrock  213. 

In  Washington,  this  mistletoe  has  been  found  parasitic  on  Tsuga 
Mertensiana  (Allen  303,  Upper  Nisqually  Valley)  but,  so  far  as  I 
know,  the  Alpine  Hemlock  has  not  been  found  to  be  attacked  in  the 
Sierra. 


158  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


20.  POLYGONACEAE  (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY) 

Flowers  in  involucres;  stipules  wanting;  stamens  9 1.  Eriogonum 

Flowers  not  in  involucres;   stipules  present,  sheathing  the  nodes;  stamens  4—8. 

The  outer  sepals  smaller  and  reflexed,  the  inner  accrescent  about  the  fruit. 

Sepals   4;    stigmas  2;    achene   compressed,   thin,   broadly  2-winged;    leaves 

reniform  2.  Oxyria 

Sepals  6;  stigmas  3;  achene  triangular  in  cross-section,  not  winged;  leaves 

not  reniform,  usually  lanceolate  or  oblong 3.  Rumex 

Sepals  uniform  in  size  and  usually  not  changed  in  fruit,  5  in  number  (rarely 
4  or  6) 4.  Polygonum 


1.  ERIOGONUM 

Involucres  solitary;  calyx  not  stipe-like  at  base. 

Involucres  borne   on   the   capillary   branchlets   of   the    dichotomous   panicle; 
annual  with  the  linear  vegetative  leaves  radical,  the  few  cauline  reduced 

to  bracts 1.  E.  spergulinum 

Involucres  borne   on  the   stout   or   wiry  branches  of  the   inflorescence;   per- 
ennials with  short  leafy  stems. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear   (%— 1.5  inches  long),  never  fasicled,  acute, 
more  or  less  revolute,  white  tomentose  beneath  and  glabrate  above; 

involucres  cymosely   umbellate 2.  E.   microthecum 

Leaves    oblanceolate,    obtusish    (%— 1    inch    long),    some    of    the    smaller 
fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  larger,  flat,  white-woolly  on  both  sides; 

involucres  spicate  along  the  erect  branches  of  the  panicle 

3.  E.  Wrightii 

Involucres   in   heads   or   umbels    (in   reduced   high   mountain   forms   sometimes 

solitary,  but  the  calyx  then  stipe-like  at  base). 
Involucres  5-6  nerved,  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  never  umbellate;   calyces 

not  stipe-like  at  base. 

Leaves   densely  white   tomentose   below;    glabrate    above    and   green;    in- 
volucres glabrous  or  nearly  so;   stems  taller   (5  inches-1.5  feet  high), 

glabrous  above 4.  E.  nudum 

Leaves  permanently  white-woolly  on  both  sides;  involucres  woolly;   stems 

low  (4-5  inches  or  less)  with  1  or  rarely  2  heads. 
Perianth  segments  dissimilar,  the  outer  broadly  oval  and  cordate  at  base, 

the  inner  narrow  and  spatulate 5.  E.  ovalifolium 

Perianth  segments  nearly  alike,  obovate,  cuneate 6.  E.  Kingii 

Involucres  nerveless;  calyces  stipe-like  at  base. 

Umbels  conspicuously  bracteate,  the  bracts  large  and  foliaceous  . 
Involucres  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  becoming  reflexed. 
Umbels  simple,  the  rays  undivided. 
Plants  pubescent  (stems  and  leaves). 

Leaves  very  obtuse  or  roundish,  densely  silvery-woolly  on  both  sides; 
peduncles  decumbent;  flowers  white  or  pinkish  ....7.  E.  Lobbii 
Leaves  ovate,  glabrate  above;  peduncles  erect;  flowers  yellow 

8.  E.   umbellatum 

Plants  glabrous   (stems  and  leaves) 9.  E.  Torreyanum 

Umbels  compound,  bracteate  at  all  the  nodes 10.  E.  stellatum 

Involucres  with  short  erect  teeth;  umbel  usually  compound  (3-10  rays); 

leaves  oval  or  roundish 11.  E.  ursinum 

Umbels  with  a  few  linear  inconspicuous  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  rays; 

involucre  with  short  erect  teeth. 

Bays  short,  slender,  sometimes  so  reduced  as  to  make  the  umbel  appear 
capitate;  leaves  permanently  white-tomentose;  plants  forming  thick 

dense  mats  12.  E.  incanum 

Eays   longer   and   more   numerous;   leaves   often   glabrate   above;   plants 
looser,  the  branches  of  the  caudex  spreading 13.  E.  marifolium 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  159 

1.  Eriogonum  spergulinum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  389. 

1868. 

Oxytheoa  spergulina  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  153.     1891. 

Oxytheoa  Reddingiana  Jones,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  9,  p.  32.     1882. 

Type  locality. — "Dry  sandy  soil,  banks  of  Big  Creek  below  the 
Mariposa  Big-tree  Grove."  Bolander. 

Range. — North  Coast  ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to 
southern  Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Tallac,  9,500  feet,  McGregor  189 ;  Half- 
moon  Lake,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  48 ;  Caple  's  Lakes,  Alpine  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen  304;  lower  end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6905;  Mono 
trail,  10,000  feet,  Bolander  5098;  around  shores  of  Lake  Van  Orden, 
near  Summit,  Kennedy  and  Doten  235 ;  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County, 
Jones  2408  (co-type  of  0.  Reddingiana)  ;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  Culbertson  (B  4443)  ;  Sky  Valley,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet, 
Culbertson  (B  4570)  ;  very  abundant  in  sandy  places  on  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1884;  Olancha  Mountain,  9,400  feet, 
Rothrock  331;  sandy  places  on  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000 
feet,  Purpus  5247  ;  Whitney  meadows,  dry  soil  on  margins  of  meadows, 
2850  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1622. 

2  Eriogonum  microthecum  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  II,  vol.  1, 
p.  162.  1848. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  sides  of  hills  in  Oregon,  east  of  Walla 
Walla." 

Range. — East  slope  Sierra  Nevada,  north  to  Washington  and  east 
to  the  northern  Rockies. 

While  no  specimen  of  this  typically  Upper  Sonoran  species  has 
been  identified  from  our  region,  it  occurs  in  a  dwarf  form  at  Mono 
Pass  and  at  Sonora  Pass — forma  alpina  T.  and  G.  (Proc.  Am.  Acad., 
vol.  8,  p.  171.  1870)  :  Sonora  Pass,  9,000,  Brewer  1888;  Mono  Pass, 
Bolander  6356. 

3.  Eriogonum  Wrightii  Torr.  var.  subscaposum  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  2,  p.  29.  1880. 

E.  curvatwm  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  50.     1898. 
E.  junceum  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  77.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada  and  W.  Nevada." 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada  southward  to  the  mountains  of  southern 
California. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 


160  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany          [VOL.  9 

•  Specimens  examined. — Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  760;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7165; 
highest  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  above  Donner  Lake,  Greene  407; 
Silver  Mountain,  Brewer  2059;  same  locality,  Hooker  and  Gray  in 
1877;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  618;  rocky 
slopes  near  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5213; 
top  of  ridge  above  Rowell  meadow,  Fresno  County,  Dudley,  August, 
1904. 

4.  Eriogonum  nudum  Dougl.  var.  deductum  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif., 

vol.  1,  p.  420.    1914. 
E.  deductum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  71.     1902. 

Type  locality. — "Inhabiting  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California." 

Range. — Higher  mountains  of  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Fallen  Leaf  Lodge,  6,900  feet,  Abrams 
4868 ;  Suzy  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  McGregor  124 ;  Silver  Lake, 
Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  147;  near  Summit,  Kennedy 
and  Doten  255;  Angora  Peak,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  300;  Cascade  Lake, 
Tallac,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895;  sunny  slopes  Little  Kern  River, 
9,300  feet,  Purpus  5262 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2656c;  Hockett's  meadows,  Culbertson  (B4441). 

4a.  Eriogonum  nudum  var.  scapigerum  Jepson  I.e. 

E.  soapigerum  Eastwood,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  Ill,  vol.  2,  p.  286.     1902. 

Type  locality. — "Harrison's  Pass  above  timber  line,  at  an  elevation 
of  almost  14,000  feet."  Tulare  County. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  in  the  alpine  region. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Goddard,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 662;  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Brandegee,  July  28,  1892; 
Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22, 
1895;  Cirque  Peak,  Tulare  County,  at  timber  line,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5504;  rocky  mountains  along  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  10- 
11,000  feet,  Purpus  5201;  gravelly  slopes  about  Whitney  meadows, 
11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  1559. 

While  for  reasons  of  convenience  it  is  probably  well  to  accept  these 
varieties,  it  must  be  understood  that  neither  has  any  definite  character 
by  which  it  may  always  be  recognized,  in  other  words  they  exactly 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  161 

conform  to  the  concept  of  an  ecological  species,  whose  characters  are 
directly  dependent  upon  the  environment.  E.  nudum  Dougl.  is  one 
of  the  commonest  Eriogonums  and  it  is  easily  possible  in  any  large 
collection  to  so  arrange  the  suites  that  undoubted  representatives  of 
the  type  are  seen  to  pass  by  small  differences  into  these  high  mountain 
forms. 

5.  Eriogonum  ovalifolium  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.,  vol.  7,  p.  50. 
1834. 

Type  locality. — " Sources  of  the  Missouri." 

Range. — British  Columbia  and  Alberta  south  to  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran  to  Hudsonian  in  the  type  form. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Tallac,  9,500  feet,  Abrams  4829;  sum- 
mit of  Mono  Pass,  10,700  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2628c ;  Silver  Mountain, 
Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Mt.  Dana,  rockfield  on  the  northwest  slope, 
12,000  feet,  Smiley  727 ;  Mt.  Whitney,  rocky  places,  Purpus,  August, 
1895. 

5a.  Eriogonum  ovalifolium  var.  nivale  Jones,   Contr.  W.  Coast 

Bot.,  vol.  11,  p.  8.    1903. 
E.  nivale  Canby,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  187.     1893. 

Type  locality. — ' '  At  timber-line  on  a  divide  northwest  of  Whitney 
meadows,  Sierra  Nevada,  Tulare  County,  California." 

Range. — High  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zane. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Whitney,  12,000  feet,  Rothrock  390; 
Siberian  Pass,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5481;  ascent  of 
Mt.  Kaweah,  Dudley  211;  Mt.  Dana,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17, 
1889 ;  Olancha  Peak,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  2012. 

5b.  Eriogonum  ovalifolium  var.  vineum  Jepson,  I.e.,  p.  423. 
E.  vineum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  45.     1898. 

Type  locality. — "Mountains  of  Oregon  and  California";  speci- 
mens cited  from  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  of  southern  California, 
and  from  the  Powder  River  Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon. 

Range. — Oregon  to  southern  California. 

Specimens  examined. — Dick's  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,950  feet,  Smiley  430; 
Castle  Peak,  9,000  feet,  Heller  7081. 


]  62  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         LV°L-  9 

The  var.  vineum  appears  worthy  of  recognition  because  of  the  deep 
red  or  purple  color  of  the  involucres. 

Eriogonum  rhodanthum  Nels.  and  Kennedy  (Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 
Wash.,  vol.  19,  p.  35.  1906)  is  unknown  to  me  in  any  authentic  speci- 
mens: by  character  it  seems  near  if  not  identical  with  var.  nivale 
Jones;  the  type  locality  is  " Summit  of  Mt.  Hose,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  elevation  10,800  feet."  Kennedy  1184. 

6.  Eriogonum  Kingii  T.  and  G.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  165. 

1870. 

E.  anemophilum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  199.     1897. 

E.  rosensis  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  19,  p.  36.     1906. 

Type  locality. — East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada. 

Range. — Mountains  of  Nevada  and  east  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1180,  co-type 
of  E.  rosensis  and  an  exact  match  for  Watson's  collection,  from  which 
E.  Kingii  was  described. 

7.  Eriogonum  Lobbii  T.  and  G.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  162. 

1870. 

Type  locality. — "High  mountain  near  Donner's  Pass  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  North  Coast  Ranges  on  their  eastern 
flank. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Summit  Station,  Heller  7011;  An- 
gora Peak,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  41;  Bierstadt  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet, 
Davy  3226 ;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  257 ;  Tuolumne  Canon,  Chesnut 
and  Drew,  July  25,  1889 ;  Mt.  Conness,  J.  M.  Hutchings. 

7a.  Eriogonum  Lobbii  var.  minus  T.  and  G.,  I.e.,  p.  163 ;  an  alpine 
dwarfed  form. 

Type  locality. — "Upon  Silver  Mountain  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at 
the  height  of  11,000  feet." 

Range. — Not  known  beyond  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Specimen  examined. — Silver  Mountain,  11,000  feet,  in  dry  soil, 
Brewer  2049. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  163 

8.  Eriogonum  umbellatum  Torr.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 

2,  p.  241.    1828. 

E.  latum  Small,  in  Bydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  121.     1900. 
E.  reclinatum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  67.     1902. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Near  the  Rocky  Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — Western  United  States. 

Zone, — Arid  Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  9,400  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4735 ;  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7023 ;  Silver  Lake,  8,000  feet,  Hansen 
188 ;  Mt.  Bradley,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  25,  1903 ;  Lake  Valley,  Tahoe, 
6,500  feet,  Abrams  4811 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  low  mats,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  232 ; 
Mt.  Eose,  9,300  feet,  Heller  10,349;  about  Marlette  Lake,  east  of 
Tahoe,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1291 ;  high  ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet, 
Heller,  August  17,  1903;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  Smiley 
686;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  4;  Shuteye  Mountain, 
Madera  County,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  566 ;  Siberian  Pass,  Tulare  County, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5477,  this  the  form  of  the  highest  mountains. 

Most  of  the  above  cited  specimens  conform  to  the  description  of 
E.  reclinatum,  distinguished  from  the  typical  form  by  the  caudex 
branches  more  widely  spreading  but  connected  with  the  normal  type 
by  all  degrees  of  intergradation. 

8a.  Eriogonum  umbellatum  Torr.  var.  monocephalum  T.  and  G., 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  160.     1870. 
E.  Tolmieanum  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  134.     1838. 

Type  locality. — "Banks  of  the  Walla  Walla  River,  among  Arte- 
misia." 

Range. — Washington  to  California  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cascades- 
Sierra. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  as  to  the  specimen  cited. 

Specimen  examined. — Dry  soil  at  Sonora  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer 
1895. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  having  the  umbel  reduced 
to  a  single  ray.  Jepson  (I.e.,  p.  425)  cites  collections  from  the  North 
Coast  ranges. 

9.  Eriogonum  Torreyanum  Gray,  in  T.  and  G.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 

vol.  8,  p.  158.     1870. 

Type  locality. — "California,  on  a  high  mountain  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  near  Donner  Pass." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  in  the  Tahoe  region. 
Zone. — Transition  mainly,  entering  the  Canadian. 


164  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Dormer,  Kellogg,  August  6,  1870;  high 
mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  443;  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  in 
1873;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877. 

Scarcely  more  than  a  glabrous  form  of  the  preceding  species ;  Jones 
,  (Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  11,  p.  5.  1903)  has  reduced  it  to  varietal 
rank. 

10.  Eriogonum  stellatum  Benth.,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  409. 

1837. 

Type  locality. — "Interior  of  North-west  America." 

Range. — Southeast  "Washington  and  central  Idaho  southward  to 
southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  (Arid)  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
August,  1889 ;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  gravelly  ridges,  6,600  feet,  Hall 
9216 ;  Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,'  Canby,  August  15,  1895. 

11.  Eriogonum  ursinum  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  347. 

1875. 

Type  locality.—  '  Plumas  County,  California,  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  P. 
Ames  and  J.  G.  Lemmon,  in  Long  and  Bear  Valleys,  apparently 
abundant. ' ' 

Range. — Northern  Sierra  and  in  the  Coast  Ranges. 

Zone. — Transition,  entering  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  Kellogg,  June  15,  1870;  summit 
back  of  Jonesville,  Butte  County,  7,000  feet,  Heller  11666 ;  Summit, 
Kennedy  and  Doten  236 ;  mountains  south  of  Summit  Station,  8,000 
feet,  C.  F.  Sonne,  September  2,  1892 ;  Cisco,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker  1432. 

lla.  Eriogonum  ursinum  var.  venosum  S.  Stokes,  in  Herb. 

This  variety  has  smaller  leaves  and  more  slender  peduncles  than 
the  type,  and  the  rays  of  the  umbel  are  of  very  unequal  lengths. 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  9,800  feet, 
Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905. 

12.  Eriogonum  incanuni  T.  and  G.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p. 

161.    1870. 

Type  locality.— "On  the  Tuolumne  River,  alt.  8-11,000  feet." 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  mainly  in  the  southern  half  of  the  range. 
Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4733;  Dick's  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  426;  Snow  Valley, 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  165 

Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,614  m.,  Baker  1372 ;  near  Snow  Flat, 
Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Chilnualna  trail,  Mari- 
posa  County,  Congdon,  August  12,  1895;  Cloud's  Rest,  9,300  feet, 
Smiley  514 ;  Peregoy  's  to  Sentinel  Dome,  Yosemite,  7-8,000  feet,  Gray 
in  1872;  Upper  Tuolumne,  dry  places,  8-11,000  feet,  Brewer  1699 
(type)  ;  Mt.  Dana,  rock  field  on  the  northwest  side,  11,500  feet,  Smiley 
723;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2622c;  Lake  Tenaya, 
8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3501;  Sentinel  Dome,  Yosemite,  8,050 
feet,  Hall  9142;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  27,  1895;  Snow  Creek 
on  gravelly  ridges,  6,600  feet,  Hall  9185 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County, 
7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  125;  Cloud's  Rest,  E.  R.  Drew,  July  25,  1887; 
Mt.  Lyell,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3954;  Shuteye  Mountain, 
Madera  County,  7,500  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr.  2584 ;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno 
County,  9,300  feet,  Smiley  629;  Mineral  King,  Brandegee,  July  28, 
1892*;  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  G.  B.  Grant  3365; 
Mt.  Whitney,  rocky  pine  forests,  Purpus  1566 ;  rocky  mountain  slopes, 
Kaweah  meadows,  10-11,100  feet,  Purpus  1782 ;  mountains  near  Fare- 
well Gap,  10,800-11,000  feet,  Purpus  2028;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare 
County,  10,000  feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905;  near  summit 
of  White  Chief  Peak,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4427)  ;  Mt.  Whit- 
ney, Dudley  2474 ;  Mt.  Kaweah,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2109,  2110 ;  sum- 
mit of  Farewell  Gap,  10,500  feet,  Dudley  1124;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,200 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  696;  rocky  places  on  Old  Mt.  Whitney, 
11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  2012.* 

13.  Eriogonum  marifolium  T.  and  G.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8, 

p.  161.    1870. 
E.  polypodum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  46.    1898. 

Type  locality.— "Mount  Shasta,  7-9,000  feet"  and  "High  moun- 
tain near  Donner's  Pass,  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Valley,  6,400  feet,  Abrams  4771 ;  Glen 
Alpine,  7,000  feet,  W.  W.  Price,  July  12,  1898 ;  Lake  Tahoe,  6-8,000 
feet,  G.  B.  Grant  in  1906;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  1261  (this  number  in  U.  C.  said  to  have  been  collected  at 
Silver  Lake)  ;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6923.;  ridge  between 


*  These  two  specimens  most  nearly  conform  to  what  I  presume  is  E.  rosulatum 
Small  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  46.  1898),  described  from  Coville  and 
Funston  1549,  which  was  collected  near  Mineral  King;  this  form  is  very  feebly 
distinguished  by  the  filaments  being  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  these  in  the  type 
fori£  being  more  or  less  hairy. 


166  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Lake  Lucile  and  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900; 
west  side  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  8,600  feet, 
Heller  10959 ;  head  of  Galena  Creek,  Washoe  County,  8,500  feet,  Heller 
9899;  Mt.  Rose,  9,500  feet,  Heller  10220;  high  peaks  above  Webber 
Lake,  Lenimon  1202;  top  of  Kettle  Mountain  Ridge,  Fresno  County, 
Dudley,  August  23,  1904;  Long  Meadow,  Tulare  County,  Dr.  E. 
Palmer  in  1882  (co-type  of  E.  polypodum). 

This  species  is  very  near  the  preceding  and  differs  mainly  in  the 
looser  habit  of  the  caudex;  it  is  very  possible  that  a  monographic 
study  of  all  the  species  of  Eriogonum  will  result  in  many  changes  in 
the  position  of  the  earlier  described  species,  which,  with  the  increase 
in  the  number  of  specimens  available  for  comparison,  will  appear  less 
easily  separable  than  their  extreme  forms,  the  bases  for  a  number  of 
the  now  accepted  species. 


2.  OXYRIA 

1.  Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Hill,  Hort.  Kew.,  p.  158.    1768. 

Eumex  digynus  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  337.     1753. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Habitat  in  Alpibus  Lapponicis,  Helveticis,  Wall- 
icis." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  America  south  to  New  England,  New 
Mexico,  and  southern  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine;  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  720 ;  Hope  Valley, 
Alpine  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  309 ;  Castle  Peak,  Lemmon ;  Dick 's 
Peak,  Tahoe,  9,700  feet,  Smiley  427;  summit  of  Devil's  Cliff,  Summit, 
Kennedy  and  Doten  286;  cliffs  at  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet  ( ?), 
McGregor  167 ;  Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller  7097";  high 
mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  430 ;  Mono  Pass,  9,000  feet,  R.  A. 
Ware  2614c;  Mt.  Goddard,  9,700  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  656;  Mt. 
Dana,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  same  locality,  9-10,000  feet,  Brewer 
1795;  above  Elizabeth  Lake,  Yosemite,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  807; 
Kaweah  Peaks,  Dudley  2443;  Mt.  Whitney,  13,000  feet,  Culbertson 
(B4528). 

This  species  is  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  plant  of  the  Arctic- 
alpine  zone  and  is  very  rarely  found  below  tree-line. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  167 


3.  RUMEX 

Flowers  perfect  in  a  leafy-bracted  compact  raceme;  leaves  abruptly  contracted 
to  a  winged  petiole;  callus  grains  wanting  or  the  sepal  merely  ridged 
1.   R.   hesperius 

Flowers  monoecious  in  slender,  loose,  leafless  racemes;    leaves   entire,   linear, 

attenuate  to  a  narrow  petiole;  callus  grains  minute  or  wanting 

2.  R.  paucifolius 


1.  Rumex  hesperius  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  234.    1901. 

JK.  salicifolius  Weinm.  var.  montigenitus  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.   1,  p.   386. 
1914. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Near  Bingen,  Washington. ' ' 

Range. — Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  752;  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1757. 

Our  high  mountain  Dock  differs  from  R.  salicifolius  Weinm.  (in 
Flora,  vol.  4,  p.  28.  1821),  which  was  described  from  "California" 
in  the  usually  almost  complete  absence  of  grains  upon  the  sepals ;  from 
R.  Mexicanus  Meissn.  it  differs,  besides  lacking  the  well  developed 
grains  of  that  species,  also  in  the  smaller  panicle.  I  have  seen  no 
authentic  material  of  R.  subalpinus  Jones  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II,  vol. 
5,  p.  720.  1895),  which  is  based  upon  material  collected  by  Jones 
(No.  5954)  on  "Brigham  Peak,  near  Maryville,  Utah,  10,800  ft.  alt"; 
from  character  it  would  seem  to  approach  R.  mexicanus  Meissn.  (in 
DC.  Prodr.,  vol.  14,  p.  45.  1856),  a  species  ranging  from  British 
America  throughout  the  Rockies  to  the  mountains  of  central  Mexico 
(see  Fernald:  "The  representatives  of  Rumex  salicifolius  in  Eastern 
North  America":  Rhodora,  vol.  10,  p.  17.  1908). 

2.  Rumex  paucifolius  Nutt.,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  314. 

1871. 

E.  Geyeri  (Meissn.)  Trel.,  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  3,  p.  78.    1892. 

E.  Engelmanni  van  Geyeri  Meissn.,  in  DC.  Prodr.,  vol.  14,  p.  64.     1856. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Flat-Head  river,  in  moist  places  by  streams 
(Montana)." 

Range. — British  Columbia  south  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Yosemite,  Brewer  1696 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2662c;  Yosemite  Valley, 


168  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

J.  B.  Lembert  in  1893;  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,700  feet, 
Smiley  298 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  Yosemite,  10,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
661;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B  4371)  ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono 
County,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  20,  1889 ;  Volcano  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  2499;  Funston's  Kaweah  meadow,  Dudley  2196. 


4.  POLYGONUM 

Leaves   (mostly  narrow  and  lanceolate  or  linear)    and  bracts  jointed  upon  a 
very  short  petiole  adnate  to  the   short  sheath   by   the   lobed  or  lacerate 
stipules;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  crowded  into  a  leafy  terminal  spike. 
Small  annuals  with  erect  or  ascending  stems. 

Flowers  erect;  stems  1-6  inches  high,  branched  or  simple. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong  (%  inches  or  less  long),  not  diminished  upwards; 

flowers  distinctly  pedicelled  in  the  loose  inflorescence  ..1.  P.  minimum 

Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate  (%-l  inch  long);  flowers  sessile  or 

subsessile  in  the  dense  inflorescence. 
Upper  leaves  obviously  reduced,  bracteate  among  the  congested  flowers; 

achene  black  2.  P.  imbricatum 

Upper  leaves  little,  if  at  all,  reduced;  achene  light  brown 

3.  P.  Kelloggii 

Flowers  reflexed  and  remote;   stems  %-1.5  feet  high,  sparingly  branched; 

leaves  1-1.3  inches  long 4.  P.  Douglasii 

Perennial    with    suffrutescent    branching    prostrate    stems    and    conspicuous 
broad  silvery  stipules;  flowers  red  or  light  pink 5.  P.  shastense 

Leaves  ample,  not  jointed  to  the  petiole. 

Flowers  in  a  single  dense  raceme  terminal  upon  the  simple  stem;   glabrous 

perennial,  %-2  feet  high,  of  wet  meadows 6.  P.  bistortoid.es 

Flowers  in  panicles  or  clusters. 

Leaves  3-6  inches  long,  glabrous;   stems  stout,  %-6  feet  high,  branching. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  firm;   branching  panicle  densely  many-flowered 

7.    P.    alpinum 

Leaves  ovate,  thin;  panicle  few-flowered 8.  P.  phytolaccaefolium 

Leaves   %— 1.5  inches  long,  ovate,  minutely  pubescent;   stems  4-15   inches 
high  9.  P.  Davisiae 


1.  Polygonum  minimum  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  315.    1871. 

Type  locality — "Wasatch  and  Uintah  Mountains;  9-11,000  feet 
altitude." 

Range. — Alaska  south  to  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  and  central 
Sierra  Nevada  and  east  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  Dudley, 
June  28,  1900 ;  Webber  Lake,  Lemmon  1205 ;  Donner  Lake,  Brandegee, 
September,  1888;  Gilmore  Lake,  on  west  side  of  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe, 
8,600  feet,  Smiley  377 ;  Mt.  Watkins,  Yosemite,  6,900  feet,  Hall  9170 ; 
near  foot  of  Mt.  Silliman,  11,000  feet,  Dudley  1513. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  169 

2.  Polygonum  imbricatum  Nutt.,  in  Wats.,  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  7,  p.  665. 

1873. 
P.  Watsoni  Small,  Monogr.  N.  Am.  Polygonum,  p.  138,  pi.  56.     1895. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Frequent  in  the  mountains,  alpine  and  subalpine, 
from  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  northern  California." 

Range. — Washington  south  to  California  and  east  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  Dudley, 
June  28,  1900,  in  part;  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6929;  Twin  Lakes,  8,500 
feet,  Alpine  County,  Hansen  311 ;  Gilmore  Lake  on  Mt.  Tallac,  8,600 
feet,  Smiley  377 ;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  6,800  feet,  Hall  9187 ;  Silver 
Mountain,  Yosemite,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Rowell  meadow, 
Fresno  County,  Dudley,  August  23,  1904;  Kaweah  meadow,  Tulare 
County,  7-8,000  feet,  Dudley  2197;  Cathedral  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac, 
Tahoe,  6,700  feet,  Smiley  209 ;  sandy  flat  near  Dark  Hole,  Tioga  Road, 
Yosemite,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  683 ;  Nellie  Lake  meadow,  Fresno  County, 
8,700  feet,  Smiley  608;  Round  Meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,100  feet, 
Smiley  581. 

3.  Polygonum  Kelloggii  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  134.     1891. 

Type  locality. — "Common  in  the  Donner  Lake  Region  of  the 
Sierra." 

Range. — California  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  north  to  Wash- 
ington and  Alberta. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Fallen  Leaf  Lodge,  Tahoe,  6,900  feet, 
Abrams  4873 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  sandy  flats,  Smiley  690 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  sandy  spots  along  the  river,  8,500  feet,  Smiley 
710. 

4.  Polygonum    Douglasii    var.    latifolium    Greene,    Bull.    Calif. 

Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  125.    1885. 
P.  tenue  var.  latifolium  Engelm.,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  12.     1880. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Washington  and  Idaho  southward  to  California,  Arizona, 
and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Summit,  Smiley  438;  Caple's  Lakes, 
Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  753;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake, 
H&iler  6892;  foot  of  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  306; 


170  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Red  Mountain  Lake,  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  9,700  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  734;  Round  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,000  feet, 
Smiley  577;  Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4391)  ; 
Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,  7,200  feet,  Hall  9151. 

The  type  species,  P.  Douglasii  Greene  (I.e.,  p.  125),  occurs  in  the 
Transition  zone  in  the  drier  meadows. 

5.  Polygonum  shastense  Brewer,  in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol. 

8,  p.  400.     1872. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Sierra  Nevada  in  exposed  places  on  dry  ashy  soil, 
Mt.  Shasta  to  Carson  Pass." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  and  occasionally  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  and  Castle  Peaks,  Lemmon  1201  ; 
high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  425;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle 
Peak),  Sonne,  July  26,  1886;  Tinker's  Knob,  Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  Sonne, 
August  23,  1885 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4744 ; 
Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1137 ;  ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  8,500 
feet,  Heller  7151;  Wood's  Peak,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  2111;  slope  above 
Desolation  Valley  on  trail  to  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,800  feet,  Smiley 
336;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  684;  Mt.  Gibbs, 
Yosemite,  10,900  feet,  Smiley  771 ;  Long  meadow,  Tuolumne  County, 
Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  14,  1889;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,. 
Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  21,  1905. 

6.  Polygonum  bistortoides  Pursh.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  271.    1814. 

P.  glastifolium  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  199.     1903. 

P.  ceplialophorum  Greene,  La,  p.  198.     1903. 

Bistorta  leptopliylla  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  20.     1904. 

Bistorta  scaberula  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  77.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "In  low  grounds  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri, 
called  Quamash-flats. "  (Collected  in  Idaho.) 

Range. — In  western  North  America  from  the  subarctic  regions 
south  to  California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  in  dwarfed  forms  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  8-9,000  feet,  Brewer  2137 ; 
Caple's  Lakes,  8,500  feet,  Hanson  315;  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake 
Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4581 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow, 
Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  48 ;  Tenaya  trail  from  Snow  Creek,  Yosem- 
ite, 7,600  feet,  Smiley  671;  near  Porcupine  Flat,  Mariposa  County, 
8,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2620c;  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  8-9,000  feet, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  171 

Brewer  1786 ;  Elizabeth  Lake  meadow,  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,800  feet, 
Smiley  803 ;  Tenaya  meadow,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  683 ;  Mt. 
Raymond,  wet  meadow  on  the  south  side,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  534; 
Kaweah  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2199 ;  Hockett  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8472. 

This  is  the  most  conspicuous  plant  in  the  wet  meadows  of  the 
Canadian  zone ;  at  the  higher  levels  the  whole  plant  becomes  very  much 
reduced  in  size,  the  spikes  scarcely  one-half  inch  long. 

7.  Polygonum  alphmm  All.,  Fl.  Pedem.,  vol.  2,  p.  206,  t.  68,  fig.  1. 

1785. 

P.  polymorphum  var.  alpinum  Ledeb.,  PI.  Ross.,  vol.  3,  p.  524.     1849. 

Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — In  America,  south  along  the  west  coast  to  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  314;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet,  McGregor  91;  Plumas 
County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3635. 

8.  Polygonum  phytolaccaefolium  Meissn.,  in  Small,  Bull.  Torr. 

Bot.  Club,  vol.  19,  p.  360.    1892. 

Type  locality. — California. 

Range. — California  to  Washington  and  Idaho. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly  as  to  our  specimens. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Pass,  Torrey  425;  Donner,  K.  C. 
(Mrs.  Curran),  August,  1883;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner 
Pass,  Heller  7123. 

Perhaps  not  specifically  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

9.  Polygonum  Davisiae  Brewer  in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8, 

p.  399.    1872. 

Type  locality. — "In  California  it  belongs  to  the  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — North  Coast  Ranges  and  northern  Sierra. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin 
in  1879;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  714;  Placer  County,  A.  M.  Carpen- 
ter, August,  1892 ;  Silver  Valley,  Alpine  County,  Brewer  1955 ;  Castle 
Peak,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  469;  Mt.  Lola,  Kennedy  and  Doten  172; 
Cisco,  high  mountains,  Bolander  in  1872. 


172  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

P.  Newberryi  Small  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  21,  p.  170.  1894), 
of  the  Cascades  of  Oregon  and  "Washington,  is  a  close  ally  if  it  be 
really  separable. 

Monolepis  spathulata  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad,,  vol.  7,  p.  389.  1867), 
though  described  from  ''Sierra  Nevada,  at  Mono  Pass,"  a  station 
within  our  limits,  is  really  an  Upper  Sonoran  and  Arid  Transition 
species  ( Chenopodiaceae ) . 

Abronia  alpina  Brandegee  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  27,  p.  456.  1899),  with 
type  locality  ' '  in  Monatchy  meadows  of  Mt.  Whitney,  at  an  elevation 
of  7000-8000  ft.,  and  at  Templeton  near  the  craters,  growing  in  loose 
granite  sand, ' '  based  upon  Purpus  1877,  1497,  is  not  uncommon  about 
the  borders  of  meadows  in  the  Sierra  of  Tulare  County  (edges  of 
Kamshaw  meadows,  Canadian,  8,700  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8412 ; 
sandy  plains,  Wenatchie  meadows,  7-8,000  feet,  Purpus  1877)  and 
has  been  collected  within  the  boreal  region,  though  belonging  to  a 
family  (Nyctaginaceae)  of  southern  affinities.  It  is  perhaps  of  some 
interest  to  note  that  another  species  of  Abronia  (A.  micrantha  Gray) 
similarly  rises  to  the  border  of  the  boreal  region  of  the  mountains 
of  Colorado. 

21.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK  FAMILY) 

Calyx  gamosepalous,  forming  a  tube 1.  Silene 

Calyx  with  sepals  free  or  united  only  at  base. 
Petals  entire  or  merely  notched,  rarely  none. 

Styles  4  or  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals 2.  Sagina 

Styles  usually  3,  opposite  the  sepals 3.  Arenaria 

Petals  bifid  or  lobed,  rarely  none. 

Styles  usually  3;    capsule   short 4.  Stellaria 

Styles  4  or  5;  capsule  elongated 5.  Cerastium 

1.  SILENE 

Flowers  nodding  with  stamens  and  styles  long-exserted 1.  S.  Bridges!! 

Flowers  erect  with  stamens  and  styles  included  or  little  exserted. 

Petals  without  appendages  or  auricles;  calyx  cleft  to  the  middle  or  bel5w 

2.    S.   aperta 

Petals  with  appendages,  sometimes  auricled;  calyx  cleft  only  for  %  its  length. 
Stems    and    foliage   glandular-puberulent;    densely    caespitose    with    stems 

3-10  inches  high  and  with  usually  a  single  terminal  flower 

3.    S.    Watsoni 

Stems  and   foliage  puberulent   or  glabrous,  never  glandular;    stems   10-24 
inches  high  and  usually  several  (3-5)  flowered 4.  S.  Douglas!! 

1.  Silene  Bridges!!  Rohrb.,  App.  Ind.  Sem.  Berol.,  p.  5.     1867. 

Monogr.  Gatt.  Silene,  p.  204.     1868. 
S.  incompta  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  330.     1868. 

Type  locality. — "California,  Bridges." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  southward  from  Lake  Tahoe. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  173 

Specimens  examined. — Mariposa  County,  Snow  Flat,  Congdon  in 
1895 ;  same  locality,  8,700  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Mt.  Bullion, 
Mariposa  County,  Congdon  in  1893. 

2.  Silene  aperta  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  75.     1904. 

Type  locality.— "Hockett's  Meadows  (Tulare  County),  at  8600 
feet." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Hockett's  meadows,  Culbertson  (B  4498) 
co-type ;  same  locality,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5638 ;  four  miles 
south  from  Hockett's  meadows,  9,000  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8478. 

This  is  the  "S.  aptera"  of  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  pt.  V,  p.  506. 
1914. 

3.  Silene  Watsoni  Robinson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  28,  p.  143. 

1893. 

Lychnis  californica  Wats.,   Proc.   Am.   Acad.,   vol.    12,   p.   248.      1877,   not 
Silene  californica  Dur. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  high  Sierra;  near  Ebbett's  Pass."  Brewer. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  southern  Oregon. 

Zo  ne. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1875;  Long 
Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet,  Hall  9349;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle 
Peak)  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9917 ; 
near  Ebbett's  Pass,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  2081;  Cloud's  Rest,  summit, 
Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  13,  1889;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  west  side, 
9,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4720 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Bolander ;  same  local- 
ity, Congdon,  August  10,  1898;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  10,500  feet, 
Smiley  788;  Mt.  Warren,  Lundy  trail,  Congdon,  August  21,  1894; 
Mt.  Goddard,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  675;  Denel's  Peak, 
Tulare  County,  above  timber-line,  10,500-11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  5515 ;  mountains  on  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000 
feet,  Purpus  5182 ;  Marble  Canon,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1277. 

Silene  Suksdorfii  Robinson  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  16,  p.  44.  1891),  a 
species  of  the  Cascades  of  Washington  and  belonging  to  that  group 
of  high  montane  Silenes  of  which  S.  Grayi  Wats.  (Proc.  Am.  Acad., 
vol.  14,  p.  291.  1879)  of  Mt.  Shasta,  and  8.  Watsoni  are  the  best 
defined  members,  is  credited  to  the  Sierra  (Mt.  Stanford,  now  called 
Castle  Peak)  in  the  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  222,  on  the  basis  of 


174  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Hooker  and  Gray's  collection  above  cited  as  being  of  8.  Watsoni. 
Dr.  Jepson  has  pointed  out  how  far  recent  collections  have  disclosed 
points  of  agreement  between  these  species,  with  the  result  that  the 
specific  lines  are  now  difficult  to  draw  (Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1, 
pt.  V,  p.  511).  To  this  same  group  Miss  Eastwood  allies  her  8.  lacus- 
tris  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  41,  p.  284.  1906),  described  from  "Monarch  Lake 
near  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  California, ' '  and  stated  to  be  most 
nearly  like  8.  Orayi:  no  authentic  material  of  this  species  has  been 
seen  by  me.  What  is  said  by  its  author  to  be  an  outlying  member  of 
this  alliance,  especially  related  to  8.  Watsoni,  is  8.  tetonensis  E.  Nelson 
(Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  30,  p.  117.  1900)  based  upon  collections  from  "high 
grassy  slopes  of  the  Teton  mountains,"  Wyoming,  and  also  collected 
on  Dunraven  Peak,  Yellowstone  Park;  it  is  known  to  me  only  from 
the  description  as  published  and  maintained  by  Dr.  A.  Nelson  in  the 
Coulter-Nelson  manual. 

4.  Silene  Douglasii  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  88.    1830. 

Type  locality. — "Abundant  in  mountain  valleys,  above  the  Grand 
Kapids  of  the  Columbia,  and  among  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  their 
western  declivity." 

Range. — British  Columbia  south  to  the  Tahoe  region  through  the 
Cascade-Sierra  region ;  eastward  to  Montana. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Cisco,  1,890  m.,  Hall  8742 ;  south  end 
of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,500  feet,  Hall  8773 ;  Grass  Lake,  7,200 
feet,  McGregor  88 ;  below  Camp  Agassiz,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  27, 
1900. 

While  typical  8.  Douglasii  is  not  usually  considered  as  reaching 
the  Sierra,  all  collections  -being  as  a  rule  referred  to  the  var.  monantha, 
the  characters  of  the  specimens  above  cited  seem  to  require  the  dis- 
position here  given  them,  at  least  as  to  the  sheets  of  these  numbers 
seen  by  me. 

4a.  Silene  Douglasii  var.  monantha  (Wats.)  Robinson,  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.,  vol.  28,  p.  145.    1893. 
S.  monantha  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  340,  1875. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  debris  at  the  base  of  Castle  Rock,  Cas- 
cades," Washington. 

Range. — Washington  south  to  the  Tahoe  region. 
Zone. — Canadian  ? 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  175 

Specimens  examined. — Cliffs  at  Webber  Lake,  Lemmon  3002i/^; 
Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Hall  8823 ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe, 
east  side  at  7,500  feet,  Smiley  16;  near  Soda  Springs,  Jones  2502. 

This  variety  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  viscid  pubescence  on 
the  slender,  weak  stems. 

4b.  Silene  Douglasii  Hook.  var.  macrocalyx  Robinson,  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.,  vol.  28,  p.  145.     1893. 
Type  locality.— "Humboldt  Mts.,  W.  Nevada." 
Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,200  feet,  Heller  10328,  doubt- 
fully referred. 

2.  SAGINA 

1.  Sagina  Linnaei  Presl.,  Rel.  Haenk.,  vol.  2,  p.  14.    1835. 

Type  locality. — Eurasiatic. 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
from  Alaska  to  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Cloud's 
Rest,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  23,  1890;  head  of  Fall  Creek, 
Ormsby  County,  Baker  1332. 

The  Arctic  Pearlwort  occurs  in  the  Sierra  at  all  elevations  above 
the  main  forest  zone  but  is  nowhere  common.  Miss  Eastwood  found 
it  at  East  Lake,  in  the  high  mountains  of  Tulare  County89  and  Mer- 
riam53  reports  it  as  occurring  above  timber  line  on  Mt.  Shasta. 

3.  ABENAKI  A 

Pod  splitting  into  3  entire  valves;  petals  shorter  or  subequal  to  the  sepals 

1.    A.    Nuttallii 

Pod  splitting  into  bifid  valves;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Densely  caespitose  alpine;   stems   %— 3  inches  high;   leaves  minute   (%.   inch 

or  less  long)   and  somewhat  fleshy 2.  A.  compacta 

Taller  subalpine  plants;  leaves  not  in  the  least  fleshy. 

Flowers  aggregated  into  dense  clusters,  sessile  or  nearly  so  3.  A.  congesta 

Flowers  obviously  pedicelled  (pedicels  }£-%  inch  long)  in  the  open  cyme. 

4.  A.    capillaris 

1.  Arenaria  Nuttallii  var.  gracilis  Robinson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol. 

29,  p.  304.    1894. 

Type  locality. — "California  Mts.  above  Big  Tree  Grove,  Bolander 
4976;  Long  meadow,  Tulare  Co.,  Palmer,  Coville  and  Funston." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  region  from  the  Tahoe  region  southward 
to  the  mountains  of  southern  California. 
"Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 


176  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,700  feet,  Heller  9912;  Sonora 
Pass,  9,000  feet,  and  top  of  Silver  Mountain,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  1879 ; 
Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  670 ;  mountains  above 
Big  Tree  Grove  (Mariposa  Grove),  Bolander  4976;  Siberian  Pass, 
Tulare  County,  3,320  m.,  Hall  and  Babcock  5479;  Kaiser  Peak,  10,200 
feet,  forming  mats,  Smiley  643;  Harrison's  Pass,  Tulare  County,  about 
14,000  feet,  Eastwood,  July  1-13,  1899;  Alta  meadows,  10,000  feet, 
G.  B.  Grant  5318 ;  Mineral  King,  Brandegee,  July  28,  1892 ;  gravelly 
mountain  slopes  near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  Purpus  5253. 

The  type  form — A.  Nuttallii  Pax  (Engler's  Jahrb.,  vol.  18,  p.  30. 
1893) — is  only  known  in  California  from  the  mountains  of  the  Shasta- 
Siskiyou  region  and  extends  north  and  east  to  Oregon  and  Wyoming. 
The  var.  gracilis  differs  by  the  sepals  being  awned  or  mucronate  and 
by  the  green,  not  glaucous,  color. 

Var.  gracilipes  Jones  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  626.  1895), 
which  may  not  be  distinct  from  the  variety  above  cited,  but  is  known 
to  me  only  by  the  description,  was  described  from  Utah  specimens 
collected  on  Brigham  Peak  of  the  Wasatch  above  timber  line.  From 
character,  it  differs  in  the  leaves  being  abruptly  pointed,  not  acuminate 
as  in  the  type  and  in  var.  gracilis.  Professor  Jones  cites  specimens 
for  the  var.  gracilipes  from  the  Northwest  and  Wyoming,  none  from 
the  Californian  region. 

2.  Arenaria  compacta  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  7,  p.  67. 

1892. 

Type  locality. — "At  timber-line  on  a  divide  northwest  of  Whitney 
meadows,  Sierra  Nevada,  Tulare  County,  California."  No.  1653, 
Death  Valley  Expedition. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  or  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  Theo.  Labouchere,  July,  1915; 
near  Whitney  meadows,  Coville  and  Funston  1653. 

3.  Arenaria  congesta  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  178.    1838. 

Type  locality. — "Shady  hills  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  about 
Bear  River  of  the  Lake  of  Timpanagos. " 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  south  of  Washington  and  east  to  Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1875;  Summit, 
Bolander  1873;  Cisco,  Dr.  Kellogg,  June,  1870;  Plumas  County, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  177 

Mrs.  R.  N.  Austin  in  1876;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  above  tim- 
ber line,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5348 ;  rocky  mountain  slopes 
near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5263 ; 
Mt.  Guyot,  10,000  feet,  Upper  Kern  River,  Hall  and  Babcock  5527. 

3a.  Arenaria  congesta  Nutt.  var.  subcongesta  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif., 

vol.  1,  p.  69.     1876. 
A.  Fendleri  var.  subcongesta  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  40.     1871. 

Type  locality. — "East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  7-9,000  feet 
altitude. ' ' 

Range. — Same  as  the  species. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  Heller  7063;  Mono  Pass, 
10,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2627c;  Castle  Peak,  in  rock  crevices,  8,600 
feet,  Smiley  486 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August 
11,  1890;  Lake  Tenaya,  Congdon,  August  14,  1894;  Shuteye  Mountain, 
Madera  County,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  564. 

This  variety  lacks  the  characteristic  densely  clustered  head  of 
flowers  found  in  the  type  form,  the  flowers  being  on  more  or  less  long 
pedicels ;  in  this  it  approaches  A.  capillaris,  but  may  be  distinguished 
from  that  species  by  the  thicker,  shorter  leaves,  which  are  straight, 
not  curving  as  in  A.  ca>pillaris. 

3b.  Arenaria  congesta  var.  aculeata  (Wats.)  Jones,  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  626.    1895. 

A.  aculeata  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  40.     1871. 

A.  utahcnsis  A.  Nels.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  7.     1899. 

Type  locality. — "Fremont's  Pass,  East  Humboldt  Mountains, 
Nevada ;  6,500  feet  altitude. ' ' 

Range. — Mountains  of  the  Great  Basin  and  west  slope  of  the 
Rockies  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,000  feet,  Kennedy  1145;  Snow 
Valley,  Ormsby  County,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1276. 

4.  Arenaria  capillaris  Poir,  in  Lam.  Encycl.,  vol.  6,  p.  380.    1804. 

Type  locality. — "Dans  la  Siberie. " 

Range. — Southeastern  Alaska  to  California  and  east  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  9,600  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4723;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  634; 
meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and 
CKandler  591;  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew  in  1889; 


178  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Silver  Mountain,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  2703;  Mt.  Surprise,  Mariposa 
County,  Congdon,  August  11,  1890. 

Perhaps  most  of  our  collections  of  this  species  are  best  referred 
to  var.  nardifolia  Regel  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  vol.  35,  p.  253.  1830), 
which  is  distinguished  by  the  acicular  leaves  curving,  rather  than 
straight-leaved. 

4.  STELLAKIA 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  small  and  scarious. 

Petals  minute  or  none;  flowers  in  umbels 1.  S.  umbellata 

Petals  longer  than  the  sepals;  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  (sometimes  solitary, 

the  flower  then  long  pedicelled) 2.  S.  longipes 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leafy. 

Leaves  lanceolate;   flowers  cymose 3.  S.  borealis 

Leaves  ovate,  usually  crisped  on  the  margins;   flowers   on   long  pedicels   in 
the  leaf  axils 4.  S.  crispa 

1.  Stellaria  umbellata  Turcz.,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  p.  89.    1838 

(name  only)  ;  vol.  15,  p.  173.    1842,  for  description. 
Alsine  baiealensis  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  70.     1893. 

Type  locality.— "In  alpe  Nuchu-Daban, "  Siberia. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  from  Montana  to  New  Mexico,  west  to 
Oregon  and  California.  San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Peregoys  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ; 
soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  15,  1894; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  736. 

Coville  (I.e.)  reports  this  rare  species  from  near  Mineral  King, 
Tulare  County. 

2.  Stellaria  longipes  G'oldie,  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.,  vol.  6,  p.  327. 

1822. 

Type  locality. — "Woods  near  Lake  Ontario,  Canada." 

Range. — Ontario  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876 ;  Pere- 
goy 's,  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  8,000  feet,  Smiley 
700;  Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  Hansen  282;  subalpine  meadows, 
Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  May,  1888 ;  Tioga  Road  near  Aspen  val- 
ley, Yosemite,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  906 ;  Rowell  meadow,  Fresno  County, 
Dudley,  August  23,  1904;  Pitman  Creek,  Fresno  County,  7,000  feet, 
Smiley  599 ;  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and  Funston 
1674;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B  4370)  ;  South  Fork  of  Kern 
River,  Rothrock  310. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  179 

Dr.  Jepson  (Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  V,  p.  484.  1914)  reports  the  var. 
laeta  Wats.  (Bibl.  Index.,  p.  112.  1878— 8.  laeta  Rich.,  Franklin's 
1st  Journ.,  App.  7,  ed.  1,  p.  738.  1823,  from  the  Barren  Grounds 
region)  from  Volcano  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Jepson  4961,  a  specimen 
not  seen  by  me.  Culbertson's  collection  from  the  high  mountains  of 
Tulare  County  (B4345),  has  been  assigned  by  Miss  Eastwood  to  this 
variety,  a  reference  I  consider  not  justified  since  the  specimen  does 
not  show  the  glaucous  color,  which  is  the  characteristic  differentiating 
it  from  the  type  form. 

3.  Stellaria  borealis  Bigel.  var.  Bongardiana  Fernald,  Rhodora, 

vol.  16,  p.  151.    1914. 

S.  longifolia  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.,  p.  126.     1832,  not  Muhl.,  in  Willd.,  Enum., 
p.  479.     1809. 

Type  locality. — Sitka. 

Range. — Aleutian  Islands  to  California  and  appearing  in  Gaspe 
Peninsula,  Quebec. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Moist  places,  Little  Tule  River,  7-8,000  feet, 
Purpus  5131. 

I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  the  Sierra  that  appeared  referable 
to  the  type  form,  though  Jepson  5003  has  been  so  referred  (Jepson, 
I.e.,  p.  485). 

4.  Stellaria  crispa  C.  and  S.,  Linnaea,  vol.  1,  p.  51.    1826. 
Type  locality. — ' '  Unalaschka. ' ' 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  south  of  Alaska. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,700  feet,  Heller  9932;  Castle 
Peak  trail,  7,200  feet,  deep  shaded  stream  bank,  Smiley  460;  Funston's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2145. 

Stellaria  Jamesmna  Torr.  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  169.  1828) 
reported  by  Piper  (Fl.  Wash. — Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  259)  as 
"Hudsonian, "  occurs  in  the  mountains  of  California,  both  in  the 
Sierra  and  Coast  Ranges,  in  the  Transition  life-zone.  The  only  knowl- 
edge I  have  of  it  as  a  component  of  the  high  mountain  flora  is  the 
reference  to  this  species  by  Miss  Eastwood89  of  a  plant  collected  at 
East  Lake,  Tulare  County,  by  Miss  C.  E.  Wilson.  In  Idaho  its  zonal 
position  would  seem  to  be  below  our  limits  if  one  may  judge  from 
the  collection,  Nelson  and  Macbride  1216,  made  at  Ketchum,  Blaine 
County,  in  a  "sunny  grassy  swale"  at  5,887  feet. 


180  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

5.  CERASTIUM 

1.  Cerastium  arvense  var.  Sonnei  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

C.  Sonnei  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  303.     1901. 

Type  locality. — "From  an  altitude  of  8,000  feet  on  Mt.  Rose." 
C.  F.  Sonne. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  above. 

Specimen  examined. — Rosasco's,  Tuolumne  County,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  June  25,  1889. 

This  variety  scarcely  merits  discrimination  were  it  not  for  the  fact 
that  in  the  higher  mountains  the  familiar  chickweed  of  the  lowlands 
(C.  arvense  L.)  becomes  conspicuously  more  viscid-glandular  and 
with  shorter  petals  and  capsules.  By  these  characters  the  high  country 
plant  approaches  forms  of  C.  alpinum  L.,  especially  C.  alpinum  var. 
Beeringianum  Regel  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  vol.  35,  p.  316).  There  is 
preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  California  a  fragment 
of  a  plant  collected  by  Theo.  Labouchere  on  Mt.  Dana,  July,  1915, 
which  is  probably  to  be  referred  to  the  last  named  variety.  The 
specimen  is,  however,  so  small  and  immature,  the  capsule  not  evident, 
that  definite  reference  seems  at  present  premature.  The  variety  is 
known  to  range  from  Alaska  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 


22.  PORTULACACEAE   (PURSLANE  FAMILY) 

Stamens  more  than   5    (L.   triphylla  has   4-5   stamens   but   is  recognized   by   the 

capsule  with  circumscissile  dehiscence) 1.  Lewisia 

Stamens  5  or  fewer;  capsule  with  valvular  dehiscence. 
Stamens  5;   style  deeply  3-divided. 

Stems  from  deep-seated  globose  corms 2.  (/laytonia 

Stems   from   slender   rootstocks ...3:  Montia 

Stamens  3;  style  simple 4.  Spraguea 

1.  LEWISIA 

(All  our  forms  are  of  the  subgenus  Oreobroma) 

Leaves  all  radical;  root  fusiform;  plants  without  corms. 

Flowers  red,  numerous  in  divaricate  panicles  on  impersistent  scapes;   leaves 

much  shorter  than  the  scapes 1.  L.  leana 

Flowers  white  on  persistent  recurving  scapes  (L.  pygmaea  sometimes  has  red 
petals  but  its  leaves  always  equal  and  usually  exceed  the  1-  or  2-flowered 
scapes). 

Sepals  obtuse  or  truncate  and  glandular-denticulate 2.  L.  pygmaea 

Sepals  acute,  not  glandular,  and  entire 3.  L.  nevadensis 

Cauline  leaves  opposite  or  whorled  (2-5) ;  stems  from  a  small  globose  corm. 
4.  L.  triphylla 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  181 

1.  Lewisia  leana  Robinson,  in  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  269. 

1897. 

Calandrinia  Leana  Porter,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  1,  p.  49.     1876. 
Oreobroma  Leana  Howell,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  31.     1893. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  near  the  southern 
boundary  of  Oregon."  L.  W.  Lee. 

Range. — Siskiyou  and  Salmon  Mountains,  northwestern  Califor- 
nia, and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Woodchuck  Peak,  Fresno  County,  west 
slope,  10-11,000  feet,  among  the  first  tamarack  pines  and  also  above 
them,  G.  Eisen ;  Bald  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler,  398. 

A  plant  collected  by  Congdon  on  the  Hennessey  trail,  Mariposa 
County,  is  referred  here  by  Dr.  Jepson  (Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  pt.  V,  p. 
477),  but  as  represented  in  U.  C.  shows  some  characters  unlike  Leana, 
as  described  and  presented  in  the  specimens  of  that  species  seen  by 
me;  in  my  opinion  Congdon 's  plant  is  certainly  not  referable  to  the 
type  form  of  L.  Leana,  and  is  either  L.  cotyledon  Robinson  (a  species 
certainly  known  only  from  northwestern  California)  or  is  an  un- 
described  plant;  unfortunately  the  specimen  is  too  fragmentary  for 
critical  examination. 

2.  Lewisia  pygmaea  (A.  Gray)  Robinson,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  1, 

p.  268.    1897. 

Talinum  pygmaeum  Gray,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  II,  vol.  23,  p.  407.  1862. 
Calandrinia  pygmaea  Gray,  Proc.  Am,  Aead.,  vol.  8,  p.  623.  1873. 
Oreobroma  pygmaea  Howell,  Erythea,  voL  1,  p.  33.  1893. 

Type  locality. — "Bridger's  Pass,"  Colorado.     Englemann. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  states  east  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5447 ;  Cloud 's  Rest,  in  granite  sand  at  9,850  feet,  Smiley  517 ; 
foot  of  Lyell  Glacier,  Yosemite,  Muir  in  1872 ;  Yosemite  trail,  meadows 
at  8,000  feet,  Bolander  6390 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17, 
1889;  same  locality,  12,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock,  3611;  Mt.  Silli- 
man,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905;  Mineral  King,  Brandegee, 
July  28,  1892 ;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County, 
11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5681;  Glacier  Lake,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
1697^north  ravine  on  Mt.  Silliman,  11,188  feet,  Dudley  1487;  above 


182  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

timber  line  on  a  mountain  north  of  Whitney  meadows,  Coville  and 
Funston  1666;  near  Langley's  Camp,  Mt.  Whitney,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  5547. 

3.  Lewisia  nevadensis   (Gray)   Robinson,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  1, 

p.  268.    1897. 

Calandrinia  Nevadensis  Gray,  Proc,  Am.  Aead.,  vol.  8,  p.  623.     1873. 
Oreobroma  nevadensis  Howell,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  33.     1893. 

Type  locality. — "Subalpine  region  of  Wahsatch  and  East  Hum- 
boldt  Mountains,"  and  "Sierra  Nevada,  California,  at  Summit  and 
Cisco." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  (to  southern  Sierra  Nevada)  east  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Bolander,  Kellog  and  Co. ;  Cisco, 
Dr.  Kellogg  in  1870;  Diamond  Mountain,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  M.  E. 
P.  Ames  in  1873 ;  near  Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  4505 ;  below  Donner  Lake,  wet  meadow,  Davy  3183 ;  Angora 
Peak,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  .23;  Cloud's  Best,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet, 
Dudley,  June  13,  1894;  Funston 's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000 
feet,  Dudley  2141;  Hockett's  meadows,  8,600  feet,  Dudley  1879;  dry 
meadows  on  Middle  Tule  River,  6-7,000  feet,  Purpus  1805. 

4.  Lewisia  triphylla  (Wats.)  Robinson,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p. 

269.    1897. 

Claytonia  triphylla  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  345.     1875. 

Oreobroma  triphylla  Howell,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  33.     1893. 

Erooallis  triphylla  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  33,  p.  140.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Above  Cisco,  California."    Watson. 

Range. — Washington  to  California  and  east  to  Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4506 ;  above  Cisco,  Watson,  July,  1867 ;  same  locality, 
high  up,  Dr.  Kellogg  in  1870 ;  Cascade  Mountains,  Tahoe,  6,225-9,000 
feet,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  M.  S. 
Baker,  July  7,  1904;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900;  Deso- 
lation Valley,  McGregor  160;  Lake  Eleanor,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  June  28,  1889 ;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County, 
10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  B ;  Nellie  Lake  meadow,  Fresno 
County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  602 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  10,500 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  183 

feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  4,  1905 ;  woods  south  of  Hockett  's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Dudley  1893. 

Oreobroma  longipetala  Piper  (Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  16,  p.  207. 
1913),  described  from  a  plant  collected  by  Lemmon  in  1875  "in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,"  is  unknown  to  me  except  by  description.  It  is  said 
to  be  "intermediate  between  0.  pygmaea  and  0.  oppositifolia  (L. 
oppositifolia  Robinson)." 

2.  CLAYTONIA 

1.  Claytonia  lanceolata  Pursh.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  175.    1814  . 
Type  locality. — "On  the  Rocky  Mountains." 
Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  east  to  Wyoming. 
Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  Dr.  Kellogg  in  1870;  Spanish  Peak, 
Plumas  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  9292. 

3.  MONTIA 

Flowering  stems  scapose,  the  reduced  leaves  alternate 1.  M.  parvifolia 

Flowering  stems  leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  opposite 2.  M.  Chamissoi 

1.  Montia  parvifolia  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  181.    1891. 

Claytonia  parvifolia  Mocin.,  in  DC.  Prodr.,  vol.  3,  p.  361.     1828. 
Claytonia  filicaulis  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  224,  pi.  72.     1834. 
Montia  obtusata  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  2,  p.  32.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "In  America  boreali  occid.  ad  Nootka."    Alaska. 

Range. — Southeastern  Alaska  to  California  and  in  the  northern 
Rockies. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller 
7142 ;  near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  Donner 
Lake,  E.  L.  Greene  465;  Glen  Alpine,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21, 
1901 ;  Yosemite,  Bolander  6376 ;  Gilmore  Lake,  Mt.  Tallac,  8,200  feet, 
Smiley  370. 

2.  Montia  Chamissoi  Dur.  and  Jac.,  Index  Kew  Sup.,  vol.  1,  p.  282. 

1901. 

Claytonia  Clmmissoi  Ledeb.,  in  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  790.     1825. 

Claytonia  Chamissonia  Esch.,  Linnaea,  vol.  6,  p.  562.     1831. 

Montia  chamissonis  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  180.     1891. 

Crunocallis  cliamissonis  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  33,  p.  139.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "  Unalaschka. " 


184  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Alaska  to  California,  and  southeastward  to  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico.  Also  Minnesota. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  rising  rarely  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  27 ;  Soda  Springs 
(Nevada  County?),  8,000  feet,  Brewer  1707;  Iceberg  meadow,  Alpine 
County,  6,500  feet,  Abrams  4884;  Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  Han- 
sen  546;  above  Tallac,  Dudley,  June  8,  1893;  Peregoy's,  Yosemite, 
A.  Grey  in  1872;  Guyot  Creek,  eastern  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet, 
H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8429. 


4.  SPRAGUEA 

1.  Spraguea  umbellata  Torr.,  PI.  Frem.  Smithson.  Contr.,  vol.  6, 
p.  4,  pi.  1.     1853. 

Calyptridium  umbellatum  Greene,   Bull.   Torr.  Bot.   Club,   vol.    13,  p.    144. 

1886. 

Calyptridium  nudum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  64.     1887. 
Calyptridium  monospermum  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  63.     1895. 
Spraguea  umbellata  var.  montana  Jones,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  9,  p.  31. 

1882. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Forks  of  the  Nozah  River,  in  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  of  northern  California."  (Nozah  River,  a  branch  of 
the  Sacramento  west  of  Lassen  Peak.) 

Range. — California  north  to  British  Columbia  and  east  to  Wyom- 
ing. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Canadian,  locally  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4511;  Blue  Caiion,  Placer  County,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker 
1207 ;  near  Summit,  Heller  7024 ;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  §,200  feet, 
Smiley  340;  Mt.  Tallac,  summit  rocks  at  9,700  feet  and  approaching 
the  following  variety,  Smiley  269;  Mt.  Rose,  in  granite,  9,000  feet, 
Heller  10,941;  Deer  Park,  Tahoe,  E.  J.  Newcomer  in  1909;  Pyramid 
Peak,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  93;  Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,  Miss  Canp, 
July,  1902;  Porcupine  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2692c; 
Mt.  Gibbs,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  789;  Mt.  Silliman,  10,000  feet,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August  21,  1905;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
Culbertson  (B4295);  dry  woods  under  P.  Murray  ana,  8-9,000  feet, 
about  Funston's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2140. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Calif orwia  185 

la.  Spraguea  umbellata  Torr.  var.  caudicifera  Gray,  in  Patterson, 
Check  List  N.  Am.  PL,  p.  14.    1892. 

S.  multiceps  Hcnvell,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  39.     1893. 

Calyptridium  umbellatum  Greene  var.  caudieifera  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1, 
p.  465.     1914. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Same  as  the  species. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  rockfield  on  northwest  side, 
11,500  feet,  Smiley  724;  side  of  Mt.  Lyell,  13,000  feet,  Lemmon, 
August  19,  1878 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  679 ; 
Olancha  Peak,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  2015. 

This  variety  is  well  marked  in  the  specimens  collected  in  the  rock- 
fields  above  timber  line  but  gradually  acquires  the  appearance  of  the 
typical  species  lower  down,  i.e.,  it  is  the  depauperate  alpine  form. 
One  of  the  intergrades  is  represented  by  var.  montana  Jones,  based 
on  a  collection  made  near  ' '  Soda  Springs, ' '  Nevada  County.  C.  nudum 
Greene  has  the  peduncle  simple,  the  inflorescence  being  strictly  capi- 
tate at  the  top  of  the  4-5  inch  stem ;  no.  789  from  Mt.  Gibbs  represents 
this.  C.  monospermum  Greene  was  based  on  a  collection  made  at  Big 
Cottonwood  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet,  by  F.  "W.  Koch : 
though  described  as  having  two  petals  and  being  single-seeded,  in  the 
sheet  of  this  collection  now  in  U.  C.,  the  flowers  have  four  petals  and 
ovaries  and  capsules  are  several  seeded. 


23.  NYMPHAEACEAE  (WATER  LILY  FAMILY) 
1.  NUPHAR 

1.  Nuphar  polysepalum  Engelm.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.,  vol.  2, 
p.  282.    1865. 

Type  locality. — "In  small  lakes  in  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains 
from  the  sources  of  the  Platte,  near  Long's  Peak,  lat.  40°,  to  those 
of  the  Columbia  River,  lat.  44°." 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Suzy  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Smiley 
276;  same  locality,  McGregor  179;  Tallac  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  M.  S. 
Haggin;  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Tahoe,  Baker  1470;  Crane  Flat, 
Yosemjte,  Brewer  1620;  Eagle  Peak  meadows,  Yosemite,  Hall  9192. 


186  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


24.  EANUNCULACEAE  (BUTTERCUP  FAMILY) 

Apetalous  (Actaea  often  has  apetalous  flowers  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the 

fruit  developing  as  a  berry,  not  as  an  achene  nor  as  a  follicle). 
Leaves  divided  or  deeply  lobed;  fruit  an  achene. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Leaves  palmately  divided  into  5-7  lobes;  sepals  white  (petaloid) 

1.  Trautvetteria 

Leaves  2-3  times  ternately  compound;  sepals  herbaceous  (not  petaloid) 

2.  Thalictrum 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled 3.  Anemone 

Leaves  undivided;  fruit  a  follicle 4.  Caltha 

Petals  present. 
Flowers  irregular. 

Upper  sepal  spurred;  petals  4 5.  Delphinium 

Upper  sepal  forming  a  helmet-shaped  hood;  petals  2 6.  Aconitum 

Flowers  regular. 

Flowers  with  long  backward  spurs  formed  by  the  always  5  petals 

7.    Aquilegia 

Flowers  without  spurs;   petals  indefinite  in  number,  usually  more  than  5. 

Fruit  a  berry;   flowers  white 8.  Actaea 

Fruit  a  follicle;   flowers  dark  red 9.  Paeonia 

Fruit  an  achene;  flowers  yellow 10.  Ranunculus 

1.  TEAUTVETTERIA 

1.  Trautvetteria  grandis  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  37. 

1838. 

Type  locality. — "Shady  woods  of  the  Oregon." 

Range. — Washington  and  British  Columbia  south  to  the  northern 
Sierra  Nevada.  Also  in  New  Mexico,  according  to  Wooton  and  Stand- 
ley. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Mill  Creek,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  N. 
Austin  in  1877. 

In  1912  Dr.  Greene  published  an  article  on  "New  Species  of 
Trautvetteria"  (Leaflets,  vol.  2,  pp.  190-193)  ;  among  the  descriptions 
is  one  (p.  191)  having  as  its  basis  the  plant  of  Mrs.  Austin 'sv  the  new 
name  being  "Trautvetteria  rotundata, "  an  exact  synonym. 


2.  THALICTRUM 

Flowers  perfect;  upper  leaves  sessile 1.  T.  sparsiflorum 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious;  upper  leaves  petioled. 

Achenes  %c-1/4  incn  l°ngj  leaflets  firm 2.  T.  Fendleri 

Achenes  %c-%  inch  !ong;  leaflets  thin 3.  T.  occidentale 

1.  Thalictrum  sparsiflorum  Turcz.,  in  F.  and  M.,  Ind  Sem.  Petrop., 
vol.  1,  p.  40.     1835. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 


19211          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  187 

Specimens  examined. — Warner  Valley,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin 
in  1879 ;  Truckee  River,  one  mile  above  Truckee,  Heller  7056 ;  Upper 
San  Joaquin  River,  Madera  County,  Congdon,  August  19,  1895 ;  near 
Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  614. 

2.  Thalictrum  Fendleri  var.  platycarpum  Trel.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  23,  p.  304.    1886. 
T.  Tiespcrium  Greene,  Pitt,  vol.  2,  p.  24.     1889. 

Type  locality. — ' '  California. ' ' 

Range. — Not  known  beyond  the  Sierran  region. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  C.  F.  Sonne  16;  high  Sierra 
(probably  near  Summit),  Greene  452;  Castle  Peak  trail  from  Soda 
Springs,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  466;  Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  4703;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  110; 
Yosemite  Valley  and  Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6260;  Cloud's  Rest,  Ches- 
nut  and  Drew,  July  13,  1889;  Mt.  Raymond,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  526; 
Hockett  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4381)  ;  near  Mineral 
King,  Coville  and  Funston  1387. 

3.  Thalictrum  occidentale  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  372. 

1872. 

Type  locality. — " Vancouver's  Island." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Alaska  to  northern  California  and 
east  to  the  mountains  of  Montana  and  New  Mexico. 

Specimen  examined. — Plumas  County,  in  rocky  soil,  Mrs.  R.  N. 
Austin  166,  doubtfully  referred  since  the  foliage  is  thicker  than  that 
of  the  typical  form.  Aside  from  this  doubtful  specimen,  no  other 
evidence  is  at  hand  that  this  northern  Meadow-rue  reaches  our  limits, 
except  tha  statement  by  Greene  (Fl.  Fran.,  p.  310)  that  this  species 
is  "frequent  in  extreme  northern  Calif.,  reaching  our  limits  in  Sierra 
Co.,  at  Gold  Lake." 

Thalictrum  alpinum  L.,  present  in  the  high  mountain  region 
throughout  the  Rockies  and  in  arctic  America  and  Eurasia,  com.es  to 
the  borders  of  our  area  (White  Mountains,  Mono  County,  Coville  and 
Funston  1806),  but  has  as  yet  not  been  collected  in  the  Sierra  or  in 
the  other  California  mountains. 


188  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


3.  ANEMONE 

Achenes  with  long,  hairy,  persistent  styles 1.  A.  occidentalis 

Achenes  with  short,  nearly  naked,  styles 2.  A.  Drummondii 

1.  Anemone  occidentalis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  121. 

1876. 

Pulsatilla  occidentalis  Freyn,  Deutsch.,  Bot.  Monatsseh.,  vol.  8,  p.  78.    1890. 
Anemone  alpina  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  5.     1830,  not  of  L. 

Type  locality. — ''In  the  mountains,  from  British  Columbia  south- 
ward to  Mt.  Shasta  and  Lassen  's  Peak. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  south- 
east to  northwest  Montana. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Nevada  County,  7,500  feet,  A.  M.  Carpen- 
ter, August-September,  1893;  Kaweah  River  Basin,  Tulare  County, 
R.  Hopping  72;  gravelly  mountain  slopes  above  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  1813 ;  Sierra  Nevada,  Dr.  G. 
Eisen  (no  locality,  but  probably  in  Fresno  County)  ;  slope  of  Alta 
Peak,  Tulare  County,  11,211  feet,  Dudley  1530;  near  Mineral  King, 
Coville  and  Funston  1531. 

2.  Anemone  Drummondii  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  424.    1880. 

A.  calif ornioa  Eastw.,  Proc.  Calif.  Aead.  II,  vol.  6,  423.     1896. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  County,"  Lemmon. 

Range. — Alaska  to  the  Tahoe  region  and  through  British  Columbia 
to  Alberta.  Mountains  of  northern  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  Heller 
7099;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  703;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  8,500 
feet,  C.  F.  Sonne,  July  17,  1892 ;  Castle  Peak,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  481 ; 
near  Lake  Tahoe,  Miss  Anna  King,  May,  1900 ;  near  Lot 's  Lake,  west- 
ern Plumas  County,  Miss  Eastwood. 

E.  Ulbrich,  in  his  monograph,102  considers  this  species  to  be 
included  in  A.  Baldensis  L.,  a  disposition  of  the  West  American  plant 
with  which  Dr.  Jepson  (Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  528)  concurs;  this  con- 
clusion I  believe  erroneous,  since  as  compared  with  the  plant  of 
Eurasia,  our  species  constantly  shows  narrower  leaf  segments,  shorter 
leaflet  petioles  and  diminished  pubescence.  For  these  reasons,  it  has 
seemed  to  me  best  to  retain  A.  Drummondii  as  a  distinct  specific  unit, 
while  recognizing  its  close  relationship  with  the  Old  World  species. 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  189 

4.  CALTHA 

1.  Caltha  Howellii  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol:  4,  p.  79.    1899. 

C.  Mflora  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  20.     1897,  not  of  DC. 
C.  leptosepala  var.  Howellii  E.  Huth,  Helios,  voL  9,  p.  68.    1892. 

Type  locality. — "Cascade  Mountains." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  the  southern  Cascades  and  mountains 
of  Siskiyou  County. 

Zone. — Hudsonian,  and  not  rarely  in  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  7,000  feet,  Mrs.  Austin, 
June,  1879;  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  8,600  feet, 
Heller  10960;  about  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  2,460  m., 
Baker  1298 ;  Frog  Lake,  near  Castle  Peak,  C.  F.  Sonne,  July  25,  1886 ; 
near  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901; 
Castle  Peak,  trail  from  Soda  Springs,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  462 ;  Pyramid 
Peak,  Tahoe,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900 ;  same  locality,  wet  ledge  on  east 
side,  9,200  feet,  Smiley  127;  Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite,  Congdon, 
June  5,  1897 ;  Cathedral  Pass  trail,  Yosemite,  Dudley,  July  21,  1901 ; 
Cloud's  Eest,  Brandegee,  June,  1883;  slopes  of  Alta  Peak,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1526a ;  Avalanche  meadow,  near  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1526;  Hockett's  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson 
(B  4379)  ;  Eagle  Lake,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5360;  meadows  about  Alta  Lake  and  Mountain  Lake,  Tulare  County, 
9-10,000  feet,  Dudley,  990;  Hockett's  meadows  by  the  river,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1869. 

The  acaulescent  forms  of  Caltha  growing  in  western  alpine  or  sub- 
alpine  regions  appear  to  me  to  be  divisible  into  two  groups :  the  round 
leaved  forms  (C.  malvacea  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  75,  and  C.  Howellii),  and 
the  oblong  leaved  species  (C.  leptosepala  DC.,  Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  310; 
C.  chionophila  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  80,  and  C.  rotundifolia  Greene,  I.e.)  ; 
the  first  group  is  strictly  west  coast,  coming  south  from  Oregon  to  the 
southern  Sierra  Nevada ;  the  other  alliance  belongs  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains from  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico,  with  outlying  species  in 
east  Oregon  and  in  the  central  part  of  the  Great  Basin.  C.  bi flora  DC. 
(Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  310)  is  only  found  in  the  northwest  from  Alaska  to 
Washington. 


190  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


5.  DELPHINIUM 

Eaceme  1-1.5  feet  long,  of  numerous  loosely  aggregated  long-pedicelled  flowers; 
leaves  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;   stems  3-6  feet  high,  stout 

1.  D.  glaucum 

Inflorescence  loose,  few-flowered;  leaves  green  and  usually  at  least  pubescent; 
stems  1-1.5  feet  high. 

Sepals  much  shorter  than  the  slender  acuminate  spur 2.  D.  pauciflorum 

Sepals  subequal  to  the  thick  blunt  spur 3.  D.  luporum 

1.  Delphinium  glaucum  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  427.    1880. 
D.  scopiilorum  var.  glauoum  Gray,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  12,  p.  52.     1887. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Alaska  to  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Webber 
Lake,  Lemmon;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  52; 
Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  138;  Snow 
Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1371;  head 
of  Galena  Creek,  8,300  feet,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  Heller  10221. 

2.  Delphinium  pauciflorum  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  33. 

1838. 

Type  locality. — "  Rocky  Mountains  and  Blue  Mountains  of  the 
Oregon. ' ' 

Range. — Washington  to  California  and  east  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  8,000  feet, 
Brewer  1785 ;  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  897 ; 
Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  122 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,100 
feet,  Hall-Chandler  4636;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  6,800  feet,  Hall 
9185 ;  Tioga  Road,  Yosemite,  9,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2691c. 

2a.  Delphinium  pauciflorum  var.  Sonnei   (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

D.  Sonnei  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  246.     1897. 

D.  decorum  var.  nevadense  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  11.     1876. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Donner  Lake,  and  also  far  northward  in 
Siskiyou  County,"  California. 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  and  central  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Low  ground  south  end  of  Donner  Lake, 
Heller  6940 ;  Lake  Tahoe,  Miss  Anna  King,  May,  1900 ;  Cisco,  Bolander 
in  1873 ;  about  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  2,460  m.,  Baker 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  191 

1295;  King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  1,700-2,000  m.,  Baker 
903;  meadow  above  Summit  Station,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  447;  Maggie's 
Peaks,  west  of  Tahoe,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  422;  Plumas  County,  Mrs. 
Austin  in  1879;  Independence  Lake,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
4529. 

This  variety  seems  worthy  of  recognition  because  of  the  broader 
segments  of  the  thicker  leaves  than  the  type  form  presents.  The  state- 
ment of  K.  C.  Davis103  that  this  variant  is  a  "slender  weak  form"  of 
D.  Andersoni  Gray  is  certainly  wide  of  the  mark;  as  E.  Huth  has 
pointed  out,104  the  relationship  of  the  species  is  with  D.  Menziesii  DC. 

3.  Delphinium  luporum  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  76.    1904. 

Type  locality. — "On  Coyote  Creek  (Tulare  County),"  California. 
Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 
Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson 
(B  4392)  ;  Tioga  Road,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  15,  1894. 


6.  ACONITUM 

1.  Aconitum  columbianum  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  34. 

1838. 

A.   Fischeri  Brew,    and   Wats.,   Bot.    Calif,    vol.    1,   p.    12.      1876,   not   of 

Eeichenb. 

A.  Helleri  Greene,  in  Fedde,  Hep.  nov.  spec.,  vol.  7,  p.  3.     1909. 
A.  Hanseni  Greene,  I.e. 
A.  obtusiflorum  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  4. 

Type  locality. — "Springy  places  on  the  Oregon  below  Walla- 
walla."  Nuttall. 

Range. — Western  North  America  from  British  Columbia  to  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet, 
E.  Mulliken  142 ;  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6917 ;  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  6,400 
feet,  Hall  8833;  same  locality,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  23,  1909;  Half- 
Moon  Lake,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  59 ;  Hope  Valley,  Tahoe  region,  8,500 
feet,  Hansen  557 ;  marshy  ravine  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,800 
feet,  Smiley  313;  Lake  Tenaya  trail,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  14, 
1894 ;  Tioga  Road  near  Dark  Hole,  Yosemite,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  876. 


192  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

7.  AQUILEOIA 

Flowers  pendulous  at  anthesis,  red,  with  sometimes  yellow  centers. 

Blades  of  the  petals  much  reduced  or  obsolete 1.  A.  truncata 

Blades  of  the  petals  obvious  (%— %  inch  long) 2.  A.  formosa 

Flowers  erect,  sulphur-yellow  (occasionally  white  or  pinkish)  ....3.  A.  pubescens 

1.  Aquilegia  truncata  var.  pauciflora  Jepson,  Fl.  Calif.,  vol.  1, 

p.  517.     1914. 
A.  pauciflora  Greene,  Leaflets,  176.     1904 

Type  locality. — Hockett's  meadows,"  Tulare  County. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  locally  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,700  feet,  Smiley 
122 ;  Castle  Peak,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  473 ;  Mt.  Rose,  9,500  feet,  Heller 
10336 ;  near  summit  of  Mt.  Ralston,  Tahoe,  9,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4681;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  Brewer  1694;  Hockett's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4460)  ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County, 
7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  136;  Porcupine  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet, 
H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901. 

2.  Aquilegia  formosa  Fisch.,  in  DC.,  Prodr.,  vol.  1,  p.  50.    1824. 

A.  columbiana  Kydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  29,  p.  145.     1902. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  Kamchatka. ' ' 

Range. — Northwest  coast  from  the  Aleutian  Islands  to  California 
and  Utah. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  or  locally  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimen  examined. — Mono  Pass,  10,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2736c. 

A.  truncata  and  A.  formosa  constitute  a  pair  of  closely  allied 
species  with  so  many  characters  alike,  the  reduction  of  the  petals  in 
A.  truncata  differing  considerably,  that  Jones105  has  proposed  to 
regard  the  first  named  species  as  a  variety  of  A.  formosa. 

3.  Aquilegia  pubescens  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  56. 

1893. 

Type  locality. — "At  an  altitude  of  about  3,000  meters  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  on  a  mountain-side  north  of  the  White  Chief  Mine,  near  Min- 
eral King,  Tulare  County,  California." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  20,  1889;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898;  Mono 
Pass,  Congdon,  August  16,  1894 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  Yosemite,  12,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  671 ;  Mt.  Dana,  10,000  feet,  Muir  in  1873 ;  Mono 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  193 

Pass,  11,000  feet,  Bolander  6263 ;  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County,  10,100 
feet,  Smiley  641 ;  near  Mineral  King,  10,500  feet,  J.  W.  Wright,  July 
27,  1880;  Kern-Kaweah  Pass,  9-10,000  feet,  Dudley  2376;  Rockslide 
Lake,  Kaweah  Peaks,  10-11,000  feet,  Dudley  2377;  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  Connty,  A.  Eastwood,  July  19,  1903 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  R.  Hopping  520 ;  just  north  of  the  summit  of  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  County,  10,300  feet,  Dudley  1130 ;  Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare 
County,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5230. 

This  species  is  related  to  A.  ckrysantha  Gray  and  A.  coeriUea  James 
of  the  high  Colorado  mountains  and  represents  these  species  in  the 
alpine  flora  of  the  coast. 

8.  ACT  ABA 

1.  Actaea  spicata  var.  argnta  Torr.,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  4,  p.  63. 

1856. 

A.  arguta  Nutt,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  35.     18381 

A.  eburnea  Eydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  53.     1900. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Woods  of  the  Oregon  and  its  tributary  streams. ' ' 
Nuttall. 

Range. — Alaska  to  southern  California,  east  to  Alberta  and  Colo- 
rado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor 
171 ;  hillside  near  Tallac,  Tahoe,  6,300  feet,  Smiley  139 ;  near  Whitney 
meadows,  now  called  Volcano  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and 
Funston  1706 ;  Sequoia  National  Park,  A.  Davidson  1965. 

I  am  in  doubt  if  this  should  be  included  in  this  list,  since  it  appears 
so  rarely  within  our  borders  and  is  not  common  anywhere  in  the 
Sierra. 

9.  PAEONIA 

1.  Paeonia  Brownii  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  27. 
1829. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  confines  of  perpetual  snow,  on  the  sub- 
alpine  range  of  Mt.  Hood,  Northwest  America." 

Range. — British  Columbia  and  northern  Idaho  south  to  Utah  and 
California  in  both  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast  Range. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Jameson  Creek,  Plumas  County,  6,300  feet, 
Hall  9307 ;  Nevada  County,  along  base  of  ridge  between  Donner  Lake 
and  Coldstream,  Heller  6954 ;  near  Mt.  Lola,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  19, 
190T) ;  near  Donner  Lake,  Dudley,  June  7,  1893. 


194  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

10.  RANUNCULUS 

Leaves  entire  1.  R.  alismaefolius 

Leaves  lobed  or  palmately  parted. 

Style  stout  and  sharply  recurved  or  hooked  upon  the  mature  achene. 

3.  R.  oxynotus 

Style  slender  subulate  and  usually  straight  or  loosely  coiled 

2.  R.  Eschscholtzii 

1.  Ranunculus   alismaefolius   var.    alismellus    Gray,    Proc.   Am. 

Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  328.    1867. 
E.  alismellus  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  297.     1891. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Lake  Tenaya  and  on  Mount  Dana,  Sierra  Nevada, 
to  the  height  of  12,000  feet."  Bolander. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — "Webber  Lake,  Lemmon  1191 ;  Soda  Springs, 
Nevada  County,  Jones  2485 ;  near  Summit,  Heller  7010 ;  Caple's  Lakes, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen  554;  Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  1306 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900 ;  Donner  Lake, 
Dudley,  June  7,  1893;  Mt.  Tallac,  near  Gilmore  Lake,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  368 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  55 ; 
Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  9,000  feet,  Abrams  4851;  Ostrander's, 
above  Yosemite,  Bolander  6258 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  735;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  687;  Dana 
Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  at  9,900  feet,  Smiley  857 ;  Lake  Tenaya  to 
Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  Brewer  1684;  Tuolumne  meadows,  moist  pine 
forest,  8,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2607c;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County, 
Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1280 ;  near  Mineral  King,  Coville  and 
Funston  1567 ;  Summit  Lake,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  Culbertson 
(B4351)  ;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B,4470)  ; 
Chagoopa  Creek  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley  2229 ; 
meadows  near  Kaweah  Peaks,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2139. 

2.  Ranunculus  Eschscholtzii  Schlecht.,  Animad.  Ranunc.,  vol.  2, 

p.  16.    1820. 

Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  insulis  Unalaschca  et  St.  Georgii." 

Range. — Aleutian  Islands  to  California  and  in  the  Rockies  to  Colo- 
rado. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Goddard,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
712. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  195 

3.  Ranunculus  oxynotus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  68. 
1874 

Type  locality. — "California,  near  summit  of  Castle  Peak,  Sierra 
County,  at  9,000  feet."  /.  G.  Lemmon. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  extending  down  into  the  upper  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  4;  Mt.  Stanford 
(Castle  Peak),  C.  F.  Sonne,  July  17,  1892;  Mt..  Rose,  Nevada,  10,800 
feet,  Heller  9864;  peak  above  Sonora  Pass,  Brewer  1907 ;  Cloud's  Rest, 
Congdon,  August  23,  1890;  Mt.  Gibbs,  edge  of  snow  bank  at  12,100 
feet,  Smiley  785 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11,000  feet,  Smiley  721 ;  ridge  above  Eliza- 
beth Lake,  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  10,100  feet,  Smiley  808;  Mt. 
Lyell,  10,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3561;  Wood's  Peak,  10-11,000 
feet,  Brewer  2121 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping  515 ; 
near  Langley's  Camp,  Mt.  Whitney,  Hall  and  Babcock  5546;  Farewell 
Gap,  10,600  feet,  Purpus  5669;  same  locality,  10,500  feet,  Dudley 
2585;  lower  slope  of  Sawtooth  Peak,  11-12,000  feet,  Dudley  1608; 
near  Mineral  King,  abundant  on  a  slope,  Coville  and  Funston  1534; 
summit  of  Alta  Peak,  11,211  feet,  Dudley  1537 ;  Olancha  Mountain, 
10,800-11,800  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5232. 

This  is  the  characteristic  alpine  buttercup  of  the  Sierra  and  fre- 
quently the  alpine  slopes  and  meadows  are  brilliantly  colored  by  it. 


25.  FUMABIACEAE    (FUMITORY  FAMILY) 

Corolla  bigibbous,  both  outer  petals  spurred  and  similar 1.  Dicentra 

Corolla  with  only  1  petal  spurred  at  base 2.  Corydalis 

1.  DICENTRA 

Flowers  in  a  simple  racemiform  inflorescence. 

Capsule  exserted  and  attenuate  into  the  elongated  style;  flower  about  y2  inch 

long  1.  D.  pauciflora 

Capsule  not  exserted  and  abruptly  beaked  with  the  short  thick  style;  flower 

1   inch   long 2.  D.    uniflora 

Flowers  in  a  thyrsoid  inflorescence 3.  D.  formosa 

1.  Dicentra  pauciflora  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  429.    1880. 

Diclytra  pauciflora  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  187.     1888. 

Bikukulla  pauciflora  (Wats.)  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  60.    1893. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Scott  Mountains,  near  snow. "    E.  L.  Greene. 
Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California  and  in  the  southern 
Sierra  Nevada. 

%one. — Arctic-alpine  ? 


196  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimen  examined. — Top  of  Mt.  Moses,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000 
feet,  Purpus  1340. 

Coville  (I.e.)  reports  this  from  above  timber  line  near  the  White 
Chief  Mine,  above  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County. 

2.  Dicentra  uniflora  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  4,  p.  141. 

1871. 

BiTcukulla  uniflora  (Kell.)  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  34.     1897. 

Type  locality. — "At  Cisco  and  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
mountains  on  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific  Eailroad. ' ' 

Range. — California  to  Washington,  east  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Independence  Lake,  Sierra  County, 
8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4536;  Cisco,  Kellogg  and  Harford  in 
1870 ;  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  in  1873 ;  Angora  Lake  and  Mt.  Tallac, 
8,000-8,500  feet,  M.  S.  Baker,  July  11, 1904 ;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Yosemite, 
edge  of  snow  bank  near  water,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  807a. 

Dr.  Jepson  (Sierra  Bull.,  vol.  8,  pp.  266-269.  1912)  found  this 
on  Macomb  Ridge,  northeast  of  Yosemite,  at  9,400-9,700  feet. 

3.  Dicentra  formosa  Walp.,  Repert.  Bot.,  vol.  1,  p.  118.    1842. 

Fumaria  formosa  Andr.,  Bot.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  pi.  393.     1804. 
Dielytra  formosa  DC.,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  109.     1821. 
Dielytra  formosa  G.  Don,  Hist.  Dichl.  PI.,  vol.  1,  p.  140.     1831. 
Dielytra  saccata  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  67.     1838. 
Corydalis  formosa  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  3,  p.  162.     1826. 

Type  locality. — Unknown ;  described  from  plants  raised  from  seed. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  region. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brande- 
gee,  August  5,  1905;  slope  of  Alta  Peak,  "one  of  the  commonest 
plants,"  Dudley  1551;  Hockett's  meadows,  Dudley  1886;  vicinity  of 
Mineral  King,  7,800  feet,  damp  places  in  shade,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5705 ;  Sierra  Nevada,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  2793. 

The  collection  by  Brewer  last  cited  presents  a  plant  with  divergent 
characters  of  foliage  and  flowers ;  the  leaf  segments  are  very  narrow, 
incised,  the  serrations  sharply  pointed ;  the  petals  are  not  cordate  as 
in  the  typical  form. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  197 

2.  CORYDALIS 

1.  Corydalis  Caseana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  69.    1874. 

C.  Bidwelliae  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  429.     1880. 

Type  locality. — "At  the  'Big  Spring'  in  Big  Meadows,  Plumas 
Co." 

Range. — Northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Jameson  Creek,  Plumas  County,  6,300  feet, 
Hall  9308. 

While  our  species  is  a  component  of  the  Transition  or  lowest  Cana- 
dian floras,  the  nearly  allied  C.  Brandegei  Wats,  of  Utah  and  western 
Colorado  is  distinctly  boreal,  rising  to  11,000  feet  in  the  Wasatch  (see 
Jones,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  5,  p.  153,  as  "C.  (/aveona"),  and  the  other  species 
of  this  group,  C.  Cusickii  Wats.,  of  northeastern  Oregon  and  western 
Idaho,  is  also  high  montane. 

26,  CEUCIFEEAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 
Land  plants. 

Pods  short  (silicles). 

Pods  globose  1.  Lesquerella 

Pods  flattened  parallel  to  the  septum 2.  Draba 

Pods  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  septum 3.  Thlaspi 

Pods  long   (siliques). 

Pods  terete  (very  slightly  compressed  in  one  species  of  Erysimum). 
Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  large  4.  Erysimum 

Flowers  small  5.  Barbarea 

Leaves  compound  6.  Sisymbrium 

Pods  distinctly  flattened  parallel  to  the  septum. 

Valves  nerveless;  leaves  all  petioled 7.  Cardamine 

Valves  1-nerved;  cauline  leaves  sessile. 

Pods  lanceolate  with  valves  obviously  reticulate* 8.  Parrya 

Pods  linear  with  valves  nearly  or  quite  plane. 

Petals  flat  9.  Arabis 

Petals  twisted  10.  Streptanthus 

Water  plant  growing   submerged;   dwarf  aquatic 11.  Subularia 

1.  LESQUERELLA. 

1.  Lesquerella  Kingii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  23,  p.  251. 

1888. 

Vesicaria  Kingii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  20,  p.  353.     1885. 
Type  locality. — "West  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada." 
Range. — Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Tahoe  region. 
Zone. — Canadian  ? 


*  Arabis  platysperma  might  be  referred  here,  but  is  at  once  known  from  our 
only  species  of  Parrya,  with  dense  stellate  pubescence,  by  its  glaucous  and 
nearly  glabrous  foliage. 


198  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimen    examined. — Rocky    peak    on    Truckee    River,    Placer 
County,  C.  F.  Sonne,  June,  1887,  and  July,  1886. 


2.  DRABA 

Annuals  or  biennials  6  inehes-1  foot  high 1.  D.  stenoloba 

Perennials:   dwarf  alpines. 
Leaf  margins  revolute. 

Leaves  distinctly  keeled  and  fascicled  at  the  tips  of  the  caudex  branches 

2.  D.  oligosperma 

Leaves  scarcely  carinate,  broader  and  more  closely  imbricated 

3.   D.   glacialis 

Leaf  margins  flat. 

Flowers  yellow;  stigmas  on  an  evident  style. 

Pods  twisted,  usually  pubescent;  style  short  and  stout 4.  D.  Lemmoni 

Pods  straight,  glabrous;   style  slender 5.  D.  eurycarpa 

Flowers  white;  stigma  sessile 6.  D.  Breweri 

1.  Draba  stenoloba  Ledeb.,  Fl.  Ross.,  vol.  1,  p.  154.    1841. 

Type  locality. — "Hab.  in  ins.  Unalaschka. " 

Range. — Aleutian  Islands  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Summit,  Greene  392;  Slide  Mountain, 
Washoe  County,  Nevada,  8,200  feet,  Heller  10956;  Summit,  Jones 
2568;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  meadow  on  west  slope,  8,500  feet,  Smiley 
372a;  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3631;  Mt. 
Lyell,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3553;  soda  springs,  Tuolumne 
River,  Congdon,  August  15,  1894;  Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray 
in  1872 ;  Upper  San  Joaquin,  Congdon,  August  19,  1895 ;  near  Dinkey 
Creek,  Fresno  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  396 ;  South  Lake, 
Inyo  County,  A.  Davidson  2727;  Cloud's  Rest,  Chesnut  and  Drew, 
July  13,  1889 ;  trail  between  Mineral  King  and  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  Coville  and  Funston  1568 ;  Hockett  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock,  5625;  near  Kokops  Creek,  Kaweah 
Peaks,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2413. 

2.  Draba  oligosperma  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  51.    1830. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  limestone  hill,  Mackenzie  River,  lat. 
68°." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  in  the  Rockies  of 
Montana  and  northwestern  "Wyoming. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller, 
August  3,  1903;  Mt.  Lola,  Lemmon  1275;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak), 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  199 

9,000  feet,  C.  F.  Sonne  2 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  east  side  in  dry  rack,  9,700 
feet,  Smiley  115;  summit  of  Mt.  Dana,  Brewer  1735a;  same  locality, 
Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  north  side 
in  dry  rock  crevices,  12,400  feet,  Smiley  784 ;  pass  between  Mts.  Dana 
and  Gibbs,  Lemmon  in  1897. 

3.  Draba  glacialis  Adams,  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  vol.  5,  p.  106. 

1817. 

Type  locality. — "In  promontorio  Byskof skoymys, "  delta  of  the 
Lena  River,  Siberia. 

Range. — Arctic  America  from  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Northern  Asia. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Mountain,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  2716 ; 
Mt.  Warren  Pass,  Tuolumne  County,  12,000  feet,  Congdon,  August 
21,  1894 ;  ridge  above  LeConte  Lake,  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  in  rock 
crevices,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  337;  Tinker's  Knob,  Tahoe,  among  rocks 
in  dense  clumps,  9,000  feet,  C.  F.  Sonne  1. 

4.  Draba  Lemmoni  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  430.    1880. 

D.  alpina  var.  algida,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  29.    1876,  for  the  most  part. 

Type  locality.— "Summit  of  Mount  Lyell,  at  13,000  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevdaa. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10-10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1154; 
same  locality  at  9,000  feet,  Heller  10,940 ;  Mt.  Dana,  summit,  Brewer 
1735 ;  same  locality,  F.  P.  McLean,  July,  1875 ;  Mt.  Dana,  12,300  feet, 
Smiley  731 ;  same  locality,  12,500-13,050  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3606 ; 
Mt.  Lyell,  13,000  feet,  Lemmon,  August  19,  1878 ;  same  locality,  11,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3579 ;  pass  between  Mt.  Dana  and  Mt.  Gibbs, 
11,000  feet,  J.  G.  Lemmon  and  wife,  September,  1897;  Mt.  Dana, 
Congdon,  August  27,  1898 ;  Mt.  Silliman  and  Mt.  Brewer,  11-13,000 
feet,  Brewer  2804;  near  Mt.  Whitney,  1650  feet  above  timber  line, 
V.  Bailey  2069 ;  Little  Kern  River,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5118 ;  Mt. 
Whitney,  15,000  feet,  Purpus  2004 ;  at  timber  line  near  Mineral  King, 
Coville  and  Funston  1541 ;  Mt.  Guyot,  12,000  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R. 
Hall  8421;.  Arroyo-Kern  divide,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2412;  Dick's 
Peak,  Tahoe,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  432 ;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  11,500  feet, 
Smiley  776 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  Hall  and  Chandler  668,  at  12,000  feet. 


200  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

5.  Draba  eurycarpa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  520.    1866. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  south  of  Sonora 
Pass,  alt.  11,500  feet." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada;  central  Idaho. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Peak  near  Sonora  Pass,  11,500  feet,  Brewer 
1909 ;  Old  Mt.  Whitney,  13-14,000  feet,  Purpus,  August,  1896. 

Reported  by  Miss  Eastwood89  to  form  mats  above  timber  line,  Har- 
rison's Pass,  Tulare  County. 

6.  Draba  Breweri  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  23,  p.  260.    1888. 

Type  locality. — "On  Mt.  Dana,  at  12,000  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada.  Also  on  Mt.  Shasta, 
ace.  Merriam. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  Brewer  in  1863 ;  same 
locality,  12,750-13,050  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3605;  Mt.  Goddard, 
13,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  669  ;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River, 
rocky  slopes  at  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5658. 

Miss  Eastwood89  found  this  species  in  the  high  mountains  of  Tulare 
County,  in  Kearsarge  and  Harrison's  passes.  Merriam  reports  this 
species  growing  on  Mt.  Shasta  at  13,000  feet.53 

Draba  crassifolia,  Graham  (Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  1829,  p.  182), 
a  high  arctic  plant  found  in  Greenland  and  extending  south  in  the 
Rockies  to  Colorado,  is  attributed  to  the  Sierra  (Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1, 
p.  28;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.)  upon  a  collection  made  at  Peregoy's 
meadows,  above  the  Yosemite  Valley,  by  Dr.  Gray  in  1872;  the 
immature  condition  of  the  specimen  really  precludes  exact  determina- 
tion whether  this  is  D.  crassifolia  or  an  unusual  state  of  D.  stenoloba; 
the  altitude  at  which  the  collection  was  made  (said  on  the  label  in 
the  Gray  Herbarium  to  be  7,000  feet)  suggests  that  it  can  hardly  be 
same  species  that  is  native  in  Greenland  and  alpine  in  the  Colorado 
mountains. 

Draba  aureola  Wats.  (Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  2,  p.  430.  1880),  described 
from  "Sierra  Nevada,  in  Sierra  County  (Lenimon),  and  on  Lassen 
Peak,  Mrs.  Austin,"  does  not  appear  to  grow  in  the  Sierra;  Lemmon's 
specimen  itself  came  from  Lassen  Peak,  the  reference  to  Sierra  County 
being,  it  would  appear,  an  error,  at  least  as  to  this  collection.  The 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  201 

species  is  known  to  range  from  Mt.  Lassen  northward  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Washington;  it  is  nearly  allied  to  D.  corrugata  Wats.  (I.e.), 
an  alpine  species  peculiar  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  of  south- 
ern California. 


3.  THLASPI 

1.  Thlaspi  alpestre  L.,  Sp.  PL,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  903.    1763. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Austria." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  from  British  Colum- 
bia to  California  and  along  the  Rockies  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Spanish  Peak,  Plumas  County,  6,000  feet, 
Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  in  1877 ;  same  locality,  Hall  9287. 

Mrs.  Austin's  specimen  shows  a  certain  pallidness  in  color,  a  trait 
that  in  some  plants  becomes  more  pronounced  and  serves  as  the  basis 
for  "T.  glaucum"  A.  Nels.,  an  indefinable  variation. 


4.  ERYSIMUM 

Pods  slightly  compressed  and  long  attenuate  to  the  style 1.  E.  arenicola 

Pods  terete  or  4-angled,  abruptly  narrowing  to  the  style 2.  E.  asperum 

1.  Erysimum  arenicola  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  p.  26,  vol.  124. 
1891. 

Type  locality. — "In  volcanic  sand  on  the  Olympic  Mountains, 
Washington,  at  5,000  feet  altitude." 

Range.— Washington  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 677  in  part ;  Mt.  Guyot,  Tulare  County,  11,500-12,000  feet,  H.  M. 
and  G.  R.  Hall  8423. 

The  reference  of  these  collections  to  this  species  involves  a  very 
considerable  extension  of  the  range  of  this  species,  which  otherwise 
is  known  only  from  the  Cascades,  but  the  flattened  pods  and  long- 
attenuate  beak  to  the  pod  are  characters  inconsistent  with  the  normal 
habit  of  the  following  species  or  of  its  variety  and  are  distinctly  those 
of  the  northern  species. 


202  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Erysimum  asperum  var.  perenne  Wats.,  in  Coville,  Proc.  Biol. 

Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  7,  p.  70.    1892. 
Cheiranthes  peretmis  (Wats.)  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  132.     1896. 

Type  locality. — "Between  Mineral  King  and  Farewell  Gap.  Sierra 
Nevada,  Tulare  County,  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  north  to  central  Idaho. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in 
1900;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  McGregor  184;  Mt.  Tallac, 
9,600  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4618;  Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  Brewer 
1749 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  Brewer  1689 ;  same  locality,  8,100  feet, 
Smiley  863;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  25;  Cloud's  Rest, 
Yosemite,  9,000  feet,  Hall  9051; 'near  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County, 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  596;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping 
146;  midway  between  Mineral  King  and  Farewell  Gap,  9,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5393. 

The  lemon  colored  flowers  are  the  main  reasons  for  maintaining 
this  variety  distinct  from  the  type;  the  latter  has  the  corolla  orange 
or  even  brownish  in  color  and  is  not  found  in  the  mountains  above 
the  Yellow  Pine  belt  as  a  rule. 


5.  BARBAKEA 

1.  Barbarea  orthoceras  Ledeb.,  Fl.  Ross.,  vol.  1,  p.  114.    1841. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  northern  New  England ;  in 
the  west  from  the  Aleutian  Islands  to  California  and  Colorado. 
Siberia. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley 
866 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler,  July  24-26,  1900 ; 
Mt.  Whitney,  11,800  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall,  8436 ;  along  brooks, 
Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus  5241.  I  have  not 
seen  Coville  and  Funston  1403,  1670,  but  they  are  quite  certainly  of 
this  species,  as  must  be  the  case  also  of  that  plant  referred  to  by 
Miss  Eastwood89  as  growing  in  Harrison's  Pass,  in  the  high  Southern 
Sierra. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  203 

6.  SISYMBRIUM 

1.  Sisymbrium  incisum  Engelm.,  in  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.,  p.  8.    1849. 

Type  locality. — "Santa  Fe  Creek  and  Mora  River,"  New  Mexico. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Mexico. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  above. 

.  Specimens  examined. — Lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6957 ; 
Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  Hansen  569;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,500 
feet,  Smiley  180;  Mt.  Tallac,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4609; 
Mt.  Dana,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  same  locality,  Brewer  1745; 
Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  common  at  8-9,000  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5293. 

Brewer  1745  is  the  basis  for  Smelowskia?  calif  ornica  Gray  (Proc. 
Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  520.  1866),  with  type  locality  "On  Mount  Dana, 
alt.  10,000  feet,  June,  in  flower;  and  near  Mono  Lake,  alt.  6,450  feet, 
July,  with  young  fruit" — indicating  about  the  zonal  range  of  this 
widely  spread  species. 

The  vars.  Sonnei  Robinson  and  filipes  Gray  appear  to  be  exclusively 
Transition  or  lower,  at  least  as  to  our  range. 

7.  CARDAMINE 

Leaves  all  simple 1.  C.  Lyallii 

Middle  cauline  leaves  pinnate 2.  C.  Breweri 

1.  Cardamine  Lyallii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22,  p.  466. 

1887. 

Type  locality. — "Banks  of  the  Ashtnola,  Cascade  Mountains." 

Range. — Southern  British  Columbia  to  the  central  Sierra  Nevada 
(Tahoe)  and  east  to  the  Clover  Mountains,  Nevada.  According  to 
0.  E.  Schulz,  also  in  Utah. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  locally  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Along  shady  streams,  Placer  County,  near 
Truckee,  C.  F.  Sonne  28;  Galena  Creek,  Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
8,000  feet,  P.  B.  Kennedy. 

0.  E.  Schulz106  reduces  this  to  a  subspecies  of  C.  cordifolia,  which 
in  the  typical  form  ranges  from  Idaho  to  New  Mexico. 

2.  Cardamine  Breweri  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  339. 

1875. 
C.  orMcularis  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  202.     1901. 

Type  locality.— "Near  Sonora  Pass,  at  8-10,000  feet  altitude." 
Bre~wer. 


204  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  south  of  British  Columbia  and  east  to 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Slide  Mountain,  "Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
7,500  feet,  Heller  10206 ;  Yuba  Pass,  Sierra  County,  6,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4518;  near  Sonora  Pass,  8-10,000  feet,  Brewer  1890; 
Volcano  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5316. 

Cardamine  bellidifolia  L.,  a  high  arctic  species  of  circumboreal 
range,  comes  to  the  border  of  our  region  as  the  var.  pachyphylla 
Coville  (Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  11,  pp.  169-171.  1897),  but  is 
not  known  south  of  Lassen  Peak,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1879. 

8.  PARRY  A 

1.  Parrya  Menziesii  (Hook.)  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  253.    1891. 

Hesperis  Mcnziesii  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  60.     1830. 
Phoenicaulis  cheiranthoides  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  89.     1838. 
Phoenicauli$  Menziesii  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  13,  p.  143.     1886. 

Type  locality. — California. 

Range. — California  east  to  Nevada  and  north  to  Washington. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Fremont  Peak,  Hy  Edward  502 ;  Summit, 
Kellogg ;  Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point  at  9,000  feet,  Heller  7085 ; 
high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  16 ;  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,500  feet, 
Brewer  1995;  King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  1,700-2,000  m., 
Baker  991. 

The  high  mountain  form  of  this  species  has  the  basis  of  the  siliques 
broader  and  pubescence  denser  than  the  lowland  form. 


9.  ARABIS 
Seeds  in  two  rows. 

Flowers   deep   purple;    stems   short    (rarely    more   than    1    foot   high);    pods 

usually  erect,  sometimes  reflexed. 
Sepals  glabrous;  stems  and  foliage  green  or  slightly  glaucous  and  nearly 

glabrous  1.  A.  Lyallii 

Sepals  pubescent;  stems  and  foliage  ashy-pubescent 2.  A.  Lemmoni 

Flowers  white  or  pink;   stems  taller. 
Mature  siliques  erect  or  ascending. 

Basal  leaves  glabrous  or  with  a  few  centrally  attached  hairs;  pods  erect 

or  strongly  ascending 3.  A.  Drummondil 

Basal  leaves  pubescent  with  mostly  3-forked  stellate  hairs;  pods  divari- 
cate   4.  A.  brachycarpa 

Mature  siliques  sharply  reflexed 5.  A.  Holboellii 

Seeds  in  one  row. 

Silique  stiffly  erect,  acute;  seeds  orbicular,  broadly  winged 

6.  A.  platysperma 

Siliques  recurved,  blunt;   seeds  somewhat  wing-margined. 

Pods  pubescent  and  faintly  nerved 7.  A.  repanda 

Pods  glabrous-shining  and  distinctly  nerved 8.  A.  inamoena 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  205 

1.  Arabis  Lyallii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  122.    1876. 

A.  Drummondii  var.  alpina  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  18.     1871. 
A.  oreopUila  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  34,  p.  437.     1907. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  mountains  from  Washington  Territory  to 
Mono  Pass  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  eastward  to  W.  Wyoming  and 
Utah." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  northwest  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  May,  1877 ; 
Summit,  Jones  2564;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  271; 
Pyramid  Peak,  9,900  feet,  Smiley  118 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,650  feet, 
McGregor  132;  Dog  Lake,  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,200  feet,  Smiley 
838 ;  Mineral  King,  trail  from  Bullion  Flat,  10,500  feet,  Dudley  2588 ; 
gravelly  mountain  slopes  near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  Pur- 
pus  1815. 

la.  Arabis  Lyallii  var.  Davidsonii  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

A.  Davidsoni  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  2,  p.  159.     1911. 

Type  locality. — "Bishop's  Creek,  Inyo  Co.,  Calif." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  only,  so  far  as  known. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Elwell,  Plumas  County,  7,800  feet, 
Mrs.  C.  M.  Wilder,  July  11,  1912 ;  below  Sabrina  Lake,  Inyo  County, 
9,000  feet,  Davidson  2728. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  species  in  the  greener,  longer  petioled 
leaves  upon  a  stouter,  more  woody  caudex ;  differences,  in  my  opinion, 
of  distinctly  varietal  rank. 

2.  Arabis  Lemmoni  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22,  p.  467.    1887. 

A.  canescens  var.  latifolia  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped,  p.  17.     1871. 

A.  canescens  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  32.     1876. 

A.  latifolia  (S.  Wats.)  Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  295.     1906. 

A.  depauperata  Nels.   and  Kenn.,   Proc.   Biol.   Soc.   Wash.,   vol.   19,  p.   36. 

1906. 
A.  polyclada  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  2,  p.  75.     1910. 

Type  locality. — Not  definitely  given;  the  type  collection  made  by 
Watson  in  the  Clover  Mountains  of  northern  Nevada. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  northern  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  Kennedy  1167  (co-type  of  A.  de- 
pw'perata)  ;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  405;  Tinker's 


206  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Knob,  Placer  County,  C.  F.  Sonne,  July  18,  1897 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe, 
9,650  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4624;  Mt.  Warren,  Tuolumne  County, 
Congdon,  August  24,  1898 ;  Lundy  Trail,  Yosemite,  12,000  feet,  Cong- 
don,  August  21,  1894;  Cathedral  Peak,  Yosemite,  9,500  feet,  Smiley 
814;  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County,  10,200  feet,  Smiley  644;  Farewell 
Gap  at  timber  line,  Coville  and  Funston  1747 ;  summit  of  Mt.  Dana, 
Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889 ;  mountains  near  Little 
Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  1819;  Farewell 
Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,600  feet,  Purpus  5229;  Milestone  Plateau, 
Kaweah  Peaks  region,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2457;  Olancha  Moun- 
tain, 11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5229. 

3.  Arabis  Drummondii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  187. 

1863. 

Turritis  stricta  Graham,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  1820,  p.  350.     1829. 
Streptanthus  angustifolius  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  76.     1838. 
Arabis  oxyphylla  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  196.     1900. 
Arabis  pratincola  Greene,  Rep.  nov.  spe.,  vol.  5,  p.  244.     1908. 

Type  locality. — Rocky  Mountains. 

Range. — California  east  to  Colorado  and  northward  to  British 
Columbia  and  Alberta. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Luther's  Pass,  near  Lake  Tahoe,  7,800  feet, 
Abrams  4763;  Spooner,  Douglas  County,  2,155  m.,  Baker  1149; 
Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  Congdon,  August  14,  1898. 

The  relationship  of  this  perplexing  species  to  somewhat  similar 
forms  in  eastern  North  America  is  discussed  by  Fernald107  who  gives 
as  the  range  of  the  var.  connexa,  (Greene)  Fernald,  Colorado  to  Wash- 
ington and  in  eastern  Quebec,  a  range  common  to  a  very  considerable 
percentage  of  the  floras  of  the  Rockies  and  the  Northwest  Coast. 

4.  Arabis  brachycarpa  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  5,  p. 

174.    1894. 

Turritis  Irachycarpa  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  79.     1838. 
Arabis  confinis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22,  p.  466.    1887. 

Type  locality. — "Fort  Gratiot,  Michigan,  and  shore  of  Lake 
Superior. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Quebec,  south  to  New  Brunswick, 
New  York,  Illinois,  Colorado,  and  California  (Sierra  on  the  east 
slope). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  207 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Castle  Peak,  Heller  7069;  Dormer 
Pass,  Davy  3184;  Collins  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  533,  the  last  not  certainly  referred. 

5.  Arabis  Holboellii  Hornem.,  Fl.  Dan.,  vol.  11,  p.  5,  pi.  1879. 

1827. 

Type  locality. — "In  rupibus  Insulae  Disco  ad  Jacobshavn  detexit." 

Range. — Greenland  through  subarctic  America  south  to  Quebec, 
Great  Lakes,  Montana,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley 
421;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  568;  Ebbett's 
Pass,  Brewer  2028 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  foot  of  Lamberts  Dome,  8,600 
feet,  Smiley  758 ;  Lake  Tenaya  trail,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  14, 
1894;  Tuolumne  meadows,  dry  pine  forest,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware 
2669c;  Indian  Creek,  Yosemite,  7,300  feet,  Hall  9177;  divide  south 
side  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,600  feet,  Heller 
10919;  sunny  mountain  slopes  above  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  1792;  Mt.  Lola,  south  side,  Tahoe 
region,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4539. 

All  of  the  above  cited  specimens  agree  excellently  with  Horne- 
mann's  plate  save  that  the  stellate  pubescence  on  the  sepals  is  often 
reduced  in  amount. 

Piper  (Fl.  Wash.)  refers  this  species  to  the  Arid  Transition;  in 
the  Sierra,  the  type  form  appears  to  be  definitely  of  the  boreal  realm 
though  the  var.  Fendleri  Wats,  is  Transition  or  lower. 

Arabis  Brucae  Jones  (Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  14,  p.  37.  1912), 
said  to  be  related  to  the  above  species  and  described  from  ' '  Hills  near 
Davis  Creek,  Calif.,  June,  1898,  in  flower  only,  part  of  Mrs.  Bruce 's 
No.  225 ;  Summit,  Cal.,  Nevada  Co.,  July  10,  1902,  Jones,"  is  unknown 
to  me  except  from  the  description,  where  the  characters  seem  to  be 
inadequate  for  its  separation. 

6.  Arabis  platysperma  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,   p.   519. 

1866. 

A.  platyloba  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  198.     1900. 

A.  conferta  Greene,  Bep.  Nov.  Spe.,  vol.  5,  p.  243.     1908. 

A.  densa  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  2,  p,  76.     1910. 

A.  paupercula  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  77. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada,  on  Mount  Dana,  alt.  13,227  feet, 
an*  above  Ebbett  's  Pass. ' ' 


208  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  northward  into  southern  Oregon  (Crater 
Lake),  and  Imnaha  River  region.* 

Specimens  examined. — Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
7,600  feet,  Heller  10932;  Mount  Dyer,  Plumas  Comity,  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin,  July,  1879;  Summit,  Bolander  in  1873;  Desolation  Valley, 
Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  341 ;  Sonora  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1892 ; 
Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4732;  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  6975 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  Hansen  567  ;  Heather  Lake, 
Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  McGregor  181;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9889; 
Mt.  Dana,  Brewer  1739b ;  above  Ebbett's  Pass,  Brewer  1989  ;  at  timber 
line  above  Mineral  King,  Coville  and  Funston  1547 ;  mountain  slopes 
on  Little  Kern  River,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5231 ;  trail  to  Panther 
Peak,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1269;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County, 
10,600  feet,  Purpus  5229y2. 

Hall  and  Babcock  5465  is  a  very  peculiar  form  from  Volcano 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  with  leaves  linear-spatulate  and 
pubescence  of  forked  hirsute  hairs ;  it  probably  represents  a  species  as 
yet  undescribed  but  whose  diagnosis  must  wait  till  more  material  is 
available. 

7.  Arabis  repanda  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  122.    1876. 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  occasionally  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Mineral  King,  north  hillside,  2,750  m., 
Coville  and  Funston  1389;  open  woods  near  Soda  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5276. 

8.  Arabis  inamoena  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  2,  p.  158.    1911. 

Type  locality. — "Inyo  Co.,  California,  at  Lake  Sabrina.'*- 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — South  Lake,  Inyo  County,  9,000  feet,  A. 
Davidson  2956;  Lake  Sabrina,  Inyo  County,  A.  Davidson  2729  (co- 
type)  ;  Kaiser  Crest,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  621. 

This  species  is  near  No.  7  but  appears  amply  distinct  in  those 
specimens  seen  by  me. 


*  Ace.  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  163,  the  range  extends  to  Mt.  Hood,  Oregon, 
Howell  Bros.,  at  the  north,  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  Watson,  to  the 
east,  and  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  Parish  Bros.,  to  the  south.  The 
reported  extension  to  Lake  Pend  d'Oreille,  N.  Idaho  (Holzinger:  Sandberg 
Beport)  has  not  been  verified. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  209 

Arabis  Howellii  Wats.  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  25,  p.  124.  1890), 
a  species  of  southern  Oregon  and  also  found  by  Shockley  in  the  White 
Mountains  of  Inyo  County,  is  attributed  to  Mariposa  County  on  a 
collection  of  Congdon's  (not  seen  by  me)  in  the  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  1, 
p.  470 ;  this  species  resembles  A.  platysperma  in  appearance  but  is  dis- 
tinguished by  absence  of  nervation  in  the  valves  of  the  silique.  No 
collections  referable  to  A.  Howellii  have  been  seen  by  me  from  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Arabis  Sabulosa  var.  frigida  Jones  (Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  14, 
p.  41.  1912) ,  described  from  ' '  Top  of  Diamond  Peak  (Central  Sierra) , 
Cal.,  June  28,  1897,  nearly  alpine,  Jones,"  is  unknown  to  me  except 
from  description. 

10.  STREPTANTHTJS 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  bearing  cordate  bracts 1.  S.  tortuosus 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  ebracteate 2.  S.  cordatus 

1.  Streptanthus  tortuosus  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p. 
152,  t.  46.    1863. 

Type  locality. — "From  the  copper  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  Shasta  and  (according  to  Syn.  Fl.) 
in  the  Coast  region  near  Humboldt  Bay. 

la.  Streptanthus  tortuosus   var.   orbiculatus  Hall.,  Univ.   Calif. 
Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  197.    1912. 

S.  orbiculatus  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  258.     1891. 

S.  gracilis  Eastwood,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Ill,  vol.  2,  p.  285.     1902. 

Pleiocardia  orbiculata  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  86.     1904. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Common  in  the  Sierra  from  Donner  Lake  north- 
ward; also  on  Mt.  Diablo." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  Shasta;  in  the  Coast  Range,  ace. 
Greene. 

Zone.- — Canadian  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7016  ;  Fallen  Leaf  Trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  8,500  feet,  Abrams  4827  ; 
Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  77 ;  glacial  valley  at  base  of  Pyra- 
mid Peak,  dry  sandy  spots,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  90;  between  Suzy  and 
Heather  Lakes,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  148 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S. 
Atkinson  in  1900;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  Hansen  728;  Mt. 


210  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Tallac,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July,  1901 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,800  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  4719 ;  Mono  Pass,  10,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2627c ;  same 
locality,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  1727;  trail  to  Cloud's  Rest,  7,400  feet, 
Smiley  498;  Mt.  Dana,  10,100  feet,  Smiley  713;  Tuolumne  meadows, 
dry  open  gravel,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2666c ;  Mt.  Lyell,  11,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  3586a ;  soda  springs,  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,680  feet, 
Brewer  1776 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  10, 
1890 ;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  9,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler, 
July,  1900 ;  below  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley 
2589;  timber  line  near  Farewell  Gap,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5661;  Mt.  Silliman,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August,  1905;  Rubicon  Peak, 
Tahoe,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  407. 

For  a  discussion  of  this  form  and  its  relation  to  the  type  species, 
see  Hall,  I.e.,  pp.  197-198.  The  type  locality  for  S.  gracilis  Eastwood 
is  "below  timber  line  on  the  trail  from  East  Lake  to  Harrison's  Pass," 
Tulare  County :  here  the  ordinary  paniculate  inflorescence  is  reduced 
to  a  simple  few-flowered  raceme. 

2.  Streptanthus  cordatus  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  77. 

1838. 

S.  crassifollus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  227.    1897. 
Cartiera  cordata  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  226,  1906. 

Type  locality. — "Forests  of  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — Colorado  and  Wyoming  west  to  the  east  flank  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada;  also  in  the  Tehachapi  Mountains,  ace.  Greene  (Fl.  Fran., 
p.  258). 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,500  feet,  Heller  10,214 ;  Sonora 
Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1885;  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  2028. 

At  my  request,  Mr.  J.  F.  Macbride,  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  has 
very  kindly  reexamined  the  material  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  and 
confirms  the  assignment  of  Heller  10214  and  Brewer  2028  to  this 
species.  In  regard  to  the  latter  number,  however,  there  seems  to  be 
a  confusion  since  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall,  of  the  University  of  California, 
informs  me  that  the  duplicate  of  this  number  in  the  University  set 
of  the  State  Survey's  collections  contains  Draba  Lemmoni. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  211 

11.  SUBULARIA 

1.  Subularia  aquatica  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  642.    1753. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Habitat  in  Europae  borealis  inundatis  lacustribus 
fluviis." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  North  America  south  to  New  England, 
Wyoming,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Lemmon,  September  6,  1886 ; 
Donner  Lake,  Brandegee,  September,  1888 ;  Summit  Valley,  mountain 
lakes,  Pringle,  September  20,  1882;  Mono  Pass,  Tuolumne  River,  in 
pools  at  10,000  feet,  Bolander  in  1866. 

Congdon  found  this  at  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County.108 

27.  DBOSERACEAE   ( SUNDEW  FAMILY) 
1.  DROSERA 

Leaves  %-%  inch  broad,  suborbicular,  abruptly  contracted  to  the  long  hairy 

petioles  1.  D.  rotundifolia 

Leaves  cuneate-oblong,  narrowed  to  the  long  petiole  very  gradually  2.  D.  anglica 

1.  Drosera  rotundifolia  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  281.    1753. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Habitat  in  Europae,  Asiae,  Americae  paludibus. ' ' 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  to  Alabama  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountains ;  in  the  west  to  Montana  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  ?,  growing  in  peat  bogs  or  very  wet  mountain 
meadows. 

Specimens  examined. — In  wet  Darlingtonia  meadow  near  the  Rain- 
bow Mine,  Nevada  County,  Dudley,  June  14,  1893;  Sierra  County, 
Lemmon  in  1874;  Butterfly  Valley,  Plumas  County,  in  wet  meadow 
(Darlingtonia.  dominant  plants),  3,060  feet,  Hall  9277;  Sieras  2  miles 
northeast  of  Dome,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Brewer,  June  24,  1864. 

2.  Drosera  anglica  Huds.,  Fl.  Angl.,  p.  135.    1778. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  paludosis  in  comitatibus  Westmor- 
landico,  Cumberlandico,  Eboracensi,  Lancasterensi,  Devonensi,  Happ- 
toniensi,  et  Norfolksiensi  passim." 

Range. — In  America,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Michigan,  north  Idaho,  and  California  (northern  Sierra  Nevada). 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin,  July  4, 
18if8 ;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  1036. 


212  University  of -California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

The  inclusion  of  these  two  species  of  sundews  in  an  account  of  the 
boreal  flora  of  the  Sierra  rests  upon  the  fact  that  they  undoubtedly 
belong  to  the  glacial  flora  in  spite  of  being  now  found,  within  our 
limits  at  least,  at  an  altitude  considerably  below  that  at  which  the 
true  boreal  flora  begins  to  appear. 

Darlingtowia  California  Torr.  (Smithson.  Contr.,  vol.  6,  p.  5,  t.  12. 
1854),  a  monotypic  genus  of  Sarraceniaceae  peculiar  to  the  Calif or- 
nian  region,  just  reaches  our  lower  limits  or  may  rarely  rise  above 
them  and  should  be  mentioned. 


28.  CRASSULACEAE    (ORPINE  FAMILY) 
1.  SEDUM 

Stems  leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  mainly  entire;  flowers  dioecious,  the  pistillate 
becoming  dark  purple,  all  aggregated  into  a  dense  compound  terminal 

cyme   1.  S.   integrifolium 

Stems  with  the  upper  leaves  reduced  and  bract-like,  the  vegetative  leaves 
radical  and  entire;  flowers  yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  red,  secund  upon 
the  branches  of  a  forked  and  spreading  cyme. 

Petals  united  for  about  *4  their  length 2.  S.  obtusatum 

Petals  free  to  the  base 3.  S.  yoseraitense 

1.  Sedum  integrifolium  (Raf.)  A.  Nels.,  Coulter  and  Nelson,  new 
Man.,  p. -233.    1909. 

Jtihodiola  integrifolia  Raf.,  Atl.  Jour.,  vol.  1,  p.  146.     1832. 

Sedum  frigidum  Rydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  282.     1901. 

Sedum  polygamum  Rydb.,  I.e. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — Alaska  and  Yukon  to  California  and  Colorado,  extending 
into  northern  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  889;  ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet  ( ?),  Heller  7139; 
Mt.  Tallac,  W.  C.  Blasdale,  July,  1897 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,700 
feet,  Smiley  120 ;  Mono  Pass,  10,800-12,000  feet,  Brewer  1721 ;  Bloody 
Canon,  Mono  County,  8,500  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2640c;  same  locality, 
Congdon,  August  16,  1894;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  991;  Lam- 
bert's Dome,  Yosemite,  9,400  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2701c;  Mt.  Dana,  13,000 
feet,  Brewer  1739;  saddle  between  Mt.  Dana  and  Mt.  Gibbs,  Chesnut 
and  Drew,  July  17,  1889;  Mt.  Dana,  11,800  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3620;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B4523);  near  White  Chief  Mine, 
above  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and  Funston  1529 ;  Eagle 
Lake  near  Mineral  King,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5365;  near 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  213 

Black  Peak,  Kaweah  Peaks,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2119 ;  Mt.  Goddard, 
11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  687 ;  Farewell  Gap,  10,500  feet,  Dudley 
1132 ;  Mt.  Dana,  10,400  feet,  Smiley  718. 

It  is  very  doubtful  if  this  western  plant  is  really  separable  from 
the  common  Rosewort  of  Europe  and  northeastern  North  America; 
certainly  the  character  indicated  by  the  specific  epithet  "integri- 
folium"  will  not  serve  to  distinguish  our  Cordilleran  form,  since  the 
leaves  on  the  same  plant  vary  from  entire  or  repand-dentate  to  sharply 
toothed;  nor  is  the  assumed  difference  in  color  of  the  flowers  to  be 
relied  upon. 

2.  Sedum  obtusatum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  342.    1867. 

Gormania  o'btusata   (Gray)   Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  3,  p.  29. 

1903. 
Gormania  Burnhami  Britton,  I.e.,  p.   30. 

Type  locality. — "Granite  rocks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  Mount 
Hoffman  and  above  Sonora  Pass,  Brewer;  at  Vernal  Fall  in  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  Bolander." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Tahoe,  6-8,000  feet,  G.  B.  Grant,  July 
20- August  3,  1906 ;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller 
7105 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  121 ;  near 
Glen  Alpine  in  dry  floor  of  P.  Jeffreyi  forest,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  378 ; 
Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  40 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,400 
feet,  crevices  on  summit  of  Lambert's  Dome,  R.  A.  Ware  2649c;  Mt. 
Hoffman,  Yosemite,  10,800  feet,  Brewer  1678 ;  below  Lake  Lucile  Ridge, 
Tahoe,  Dudley,  June,  1900* ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  W.  W. 
Price,  July  12,  1898*;  summit  of  Mt.  Baldy,  10,000  feet,  Tulare 
County,  A.  Eaton,  July,  1891 ;  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County^  R.  Hopping 
141 ;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  7,600  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
623 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  623. 

2a,  Sedum  obtusatum  Gray,  var.  Hallii  (Britton),  comb.  nov. 
Gormania  Hallii  Britton,  La,  p.  29. 

Type  locality. — "Vicinity  of  Tuolumne  meadows,  in  the  Canadian 
Zone,  at  2,800-3,100  m.  altitude,  Yosemite  National  Park,  California." 

Range. — Yosemite  region,  as  yet  positively  known  only  from  the 
original  station. 


*  These  specimens  have  the  backs  of  the  petals  of  a  reddish  tinge  and  corre- 
spond to  the  type  described  as  Gormania  Burnliami;  it  is  not  practicable  to  main- 
tain"it  even  as  a  form. 


214  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Vicinity  of  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500-9,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3545  (co-type)  ;  same  locality,  8,700  feet,  Smiley 
845;  Lambert's  Rock,  Tuolumne  meadows,  Dudley,  July  21,  1901. 

The  characters  relied  upon  to  distinguish  this  segregate  are  cer- 
tainly not  of  specific  grade,  unless  every  depauperate  form  is  to  be 
considered  as  a  species;  the  character  of  narrower  calyx-lobes  than  is 
present  in  the  type  is  wholly  unreal  when  any  considerable  series  is 
examined ;  but  the  vegetative  aspect  of  the  plant  is  sufficiently  different 
from  that  of  the  species  to  possibly  warrant  its  maintenance  as  a 
variety  of  ecologic  significance. 

3.  Sedum  yosemitense  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  3, 
p.  44.    1903. 

Type  locality. — "Between  Vernal  and  Nevada  Falls." 
Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada, 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  rising  into  the  Canadian. 
Specimen  examined. — Dark  Hole,  Yosemite  Park,  7,750  feet,  H.  M. 
Evans,  July,  1901. 


29.  SAXIFBAGACEAE   (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY) 

Annual   or   perennial    herbs    (Saxifraga   ledifolia   is   slightly    suffrutescent    but 
known  from  Jamestia  by  its  linear  terete  leaves;  from  Eibes  by  10  stamens). 
Fertile  stamens  5. 

Staminodia  present;  ca'rpels  2,  distinct;  flowers  large,  usually  solitary 

1.   Parnassia 

Staminodia  absent,  all  5  stamens  antheriferous;  carpels  3-4,  united;  flowers 

numerous,  clustered. 
Ovary  superior  or  silghtly  attached  to  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

Stems  leafy  2.  Bolandra 

Stems  scapose. 

Petals  entire,  pinkish  or  nearly  white 3.  Heuchera 

Petals  pinnatifid  or  lobed,  greenish 4.  Mitella 

Ovary  inferior  5.  Suksdorfia 

Fertile  stamens  10. 

Capsule  1-celled;  petals  lobed 6.  Tellima 

Capsule  2-celled;  petals  entire 7.  Saxifraga 

Shrubs. 

Leaves  opposite;   stamens   10 8.  Jamesia 

Leaves  alternate;  stamens  5 9.  Kibes 

1.  PARNASSIA 

1.  Parnassia  californica  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  102.     1890. 
P.  palustris  var.  Californica  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  202.     1876. 

Type  locality. — "Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  etc.,  from  Mari- 
posa  Co.  northward,  and  on  Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.  (Kellogg, 
Bolander),  chiefly  the  var.  Californica." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  215 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  north  to  southern  Oregon;  Coast  Kanges 
(Loma  Prieta). 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  Mrs.  Longhead, 
August  11,  1898;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen 
723 ;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  McGregor  180 ;  Nevada  County, 
6,900  feet,  A.  M.  Carpenter,  August-October,  1892 ;  Crags,  Deer  Park, 
Placer  County,  Miss  H.  D.  Geiss  203 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10, 
1898;  Whitney  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  3860)  ;  between 
Lone  Pine  and  Heather  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1870,  1872. 

2.  BOLANDEA 

1.  Bolandra  californica  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  341. 

1868. 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley,  on  the  Mariposa  trail,  among 
rocks. ' ' 

Range. — Yosemite  region  of  the  central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Yosemite  cliffs,  Congdon,  June  5,  1897; 
Tenaya  Falls,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Mariposa  trail,  on  rocks,  Bolander 
4898. 

Reported  by  Hall101  to  grow  at  8,400  feet  in  Stubblefield  Canon, 
and  on  the  Glacier  Point  trail  at  6,900  feet. 

3.  HEUCHEEA 

1.  Heuchera  rubescens  Torr.,  in  Sitgr.,  Rep.,  p.  160.    1854. 

H.   rubescens  var.   glandulosa  Kellogg,  Proe.  Calif.   Acad.,  vol.   5,  p.   45. 

1873. 

H.  lithophila  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  105.     1904. 
H.  Sitgreavesii  Rydb.,  N.  A.  FL,  vol.  22,  p.  110.     1905. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Rockies  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  west  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California;  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Summit  Station,  Heller  7028 ;  Bier- 
stadt  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Davy  3189;  Devil's  Cliff,  near  Summit, 
Kennedy  and  Doten  270 ;  Mt.  Elwell,  Plumas  County,  7,800  feet,  Hall 
9397  ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  cliffs  at  7,000  feet,  McGregor  140  ;  Tamarack 
trail,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet,  Smiley  254 ;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  Setchell 
and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  C.  F.  Sonne, 
July  2G,  1886 ;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  713 ; 


216  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Carson  Pass,  8,700  feet,  Brewer  2101 ;  head  of  Tuolumne  River,  9,000 
feet,  Brewer  1759 ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  8,500  feet,  R.  A.  Ware 
2642c;  Cloud's  Rest,  E.  R.  Drew,  July  25,  1887;  Eagle  Peak,  Yosem- 
ite,  7,700  feet,  Hall  9195;  Mt.  Gibbs,  dry  rocks  on  west  side,  10,200 
feet,  Smiley  765 ;  Glacier  Point,  Congdon,  July  1,  1885  ;  Volcano  Creek, 
Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock,  5308;  near  Mineral 
King,  Coville  and  Funston  1488;  Langley's  Camp,  Mt.  Whitney, 
11,700  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5549;  Mt.  Guyot,  Tulare  County,  12,100 
feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8422;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August,  1905. 

The  high  mountain  form  of  this  species  with  a  thick  woody  base 
was  first  described  by  Kellogg  as  the  var.  glandulosa  and  the  type  was 
"  Collected  on  Stanford  Peak,  C.  P.  R.R.,  at  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet 
— July  29th,  1870."  It  is  this  same  form  which  Heller  subsequently 
described  as  H.  lithophila.  Seen  by  itself  by  one  who  knows  the 
appearance  of  typical  H.  rubesc-ens,  this  subalpine  plant  appears  quite 
distinct  enough  to  justify  its  separation  but  when  a  large  suite  of 
specimens  are  available  for  comparison,  they  are  seen  to  constitute  a 
single  specific  unit. 

4.  MITELLA 

Petals  cuneate,  deeply  3-lobed  at  the  apex 1.  M.  trifida 

Petals  pinnatifid  with  slender  segments. 

Stamens  opposite  the  petals,  alternate  with  the  sepals 2.  M.  pentandra 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  opposite  the  sepals 3.  M.  Breweri 

1.  Mitella  trifida  Graham,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  vol.  7,  p.  185. 

1829. 
Ozomelis  pamfica  Kydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  95.     1905. 

Type  locality. — Not  given ;  plants  described  were  raised  in  England 
from  seed  collected  by  Drummond  at  some  indeterminate  locality. 

Range. — British  Columbia  east  to  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan,  and 
south  to  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Nelson  Creek,  Plumas  County,  5,700  feet, 
Hall  9357. 

2.  Mitella  pentandra  Hook.,  Bot.  Mag.,  vol.  56,  pi.  2933.    1829. 

Pectiantia  pentandra  (Hook.)  Rydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  93,  1905. 
Pectiantia  latiflora  Eydb.,  I.e. 

Type  locality. — Not  given;  plants  described  were  raised  in  Eng- 
land from  seed  collected  by  Drummond  in  "Rocky  Mountains  of 
North  America." 


Smiley:  Flam  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  217 

Range. — British  Columbia  and  Alberta  to  southwestern  Colorado 
and  through  Washington  and  Oregon  to  middle  California  (Tahoe 
region  and  Yosemite). 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada, 
2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1161 ;  Rubico  nPeak,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie, 
July,  1901;  Yuba  Pass,  6,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4482;  Long 
meadow,  Tuolumne  County,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  13,  1889;  near 
Marlette  Peak,  "Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4571. 

3.  Mitella  Breweri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  533.    1865. 
Pectiantia  Breweri  (Gray)  Bydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  93.     1905. 

Type  locality. — Mount  Hoffman  in  a  damp  place,  at  the  elevation 
of  about  11,000  feet." 

Range. — British  Columbia  through  north  Idaho  and  Washington 
to  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Alder  Creek  near  Truckee,  Sonne,  July, 
1893;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  57;  Tamarack 
trail,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  267 ;  Glen  Alpine,  W.  W.  Price,  July, 
1898 ;  Summit,  Kellogg ;  same  locality,  Heller  9833 ;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe, 
7,200  feet,  McGregor  97;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet, 
Smiley  677;  near  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  2,100  feet,  Smiley  894;  Mt. 
Hoffman,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  1879  (type)  ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  8,200 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3513;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Cul- 
bertson  (B  4395)  ;  near  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1558. 

According  to  Miss  Eastwood89  this  grows  at  East  Lake,  Tulare 
County,  a  station  well  up  in  the  Hudsonian  life-zone. 

5.  SUKSDORFIA 

1.  Suksdorfia    ranunculifolia    (Hook.)     Engler,    in    E.-P.    Nat. 
Pflanzenf.  Ill,  vol.  2a,  p.  52.    1891. 

Saxifraga  ranunculifolia  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  946.    1833. 
Hemieva  ranunculifolia  Baf.,  Fl.  Tell.,  vol.  2,  p.  70.     1836. 
Boylcinia  ranunculifolia  Gray,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  42,  p.  21.     1842. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  high  grounds  around  the  Kettle  Falls 
of  the  Columbia,  and  on  the  Rocky  Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Spanish  Peak,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin,  July  7,  1878. 


218  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


6.  TELLIMA 

Petals  entire;   leaves  lobate i.  T.   scabrella 

Petals  cleft  into  3-5  lobes;  leaves  ternate 2.  T.  bulbifera 

1.  Tellima  scabrella  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  162.    1891. 

Lithophragma  scabrella  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  102.     1895. 

Type  locality. — "Pine  woods  south  of  Tehachapi,  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  Tehachapi  Mountains. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

No  specimen  of  this  species  has  been  seen,  by  me  from  the  higher 
mountains ;  it  is  here  admitted  only  because  Hall101  reports  that  it  has 
been  collected  on  the  McClure  Fork  of  the  Merced  River,  in  the  high 
Sierra  above  the  Yosemite  Valley,  at  9,500  feet,  and  therefore  well 
within  our  limits. 

2.  Tellima  bulbifera   (Rydb.)    A.  Nels.,  in  Coulter  and  Nelson, 

New  Man.,  p.  237.    1909. 
Litliophragma  bulbifera  Eydb.,  N.  Am.  FL,  vol.  22,  ptc  2,  p.  86.     1905. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  continental  divide,  at  an  altitude  of  3,000- 
3,300  meters,  at  Battle  Carbon  County,  Wyoming. ' ' 

Range. — Wyoming  and  Colorado  west  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley 
92 ;  south  side  of  Mt.  Lola,  west  of  Lake  Tahoe,  damp  soil  in  shade  of 
rocks,  Hall  and  Babcock  4536 ;  Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,800  feet, 
Hall  9346. 

7.  SAXIFRAGA 

Suffrutescent  at  base,  the  stems  creeping  and  forming  a  mat;   leaves  narrow, 

strap-shaped  and  revolute 1.  S.  ledifolia 

Herbaceous  throughout,  plants  erect,  not  mat-forming;   leaves  flat,  ribt  strap- 
shaped. 

Plants  annual;  stems  branching  from  the  base  or  near  it;  the  flowers  solitary 
and  terminal  on  the  divaricate  branches  of  the  cyme;  inflorescence  bulb- 

iferous  2.  S.  bryophora 

Plants  biennial  or  perennial;  stems  scapose;  inflorescence  not  bulbiferous. 
Leaves  orbicular,  saliently  toothed;   stamens  clavate. 

Plants  large;  teeth  of  the  leaves  simple 3.  S.  arguta 

Plants  smaller;  teeth  of  some  of  the  leaves  3-dentate ... .4.  S.  Mertensiana 
Leaves  ovate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  repand-dentate;   stamens  filiform. 
Flowers  in  cymules,  which  are  usually  aggregated  into  a  head,  at  least 

the  upper;  plants  small  and  delicate. 
Plants   not   bulbiferous   at   base;    petals  narrowed   to   a   claw   below; 

leaves  repand  5.  S.  aprica 

Plants  bulbiferous  at  base;  petals  clawless;  leaves  entire  6.  S.  nidifica 
Flowers  in  pyramidal  panicles,  the  lower  cymules  on  elongated,  somewhat 

spreading  peduncles;  plants  robust,  often  of  large  size 

7.  S.  integrifolia  var.  sierrae 


I921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  219 

1.  Saxifraga  ledifolia  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  101.    1891. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  higher  mountains  above  Truckee,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  northward  to  Mt.  Shasta  region,  per- 
haps into  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemnion  1020;  Tinker's 
Knob,  Placer  County,  C.  F.  Sonne,  August-September,  1892 ;  Ralston 
Peak,  Tahoe,  8,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4675;  Rubicon  Peak, 
Tahoe,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  406 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,200  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  4743;  same  locality,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  2142;  Mt. 
Warren  Pass,  Mono  County,  Congdon,  August  21,  1894;  Sawtooth 
Peak,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4683);  Red  Mountain,  Sierra 
Nevada,  J.  Muir  in  1872;  rocky  slopes  near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  11,500  feet,  Purpus  5191;  Lower  Kaweah  Lake,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1688;  Arroyo-Kern  divide,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
2421 ;  Fresno  County,  Eisen. 

While  our  Sierran  plant,  at  least  in  so  far  as  it  has  come  to  my 
notice,  appears  to  differ  from  S.  Tolmiei  T.  and  G.  of  Washington  and 
northern  Oregon  in  the  longer  and  narrower  leaves  with  the  stems 
firmer  and  more  lignescent,  nevertheless  certain  collections  made  in 
Oregon  certainly  go  far  to  break  down  the  distinctions  between  these 
species  (cf.  Cusick  2985  from  Crater  Lake  and  T.  Howell  320  from 
Mt.  Hood). 

2.  Saxifraga  bryophora  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  573. 

1865. 

S.  leucanthemifolia  var.  integrifolia  Engler,  Monogr.,  Sax.,  p.  135.     1872. 
Spatularia  bryophora  (Gray)  Small,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  148.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "Ebbett's  Pass,  and  on  a  peak  near  Mt.  Dana,  alt. 
9,000  feet  on  wet  rocks." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to  Mt,  Shasta  (see  Eastwood, 
Zoe,  vol.  4,  p.  136). 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  73; 
Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  345 ;  ridge  south  of  Don- 
ner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7143;  head  of  Fordyce  Creek,  Placer 
County,  6,900  feet,  Hall  8727 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie, 
July  6-21,  1901 ;  near  Forni,  Eldorado  County,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  4714;  Ebbett's  Pass,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1984;  Mt.  Dana, 


220  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Bolander  5043;  peak  near  Mt.  Dana,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1807;  Dana 
Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,700  feet,  Smiley  849 ;  Tuolumne  meadows, 
in  rocky  soil  near  the  Lodge,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  745 ;  Shuteye  Moun- 
tain, Madera  County,  7,800  feet,  J.  Murdoch.  Jr.,  2510 ;  meadows  near 
Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  595; 
trail  from  Round  meadow  to  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  615;  King's  River,  Eisen  in  1876;  near  Mineral  King,  above 
timber  line  near  the  "White  Chief  Mine,  Coville  and  Funston  1562. 

3.  Saxifraga  arguta  D.  Don,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  356. 

1822. 

S.  punctata  Am.  authors,  not  of  L. 

S.  denudata  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  567.     1840. 

S.  odontophylla  Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  314.     1906. 

S.  odontoloma  Piper,  Smithson,  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  50,  p.  200.     1907. 

Micranthes  arguta  Small,  N.  Am.  FL,  vol.  22,  p.  147.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  ad  oras  occidentales  Americae  septen- 
trionalis. ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  (southeastern)  to  California  and  in  the  Rockies 
to  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Canon  above  Coldstream,  Placer  County, 
C.  F.  Sonne,  August  14,  1897 ;  same  locality,  Heller  7005 ;  high  moun- 
tain near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  157 ;  Slide  Mountain,  "Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  7,500  feet,  Heller  10207 ;  head  of  Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County, 
Nevada,  Baker  1434;  mountains  of  Fresno  County,  Eisen;  Pitman 
Creek,  Fresno  County,  7,200  feet,  Smiley  574 ;  Round  Meadow,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1059;  along  brooks  below  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  10,300  feet,  Purpus  5232;  Rock  Creek  meadows,  eastern 
Tulare  County,  9,700  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8419;  Coyote 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4311).  * 

If  S.  odontoloma  is  to  be  accepted  as  a  valid  species,  other  char- 
acters must  be  found  than  those  already  indicated.  Rosendahl109 
considers  our  American  plant  inseparable  from  the  European  S. 
punctata  L. 

4.  Saxifraga  Mertensiana  Bong.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI,  vol. 

2,  p.  141.    1832. 

Saxifraga  heterantha  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  252.     1832. 
Steiranisia  heterantha  Eaf.,  Fl.  Tell.,  vol.  2,  p.  69.     1836. 
Heterisia  mertensiana  Small,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  156.     1905. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Sitcha. ' ' 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  221 

Range. — Aleutian  Islands  to  California ;  Selkirks  of  British  Colum- 
bia ;  northern  Idaho. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Emigrant  Gap,  Placer  County,  M.  E.  Jones 
57 ;  Castle  Peak  trail  from  Soda  Springs,  7,300  feet,  Smiley  463 ;  Mt. 
Surprise,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  11,  1890. 

5.  Saxifraga  aprica  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  23,  p.  25. 

1896. 

S.  umbellulata  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  222.     1893,  not  of  Hook.,  f.  and 
Thorns.     1857. 

Type  locality. — "On  high  and  dry  gravelly  spots  at  7,000  to  8,000 
feet  altitude  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  from  near  Donner 
Lake,  southward  at  least  to  Mt.  Dana." 

Range. — Mountains  of  California  and  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Bierstadt  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,400  feet,  Davy 
3207 ;  south  side  of  Mt.  Lola,  Tahoe,  cool  canons,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  4538 ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock,  3509;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  828; 
Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  706 ;  Mt.  Dana,  McLean, 
July,  1875 ;  near  Mineral  King,  near  a  mountain  lakelet  at  3,100  m., 
Coville  and  Funston  1519. 

6.  Saxifraga  nidifica  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  222.    1893. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  wet  places  at  about  the  same  elevations  as  the 
preceding,*  in  the  California  Sierra." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  northern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian,  occasionally  above  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  Bolander  1683 ;  Long  Lake,  Plumas 
County,  6,700  feet,  Hall  9332;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600 
feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2667c,  2634c;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet, 
Smiley  266;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1892;  Lake 
Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8327  feet,  Brewer  1683. 

6.  Saxifraga  integrifolia  var.   sierrae   Coville,   Proc.   Biol.    Soc. 
Wash.,  vol.  7,  p.  78.    1892. 

Type  locality. — "Eight  miles  northwest  of  Whitney  meadows,  on 
the  headwaters  of  Kern  River." 


The  species  here  referred  to  is  our  No.  5. 


222  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Mountains  of  California  and  southern  Oregon  east  to  the 
Kockies  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
2,460  m.,  Baker  1395;  base  of  Cloud's  Best,  Yosemite,  Congdon, 
August  5,  1898;  Pine  Ridge,  Fresno  County,  5,300  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  156 ;  meadows  along  Volcano  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3315 ;  Guyot  Creek,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet, 
H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8431 ;  Chagoopa  Creek  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
10,000  feet,  Dudley  2240,  2241. 

8.  oregana  Howell  (Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  34.  1895)  is  unknown  to 
me  from  collections ;  by  character  it  would  appear  impossible  of  sep- 
aration from  this  variety. 

Micranthes  montwia  Small  (N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  138.  1905), 
described  from  a  collection  made  by  Mrs.  F.  M.  Meigs  on  "Pyramid 
Peak,  California,"  west  of  Lake  Tahoe,  is  said  to  differ  from  var. 
sierrae  by  petals  more  acute  and  follicles  shorter. 


JAMESIA 

1.  Jamesia  americana  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  593.    1840. 

Edwinia  americana  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Rot.  Club,  vol.  24,  p.  477.     1897. 
Edwinia  californica  Small,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  176.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "Along  the  Platte  or  the  Canadian  River,  near 
the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — Wyoming  to  New  Mexico  and  west  through  the  southern 
part  of  the  Great  Basin  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  above  timber  line  in  the  alpine  region. 

Specimens  examined. — White  Chief  Mine,  Mineral  King^region, 
2,900  m.,  Hall  5649 ;  Mineral  King,  Brandegee,  July  29,  1892 ;  Whit- 
ney Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Culbertson  (B  4345)  ;  trail  to 
Mt.  Whitney,  10,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4576);  Old  Mt.  Whitney, 
9-12,000  feet,  Purpus  1481. 

I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  examine  the  type  of  E.  cali- 
fornica, which  was  collected  by  Miss  Eastwood  at  Volcano  Creek  Falls, 
Tulare  County,  on  the  border  of  the  Transition  and  Canadian  zones; 
the  other  collections  from  the  southern  Sierra  present  no  characters 
unlike  those  of  the  southern  Rockies. 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  223 


9.  RIBES 
Shrubs  without  spines. 

Berry  bright  red;  leaves  obscurely  lobed,  %-1.5  inches  broad;  shrub  of  the 

high  mountains  1.  R.  cereum 

Berry   black;    leaves   distinctly   lobed,    1.25-3    inches    broad;    shrubs    of   the 

Canadian   and   Transition   zones. 
Flowers  less  than   y2   inch  long;    leaves  sparingly  pubescent   or  glabrous; 

racemes  dense  2.  B.  nevadense 

Flowers  over  ^  inch  long;  leaves  glandular-pubescent;  racemes  loose 

3.  R.  viscosissimum 

Shrubs  with  spines. 

Bark  gray,  closely  adhering  to  the  branchlets,  not  papery. 

Flowers  dark  red;  berry  strongly  spinescent 4.  R.  Roezli 

Flowers  yellow;  berry  smooth 5.  R.  lasianthum 

Bark  loosely  adherent  to  the  branchlets,  yellowish  or  straw-colored,  papery 
in  texture. 

Berry   red,   glandular-bristly 6.  R.   montigenum 

Berry  purplish  dark  red,  smooth '. 7.  R.  hirtellum  var.  inerme 

1.  Ribes  cereum  Dougl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  sub.  pi.  1263.     1829.     Trans. 
Hort.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  7,  p.  512.     1830. 

E.  inebrians  Lindl.,  Bot.  Eeg.,  pi.  1471.     1832. 

B.    Churchii  Nels.   and   Kennedy,   Proc.   Biol.    Soc.   Wash.,   vol.    19,   p.    37. 
1906 

Type  locality. — "On  dry  exposed  decayed  granite  rocks  or  schist, 
throughout  the  chain  of  the  river  Columbia  from  the  great  falls  45 
degrees,  46  minutes,  17  seconds,  N.  lat.  to  the  sources  of  that  stream, 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  52  degrees,  .07  minutes,  .09  seconds." 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  the  western  part  of  North  America 
from  British  Columbia  to  South  Dakota,  southward  to  California  and 
New  Mexico. 

Zone. — In  the  Sierran  region,  this  shrub  is  confined  to  the  high 
mountains  in  the  Canadian  and  Hudsonian  zones,  or  locally  rising 
into  the  alpine  region.  This  zonal  position  corresponds  to  Abrams'92 
report  for  southern  California  in  the  main ;  he  places  it  in  the  Cana- 
dian; but  it  is  in  sharp  contrast  with  what  Piper72  decides  as  to  its 
proper  zone  in  the  northwest :  in  Washington,  its  zonal  position  is 
given  as  "Arid  Transition  and  Upper  Sonoran. "  Wooton  and  Stand- 
ley110  assign  Ribes  inelrians '  (a  form,  in  my  opinion,  incapable  of 
specific  definition)  to  "Woods  and  canons,  in  the  Transition  Zone" 
and  further  say  "The  common  currant  in  our  mountains  at  middle 
elevations. ' ' 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1160;  Silver 
Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  151;  Howard  Creek, 
Sierra  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4516 ;  Mt.  Rose,  in  granite 


224  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

at  9,000  feet,  Heller  10938 ;  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  8,100 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4592 ;  base  of  Cathedral  Peak,  above  Tuolumne 
meadows,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  819 ;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  form- 
ing dense  thickets  at  9,500  feet,  Smiley  633 ;  slopes  near  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  1830;  Salmon  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5143 ;  Lower  Bear-paw  meadow, 
Kaweah  River  region,  R.  Hopping  51;  Olancha  Mountain,  above 
timber-line,  11-12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5227 ;  head  of  Tuolumne 
River,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1769 ;  summit  of  Sonora  Pass,  Brewer  1906 ; 
along  west  trail,  Mt.  Whitney,  12,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5539; 
slope  of  Mt.  Kaweah,  high  as  any  shrub  grows,  above  14,000  feet, 
short  thick  branches,  leaves  y2  cm.  across,  very  glandular,  Dudley 
2102;  Mt.  "Whitney,  Culbertson  (B4525). 

At  the  highest  elevations  of  its  growth,  near  or  even  above  timber- 
line,  the  branchlets  become  extremely  short  and  rigid  and  here  the 
bushes  grow  close  together  in  dense  chaparral;  it  is  this  form  that 
has  been  described  as  R.  Churchii;  see  Coville's  note  on  the  appear- 
ance of  this  shrub  near  timber  line  in  the  Mineral  King  country.50 
Merriam53  says  that  on  Mt.  Shasta  it  grows  at  the  head  of  Panther 
Creek  near  timber  line  and  also  much  lower  down. 

2.  Ribes  nevadense  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  63.    1855. 

JR.  sanguineum  var.  variegatum  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  100.     1871. 

.K.  variegatum  A.  Nels.,  Key  Eocky  Mt.  Keg.,  p.  34.     1902. 

B.  ascendens  Eastw.,  Proc,  Calif.  Acad.  Ill,  Bot,  vol.  2,  p.  244.     1902. 

It.  Hittellianum  Eastw.,  I.e.,  p.  245. 

R.  glaucescens  Eastw.,  I.e.,  p.  245. 

E.  Grantii  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  4,  p.  27.     1908. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Southern  Cascades  of  Oregon  through  the  Sierra^Nevada 
to  the  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  but  not  infrequently  rising  into  the 
Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. —  (Citation  confined  to  stations  within  the 
boreal  region)  :  Suzy  Lake  trail,  Eldorado  County,  7,600  feet,  Mc- 
Gregor 120 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,300  feet,  Smiley  196 ;  between  Lakes 
Tahoe  and  Lucile,  7-8,000  feet,  Miss  K.  A.  Chandler,  September,  1901 ; 
Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  M.  S.  Baker,  July  5,  1904;  Tioga  Road  near 
Dark  Hole,  Yosemite,  7,700  feet,  Smiley  878. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  225 

3.  Ribes  viscosissimum  Pursh.,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  p.  163,    1814. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  interior  of  North 
America. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Slide  Mountain,  "Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
7,500  feet,  Heller  10936 ;  near  summit  of  Mt.  Tallac,  9,500  feet,  Abrams 
4830;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  96;  Velma  Lakes,  Eldorado 
County,  Hudsonian  zone,  8,000  feet,  Hall  8805;  Peregoy's,  above 
Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Bridal  Veil  Creek,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet, 
Bolander  6323;  ridge  below  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County,  8,200  feet, 
Smiley  594;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4383) ; 
Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  rocky  places  at  9-10,000  feet,  Pur- 
pus  1767. 

3a.  Ribes   viscosissimum   Pursh.   var.    Hallii  Jancz.,   Mem.    Soc. 
Geneve,  vol.  35,  p.  328.    1907. 

Type  locality. — "Pres  du  lac  Independence,"  Sierra  County. 

Range. — Same  as  the  species. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Lake  Independence,  7,800  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4533 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  71 ; 
summit  of  Spanish  Peak,  Plumas  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  9287 ;  Sum- 
mit, 7,300  feet,  Smiley  448 ;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley 
409. 

This  variety  seems  scarcely  worth  maintaining,  its  characters  of 
glandless  ovary  and  sepals  purple  tinted  as  contrasted  with  the  gland- 
ular ovary  and  sepals  greenish  white  of  the  species  are  inconstant; 
Dr.  Hall101  has  called  attention  to  a  collection  from  the  Yosemite 
showing  specific  and  varietal  characters  upon  the  same  branch; 
another  number  indicating  the  purely  arbitrary  nature  of  this  sep- 
aration is  Baker  1055  from  King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada; 
cited  by  Janczewski  as  representing  var.  Hallii  with  ovary  glabrous, 
the  sheet  of  this  number  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  shows  the  glandular 
ovary  said  to  be  distinctive  of  the  species. 


226  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  Ribes  Roezli  Regel.,  Gartenflora,  vol.  28,  p.  226.    1879. 

E.  amictum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.   1,  p.   69.     1887. 

.R.  aridum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  35.     1880. 

E.  Wilsonianum  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  70.     1895. 

Type  locality. — Not  definitely  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 
Mt.  Shasta,  ace.  Merriam. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  but  occurring  abundantly  in  the  Pinus 
Jeffreyi  division  of  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  W.  W.  Price,  July  12, 
1898 ;  near  Shuteye  Pass,  6,500  feet,  Sierra  National  Forest,  Abrams 
4936;  trail  to  Cloud's  Eest  above  Nevada  Falls,  7,600  feet,  Smiley 
500;  Pitman  Creek,  Fresno  County,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  580;  Sequoia 
Mills,  Fresno  County,  Eastwood,  May,  1894;  Bonita  meadow,  Tulare 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5178. 

5.  Ribes  lasianthum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  22.    1896. 

Grossularia  lasiantJiu   (Greene)    Coville  and  Britton,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22, 
p.  219.     1908. 

Type  locality. — "Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Castle  Peak." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  uppermost  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller 
7088 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Eldorado  County,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900 ;  trail 
from  Soda  Springs  to  Castle  Peak,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  468 ;  Mt.  Tallac, 
Tahoe,  talus  slope  on  the  east  side  at  9,500  feet,  Smiley  248 ;  Mt.  Ray- 
mond, Madera  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Bolander  4885;  rocky  slopes  at 
head  of  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9-9,400  feet,  Purpus  1787. 

Reported  to  grow  at  Merced  Lake  above  Yosemite  Valley,  a  Can- 
adian station.101 

•» 

6.  Ribes  montigenum  McClatchie,  Erythea,  vol.  5,  p.  38.     1897. 

E.  lacustre  var.  molle  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  i,  p.  206.     1876. 
E.  nubigenum  McClatchie,  Erythea,  vol.  2,  p.  80.   1894,  not  of  Philippi,  1857. 
E.  lacustre  var.  lentum  Jones,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  681.     1895. 
E.  molle  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  209.     1898,  not  of  Poepp.,  1858. 
E.  lentum  (Jones)  Coville  and  Hose,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  15,  p.  26. 
1902. 

Type  locality. — "On  summit  of  Mt.  San  Antonio,  10,000  ft.  alti- 
tude, among  dry  exposed  rocks." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana  and  in  the  higher  moun- 
tains to  the  south  to  New  Mexico  and  southern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 


1921]          Snviley:  Fiord  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  227 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,000  feet,  Kennedy  1269;  Slide 
Mountain,  Washoe  County,  8,600  feet,  Heller  10957;  Snow  Valley, 
Ormsby  County,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1150;  Summit,  7,000  feet, 
Bolander,  Kellogg  and  Co.;  same  locality,  Heller  7008;  ridge  below 
Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900 ;  between  Suzy  and  Heather 
Lakes,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  160;  Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760 
feet,  McGregor  55 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  talus  rock,  9,500  feet,  Smiley 
249,  250;  same  locality,  8,500  feet,  Abrams  4821;  summit  of  Mono 
Pass,  8,300  feet,  Brewer  1722 ;  Cars.on  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  792 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  1686 ;  east  slope  Unicorn 
Peak,  Yosemite,  10,100  feet,  Smiley  809 ;  Mt.  Lyell,  10,500-11,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  3564;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
680 ;  pine  forest  between  Lake  Tenaya  and  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,600 
feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2679c;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley, 
June  4,  1902;  slope  of  Mt.  Silliman,  10-11,000  feet,  Dudley  1486; 
Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  in  forest  of  Pinus  Bal- 
fouriana,  Hall  and  Babcock  5260. 

7.  Ribes  hirtellum  var.  inerme  (Rydb.)  comb.  nov. 

E.  inerme  Kydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  voL  1,  p.  202.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Slough  Creek,"  Montana. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana  and  south  to  California 
(northern  Sierra  Nevada),  Utah,  and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian  (Lower). 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  803^ ;  Deer  Park, 
Tahoe,  Miss  H.  D.  Geiss  50 ;  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin,  June  1878 ; 
about  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1301 ;  Upper 
Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1756;  Mineral  King,  7,200  feet, 
Culbertson  (B4559). 

This  plant  is  the  western  representative  of  that  group  of  northern 
gooseberries  centering  about  R.  oxyacanthoides  (L.)  Mill  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  region ;  this  has  as  its  best  defined  species  in  northeastern 
North  America  R.  hirtellum  Michx.,  one  form  of  which  (R.  saxosum 
Hook.)  is  scarcely  separable  from  our  western  plant;  see  Fernald.111 

Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir,  a  species  ranging  through  subarctic 
North  America  and  extending  southward  in  the  west  as  a  subalpine 
species  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado  and  Utah,  in  the  Cascades 
to  the  mountains  of  Siskiyou  County,  is  not  known  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 


228  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

30.  BOSACEAE  (EosE  FAMILY) 

Leaves  simple. 

Pistils  numerous;  leaves  deeply  palmately  lobed 1.  Bubus 

Pistils  solitary;  leaves  small  and  merely  dentate  or  entire. 

Apetalous;  pistils  persistent  and  plumose 2.  Cercocarpus 

Petals  present. 

Ovary  superior;  fruit  a  drupe 3.  Primus 

Ovary  inferior;  fruit  a  pome 4.  Amelanchier 

Pistils  5. 

Fruit  an  achene;   flowers  white 5.  Holodiscus 

Fruit  a  several-seeded  follicle;  flowers  reddish 6.  Spiraea 

Leaves  compound. 

Tall  shrubs  7.  Pyrus 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs. 
Fruit  dry. 

Pistils  3-many;  anthers  opening  by  longitudinal  slits. 

Stamens  many  (20  or  more),  borne  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  close  to 
the  receptacle. 

Style  straight,  naked  and  deciduous 8.  Potentilla 

Style  hooked  or  plumose  and  persistent 9.  Geum 

Stamens  10-20,  borne  near  the  throat  of  the  calyx  and  distant  from 
the  receptacle. 

Filaments  broad  and  petaloid 10.  Horkelia 

Filaments  filiform  11.  Ivesia 

Stamens  5;  leaves  trifoliate;  flowers  yellow 12.  Sibbaldia 

Pistil  solitary;  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores 13.  Stellariopsis 

Fruit  fleshy;  leaves  trifoliate;  flowers  white 14.  Fragaria 

1.  BUBUS 

1.  Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  308.    1818. 

E.  nufkanus  Moc.,  in  DC.,  Prodr.,  vol.  2,  p.  566.     1825. 

Eubacer  parviflorum  (Nutt.)  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  30,  p.  274. 
1903. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  island  Michilimackinak,  Lake  Huron. ' ' 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  western  North  America  from  south- 
eastern Alaska  to  the  Great  Lakes,  southward  to  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Eldorado  County,  7,000  feet, 
W.  W.  Price,  July,  1898 ;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  4 ;  ravime  near 
Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  361. 

This  shrub  is  here  included  because,  though  mainly  Transition 
in  its  zonal  position,  it  is  so  abundant  in  certain  places  in  the  Pinus 
Jeffreyi  division  of  the  Canadian  life-zone. 

2.  CEBCOCABPUS 

1.  Cercocarpus  ledifolius  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  427. 

1840. 

Type  locality. — "Rocky  Mountains,   in  alpine   situations   on  the 
summits  of  the  hills  of  Bear  River  of  Timpanagos. ' ' 
Range. — Pacific  Coast  east  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  229 

Zone. — Arid  Transition,  mainly  near  the  upper  limit  of  that  zone, 
and  extending  into  the  lower  Canadian  on  rocky  outcrops. 

Specimens  examined. — Growing  on  a  rocky  point  above  Grass  Lake, 
Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County, 
Brewer  2039;  mountain  near  Sonora  Pass,  8-9,000  feet,  trees  6-10 
inches  diameter,  15-20  feet  high,  Brewer  1876;  Olancha  Mountain, 
Tulare  County,  9,400  feet,  Rothrock  330. 

2a.  Cercocarpus  ledifolius  var.  intricatus    (Wats.)    Jones,   Bot. 

Gaz.,  vol.  5,  p.  154,  1880. 

C.  intricatus  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  346.     1875. 
No  specimen  of  this  high  mountain  form  has  been  seen  from  the 
Sierra ;  it  is  here  included  because  not  unlikely  growing  on  the  higher 
peaks  of  the  Carson  Range,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe. 

3.  PRUNUS 

1.  Primus  emarginata  (Dougl.),  Walp.,  Repert.  Bot.,  vol.  2,  p.  9. 

1843. 
Cerasus  emarginata  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  169.     1830.* 

Type  locality. — "On  the  upper  part  of  the  Columbia  River, 
especialy  about  the  Kettle  Falls." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  northwest  Montana  and  south  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  locally  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Spanish  Peak,  Plumas  County,  3-6  feet 
high,  among  summit  rocks,  7,000  feet,  Hall  9291 ;  same  locality,  5-6,000 
feet,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1877;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7164 ;  Donner  Lake,  Dudley,  June,  1900 ;  between  Fallen  Leaf 
Lake  and  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  dry  hillside,  7,200  feet,  Smiley  220; 
Grass  Lake,  7,200  feet,  McGregor  94;  north  slope  of  moraine,  south 
of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  6,900  feet,  Smiley  14 ;  Little  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra 
National  Forest,  7,000  feet,  Abrams  4930;  Glacier  Point,  Yosemite, 
Congdon,  May  (without  year)  ;  Mt.  Raymond  slope  at  6,500-7,000  feet, 
Dudley,  July  13,  1901;  Grant  Park,  Tulare  County,  "the  common 
prune  of  7-9,000  ft."  Dudley  1233;  Big  Arroyo,  Tulare  County,  Cul- 
bertson  (B4539). 

This  cherry  occurs  abundantly  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Transition 
zone  and  in  the  lower  Canadian,  where  it  forms  a  considerable  part  of 
the  chaparral  of  this  altitude. 


a   detailed  synonymy   see  Wight,   W.  P.,   Native   American   Species   of 
Prunus.     Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  179,  pp.  1-75.     1915. 


230  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  AMELANCHIER 

Plant  glabrous  throughout;  leaf  tip  retuse  or  truncate;  leaf  not  cordate  at  base 
•. 1.  A.  glabra 

Plant  somewhat  tomentulose,  at  least  the  ovary  hirsute;  leaves  round-cordate 
2.  A.  siskiyouensis 

1.  Amelanchier  glabra  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  52.    1891. 

0 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Donner  Lake  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Border  of  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Donner  Lake,  Torrey  126 ;  above  Don- 
ner Lake  toward  Pass,  Heller  7176 ;  southern  Sierra,  nine  miles  west 
of  Mt.  Brewer  (said  on  label  to  have  been  collected  on  the  State  Sur- 
vey, but  without  number). 

Dr.  Nelson  accords  this  species  admission  to  the  flora  of  Colorado 
(Coulter-Nelson,  New  Man.,  p.  266)  for  the  reason  that  he  regards 
A.  polycarpa  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  127.  1900)  as  a  synonym;  I 
have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  basis  of  A.  polycarpa, 
but  P.  C.  Standley,  after  seeing  the  material  in  Dr.  Greene's  her- 
barium, considered  the  Colorado  plant  unlike  that  of  our  region 
(Standley,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  27,  pp.  197-198.  1914). 

2.  Amelanchier  siskiyouensis  C.  K.  Schneider,  Handb.  d.  Laub- 

holzk.,  vol.  1,  p.  735.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Gebirge  in  Calif.,  bis  2,000  m. "  Type  Hansen 
230. 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  Northern 
California  (see  note  below). 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,5QO  feet, 
Hansen  230. 

Dr.  L.  R.  Abrams92  suggests  that  the  range  of  this  species  should 
possibly  be  extended  to  include  certain  collections  made  in  the  San 
Bernardino  Mountains  of  southern  California  (Dry  Lake  Caiion,  9,000 
feet,  Abrams  and  McGregor  785). 

Amelanchier  alnifolia  Nutt.  (Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  vol.  7,  p.  22. 
1834),  with  which  the  two  species  last  named  have  been  confused  and 
from  which  they  are  separated  by  characters  none  too  precise,  is  a 
common  shrub  ranging  widely  in  the  west  and  abundant  in  the  Sierra 
below  our  borders  or  just  meeting  them. 


1921]          Snviley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  231 


5.  HOLODISCUS 

Leaves  ovate;  pubescence,  if  present,  sericeous 1.  H.  dumosus 

Leaves  round-ovate;  pubescence  of  spreading,  somewhat  rigid  hairs 

2.   H.    Boursieri 

1.  Holodiscus  dumosus  Heller,  Cat.  N.  Am.  PI.,  p.  4.     1898. 

Spiraea  dumosa  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  416.     1840,  as  synonym; 

Hook.,  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  217.     1847. 

Spiraea  discolor  var.  dumosa  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  170.     1878. 
Sericotheca  concolor  Eydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  264.     1908. 
Holodiscus  saxioola  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  41.-    1904. 
Sericotheca  obovata  Rydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  264.     1908. 

Type  locality. — East  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  along  Platte 
River. 

Range. — Wyoming  to  Chihuahua  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Granite  rocks  at  Donner  Pass,  7,000  feet, 
Heller  7160;  summit  back  of  Jonesville,  Butte  County,  7,000  feet, 
Heller  11667;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken 
148 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  talus  slope  on  east  side,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  226 ; 
Hunter  Creek  Canon,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,500  feet,  Heller 
10353 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  W.  W.  Price,  July  12,  1898 ; 
Clear  Creek  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,000-2,615  m.,  Baker 
1431;  Mono  Pass,  Congdon,  August  16,  1894;  Cloud's  Rest  trail,  7,400 
feet,  Smiley  496;  summit  of  Half-dome,  Yosemite,  Lemmon,  August 
19,  1878;  trail  from  Round  meadow  to  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County, 
8,100  feet,  Smiley  592;  Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson 
(B4332)  ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Dudley  1470; 
White-water  Peak,  Tulare  County,  among  summit  rocks,  Dudley  632 ; 
mountains  near  Farewell  Gap,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5121. 

Although  as  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall  has  pointed  out79  the  vegetative  char- 
acters of  this  shrub  change  with  change  of  environment,  the  essential 
specific  characters  of  the  flowers  remain  constant ;  the  same  is  true  of 
the  nature  of  the  pubescence,  which  is  always  more  or  less  silky  and 
present  in  varying  amounts. 

2.  Holodiscus  Boursieri  (Carr.)   Rehder.,  Cycl.  Hort.,  vol.  3,  p. 

1498.    1915. 

Spiraea  Boursieri  Carr.,  Eev.  Hort.,  1859,  p.  520.     1859. 
Sericotheca  Boursieri  Rydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  voL  22,  p.  263.     1908. 

Type  locality. — ' '  California, ' '  without  locality. 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 
'  Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 


232  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Valley,  8,000  feet,  on  dry  volcanic 
rocks,  Brewer  1974 ;  peak  near  Sonora  Pass,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  1925 ; 
Cloud's  Rest,  10,000  feet,  A.  Gray  in  1872. 


6.  SPIRAEA 

Erect  branching  shrub;  the  red  flowers  in  dense  panicles 1.  S.  densiflora 

Low  depressed  shrub;  the  white  flowers  spicate 2.  S.  caespitosa 

1.  Spiraea  densiflora  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  414.    1840. 

S.  betulaefolia  Pall.  var.  rosea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  381.    1872. 
S.  lucida  Dougl.  var.  rosea  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  221.    1892. 
S.  arbuscula  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  63.     1895. 
8.  Helleri  Rydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  248.     1908. 

Type  locality. — Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana,  south  along  the  mountains 
of  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  to  the  central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Summit  Station,  Heller  7022 ;  Sierra 
County,  Lemmon  704 ;  Glen  Alpine  to  Mt.  Tallac,  Setchell  and  Dobie, 
July  6-21,  1901 ;  summit  back  of  Jonesville,  Butte  County,  7,000  feet, 
Heller  11665;  Gilmore  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Abrams  4856;  Silver 
Lake,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  235 ;  shores  of  Angora  Lake, 
Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  34;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  13; 
Ebbett's  Pass,  8,900  feet,  Brewer  2090;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne, 
Yosemite,  8,680  feet,  Brewer  1777 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,143  feet, 
border  of  lake,  Smiley  701;  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra  National  Forest, 
7,000  feet,  Abrams  4937;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  8,000 
feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr.  2521. 

In  the  Sierra,  this  shrub  does  not  seem  to  rise  so  high  as  in  the 
mountains  of  Washington;  in  our  region  it  is  preeminently  a  plant 
found  about  lake  borders  of  the  Canadian;  in  Washington,  Piper 
assigns  it  to  the  Hudsonian,  while  according  to  C.  S.  Sargent  (Gard. 
and  Forest,  vol.  10,  p.  410),  it  forms  dense  mats  at  timber  line  at 
5,000  feet  on  the  Olympics  and  on  Mt.  Rainier  ascends  2,000  feet 
higher. 

2.  Spiraea  caespitosa  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  418.    1840. 

Eriogynia  caespitosa  Wats.,  Bot.   Gaz.,  vol.   15,  p.   242.     1890. 
LuetJcea  caespitosa  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  217.     1891. 
Petrophyton  caespitosum   (Nutt.)    Rydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.   Bot.  Gard.,  vol.   1, 

p.  206.     1900. 
Petrophyton  acuminatum  Rydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  253,  1908. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  233 

Type  locality. — "On  high  shelving  rocks  in  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
towards  the  sources  of  the  Platte." 

Range. — Montana  and  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota  to  New  Mexico 
and  west  in  the  mountains  of  Arizona  and  southern  Nevada  to  the 
southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  or  Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Big  Arroyo,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson 
(B4540). 

The  specimen  cited  is  the  basis  for  P.  acuminatum  Rydb. ;  it  would 
seem  that  the  characters  relied  upon  to  distinguish  this  species  have 
been  incautiously  chosen:  it  is  said  that  in  the  type  the  petals  are 
"very  acute  or  acuminate,"  but  in  the  specimen  of  this  collection 
preserved  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  the  petals  are  really  truncate,  or 
similar  to  those  of  Nuttall  's  species. 

7.  PYEUS 

1.  Pyrus  sitchensis  var.  calif ornica   (Greene),  comb.  nov. 
Sorbus  californica  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  131.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Common  at  middle  elevations  in  the  Calif ornian 
Sierra." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Elwell,  Plumas  County,  7,800  feet, 
Hall  9340;  Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
4514;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  W.  W.  Price,  July  8,  1898;  Fallen  Leaf 
trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  8,000  feet,  Abrams  4814;  Silver  Lake,  Amador 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  789 ;  Summit,  Placer  County,  7,000  feet, 
Heller  9835,  7026;  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  416; 
Ebbett's  Pass,  6,500-8,500  feet,  Brewer  2091;  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra 
National  Forest,  7,000  feet,  Abrams  4943;  base  of  Pyramid  Peak, 
Tahoe,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  76;  Chilnualna  Falls,  Mariposa  County, 
Cpngdon,  August  21,  1889 ;  Dog  Lake,  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  9240 
feet,  Smiley  837 ;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Culbert- 
son (B4527)  ;  near  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Dudley 


I  am  not  certain  whether  this  is  even  varietally  distinct  from 
P.  sitchensis  (Roem.)  Piper,  a  species  ranging  from  southeastern 
Alaska  to  at  least  northwestern  California,  but  our  form  commonly 
shows  the  leaflets  smaller  with  their  distal  ends  abruptly  acuminate, 
as  contrasted  with  the  typical  form  of  the  northwest  coast. 


234  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


8.  POTENTILLA 

Petals  yellow,  rarely  white. 

Shrubby  perennial;  style  lateral  on  the  densely  villous  achene  1.  P.  fruticosa 
Plants  not  shrubby  above  the  woody  caudex. 
Style  nearly  terminal;  ovules  pendulous. 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Style  much  longer  than  the  mature  achene,  filiform. 

Leaflets  densely  white   silky  villous,   dentate  only  about  the  apex; 

petioles  short  2.  P.  Breweri 

Leaflets  green  on  both  sides  and  serrate  along  the  edges;   petiole 

long  3.  P.  dissecta 

Style  not  longer  than  the  mature  achene,  thick  and  glandular  below 

4.    P.    pseudosericea 

Leaves  digitate. 

Leaflets  more  than  3,  leaves  not  trifoliate. 
Leaflets  usually  about  7. 

Leaves  long-petioled,  glabrate  above 5.  P.  etomentosa 

Leaves  short-petioled,  densely  silky  on  both  sides 

6.   P.  concinnaeformis 

Leaflets  usually  5. 

Plants  tall  (1  foot  or  more);  leaves  nearly  glabrous  above,  densely 

white-tomentose  below  7.  P.   gracilis 

Plants  low  (4-6  inches  high);  leaves  silky  on  both  sides;  leaflets 

cuneate  and  crenate  only  about  the  apex 8.  P.  Wheeleri 

Leaves  trifoliate. 

All  3  leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so 9.  P.  flabellifolia 

Terminal  leaflet  long  stalked 10.  P.  Gray! 

Style  nearly  basal;  ovules  ascending  or  nearly  erect. 

Flowers  yellow  11.  P.   glandulosa 

Flowers  white 12.  P.  lactea 

Petals  red  13.  P.  palustris 

1.  Potentilla  fruticosa  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  495.    1753. 

Dasiphora  fruticosa  (L.)  Kydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.,  vol.  2, 
p.  188.     1898.t 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Eboraco,  Anglia,  Oelandia  australi, 
Sibiria." 

Range. — Holarctie  realm ;  in  North  America  south  from  the  arctic 
regions  to  New  Jersey,  Great  Lakes,  northern  Iowa,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  735 ;  near  summit 
of  Tinker's  Knob,  Tahoe,  Kennedy  and  Doten  275;  Desolation  Valley, 
Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Tamarack  trail,  Tahoe, 
8,200  feet,  Smiley  253;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  R.  A.  Gibbs, 
August,  1898;  Ebbett's  Pass,  8-9,000  feet,  Brewer  2087;  Mt.  Gibbs, 
south  side  in  granite,  10,100  feet,  Smiley  764;  saddle  between  Mt. 
Dana  and  Mt.  Gibbs,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889 ;  Mt.  Lyell, 
Yosemite,  9,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3558;  Mono  Pass,  Congdon, 
August  16,  1895. 


t  For  detailed  synonymy  see  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  366.     1908. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  235 

2.  Potentilla  Breweri  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.   Acad.,  vol.   8,   p.   555. 

1873. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Mono  Pass  in  the  Sierra  ( 1720  Brewer)  ;  summit 
above  Cisco  (Bolander)." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  northward  to  the  Warner  Mountains  of 
Modoc  County. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  above  Cisco,  Bolander,  Keljogg  and 
Co.  in  1872 ;  Deer  Park,  Tahoe,  Miss  H.  D.  Geiss  37a,  37c,  37b* ;  Soda 
Springs,  Nevada  County,  Jones,  351a,  351,  323 ;  Independence  Lake, 
Nevada  County,  C.  F.  Sonne  1;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9902; 
Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,000  feet,  G.  R.  Hall  8792 ;  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite, 
Hall  and  Babcock,  3630* ;  Lundy  trail,  Mt.  Warren,  Yosemite,  Cong- 
don,  August  21,  1894 ;  Mt.  Dana,  12,500  feet,  Bolander  5084* ;  Dana 
Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  853 ;  Tuolumne  meadows, 
8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2693c;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,600  feet, 
Smiley  631*;  Hockett's  meadows,  Dudley  1874;  Alpine  Zone  at  Eagle 
Lake,  near  Mineral  King,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5363* ;  Fare- 
well Gap,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5675* ;  Bullion  Flat 
near  Mt.  Whitney,  Dudley  2527 ;  mountains  above  Whitney  meadows, 
11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  1652.* 

3.  Potentilla  dissecta  Pursh.,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  p.  355.    1814. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Hudson's  Bay." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Saskatchewan  to  California  and 
Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Mono  train,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  Brewer  275. 

3a.  Potentilla  dissecta  Pursh.  var.  glaucophylla  (Lehm.)  Wats., 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  556.     1873. 

P.  glaucophylla  Lehm.,  Delect.  Sem.  Hort.  Bot.  Hamb.,  1836,  p.  7.     1836. 
Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  western  North  America  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Colorado  northward. 

Specimens  examined. — Tuolumne  meadows,  rich  damp  soil  by 
Tuolumne  River,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2684c ;  soda  springs, 
Tuolumne  meadows,  Miss  Eastwood,  July  5-19,  1902. 


*  These  collections  represent  the  var.  expansa  Wats.  (Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  179, 
1876),  described  from  a  collection  made  by  Lemmon  in  Sierra  County,  and  differ- 
ing from  the  species  in  the  decumbent  stems  and  loosely  aggregated  flowers;  both 
species  and  variety  grow  together  (see  Miss  H.  D.  Geiss  as  above;  also  Dudley 
1874  shows  both  forms  together  upon  Hockett's  meadows). 


236  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  Potentilla  pseudosericea  Rydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1, 

p.  98.    1898. 

Type  locality. — Not  given  except  as  "Nevada,"  but  the  collection 
upon  which  the  description  is  based  is  Shockley  592  from  the  White 
Mountains,  13,000  feet,  Inyo  County,  California. 

Range. — Ranges  of  the  Great  Basin  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Olancha  Peak,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet, 
Purpus  1865. 

5.  Potentilla  etomentosa  Rydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.,  vol.  24, 

p.  8.    1897. 

P.  rigida  Newberry,  Pac.  RE.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  p.  72.     1857,  not  of  Nutt. 
P.  gracilis  var.  rigida  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  96.     1893. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — California  and  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
2,460  m.,  C.  F.  Baker  1383 ;  near  Mineral  King,  Coville  and  Funston 
1399;  giant  forest,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  July,  1905;  Suzy 
Lake,  Tahoe,  dry  ground,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  166. 

This  species  is  very  near  P.  pulcherrima  Lehm.  and  perhaps  sub- 
specific  to  that  species. 

6.  Potentilla  concinnaeformis  Rydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia 

Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  54.    1898. 

Type  locality. — "Arizona:  J.  G.  Lemmon,  no.  3294  (Mt.  Agassiz, 
10,000  ft.)." 

Range. — Arizona  and  California. 

Specimen  examined. — Near  head  of  Stanislaus  River,  Alpine 
County,  7,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4778. 

7.  Potentilla  gracilis  Dougl.  var.  rigida  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad., 

vol.  8,  p.  557.    1873. 
P.  rigida  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  vol.  7,  pt.  1,  p.  20.     1834. 

Type  locality. — "Towards  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  and  as  far 
down  as  the  old  Arikaree  village." 

Range. — Southern  Oregon  to  southern  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Glen  Alpine,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19, 
1909 ;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  80 ;  Donner  Lake, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  237 

Heller  6927,   6889;  Hockett's  meadows,   Culbertson    (B4442);  near 
Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  7,800  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5383. 

8.  Potentilla  Wheeleri  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  148. 

1876. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  about  the  head- 
waters of  Kern  River,  at  8,200  feet  elevation." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Coville 
and  Funston  1672;  Olancha  Mountain,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5284;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney,  8,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B  4550)  ;  southern 
Sierra,  Rothrock  324 ;  Fish  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,400  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5209 ;  Whitney  meadows,  Purpus  1628. 

9.  Potentilla  flabellifolia  Hook.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  442. 

1840. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Mount  Rainier,  Oregon,  Douglas." 
(According  to  Piper,  the  collector  was  probably  Tolmie.) 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Alaska  to  California,  east  to  northern 
Idaho. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine,  locally  coming  down  into  the 
Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin;  Castle  Peak, 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  487 ;  near  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie, 
July  6-21,  1901 ;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9890 ;  Desolation  Valley, 
Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  345;  near  Tinker's  Knob,  Tahoe,  wet  grassy 
slopes,  C.  F.  Sonne,  August  27,  1893 ;  Mt.  Conness,  Yosemite,  J.  M. 
Hutchings,  August,  1892 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
August  10,  1890;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  meadow  above  lake,  8,300  feet, 
Smiley  698 ;  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3491 ; 
upper  end  Dana  Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  859; 
Mt.  Lyell,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3571;  Cloud's  Rest,  B.  R. 
Drew,  July  25,  1887;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware, 
2698c ;  north  ravine  on  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet, 
Dudley  1511;  Kaweah  Peaks,  along  Black  Peak  brook,  12,000  feet, 
Dudley  2118 ;  Eagle  Lake,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock 5362. 


238  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

This  is  the  commonest  species  in  the  wet  meadows  of  the  high 
mountains  and  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  plants  by  reason  of  its 
brilliant  yellow  flowers. 


10.  Potentilla  Grayi  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  560.    1873. 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley  (Bolander;  Gray) ;  Lake  Tenaya 
(Brewer)." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — "Westf all's  meadows,  above  Yosemite,  8,000 
feet,  Bolander  4971;  Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872; 
Lake  Tenaya,  8,327  feet,  Brewer  1685;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa 
County,  Congdon,  August  13,  1895;  Elizabeth  Lake  meadow,  above 
Tuolumne  meadows,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  796;  meadows  near  Black 
Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  615 ;  peaks 
of  the  Sierra  above  Owens  Lake,  10,000  feet,  A.  Kellogg  in  1873. 

11.  Potentilla  glandulosa  Lindl.  var.  nevadensis  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif., 

vol.  1,  p.  178.    1876. 

*  Drymooallis  glandulosa  mmticola  Rydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ., 
vol.  2,  p.  199.     1898.    N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  370.     1908,  as  species. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  South  Fork  of 
Kern  River  (Rothrock)  to  Oregon." 

Range. — Sierran  region  extending  to  the  mountains  of  northern 
and  southern  California.  Northern  Coast  Ranges  (Lake  County). 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4499;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulli- 
ken  153 ;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  287 ;  north  side  of 
Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  17a ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,600 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4623 ;  same  locality,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  236 ; 
Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  682* ;  Mt.  Gibbs,  11,000 
feet,  Smiley  774*;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  foot  of  Lambert's 
Dome,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  825;  Monarch  Lake,  Tulare  County,  11- 
12,000  feet,  Dudley  1610*;  Farewell  Gap,  rocky  places,  10-11,000 
feet,  Purpus  2073*. 


*  These  forms  of  the  highest  mountains  constitute  Drymocallis  monticola,  an 
alpine  reduced  state  of  the  variety  incapable  of  precise  definition. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  239 

lla.  Potentilla  glandulosa  Lindl.  f.  Hanseni  Wolfe,  Bibl.  Bot., 

vol.  71,  p.  136.    1908. 
Potentilla  Hanseni  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  20.     1896. 

Type  locality. — No  exact  locality  given. 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Head  of  Tuolumne  Eiver,  9,000  feet, 
Brewer  1767 ;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  8,700  feet,  Brewer  1705, 
1714;  same  locality,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2686c,  2637c;  Black  Peak 
west  of  Home  Camp  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  657 ; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4469). 

Stems  and  leaves  less  glandular  than  the  preceding  variety. 

12.  Potentilla  lactea  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  20.    1896. 
P.  glandulosa  var.  lactea  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  65.     1891. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Higher  elevations  in  Fresno  and  Kern  counties. ' ' 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Specimens  examined. — Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet, 
dry  ground  near  Parsons  Lodge,  Smiley  833  ;  Crabtree  meadow,  Upper 
Kern  River,  10,350  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8448 ;  Sawtooth  Peak, 
Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5686. 

13.  Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.,  Fl.  Cam.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  359. 

1772. 
Comarum  palustre  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  502.     1753. 

Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  America  from  subarctic  regions  south 
to  New  Jersey,  Great  Lakes,  Iowa,  Wyoming,  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  1034;  Lake  Tahoe, 
Lemmon. 

Although  mainly  if  not  in  our  region  exclusively  a  transition  plant, 
this  species  is  here  included  because  it  without  doubt  belongs  to  the 
glacial  flora. 


.240  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

9.  GEUM 

Flowers  yellow;  styles  jointed,  the  distal  part  deciduous 1.  G.  macrophyllum 

Flowers  purple;  styles  not  jointed,  persistent  and  plumose 2.  G.  triflorum 

1.  Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.,  Enum.,  p.  557.    1809. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Camtschatca. ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains; 
Newfoundland  and  northern  New  England. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe  County,  2,460 
m.,  Baker  1387;  King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  1,700-2,000  m.,  Baker 
1284;  Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  1312;  Sierra 
County,  Lemmon  731 ;  trail  to  Castle  Peak,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  470. 

2.  Geum  triflorum  Pursh.,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  vol.  1,  p.  736.    1814. 

Sleversia  triflora  (Pursh.)   E.  Br.,  in  Eiehards.,  Bot.  App.  Frankl.  Journ., 
ed.  2,  p.  21.     1823. 

Type  locality. — "Upper  Louisiana"  (South  Dakota). 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  North  America :  transcontinental 
at  the  north ;  on  the  Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  California 
and  Arizona;  along  the  Rockies  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet, 
Heller  7157 ;  Sierra  Nevada,  Kellogg,  July  12,  1870 ;  Mt.  Rose,  C.  L. 
Brown,  July  25,  1907 ;  on  a  volcanic  cone  above  Ebbett  's  pass,  8,500 
feet,  Brewer  in  1863. 

The  last  collection  furnished  Dr.  Greene  the  basis  for  Erythrocoma 
canescens  (Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  178.  1906),  for  the  acceptance  of  which, 
no  adequate  reasons  were  advanced  at  the  time  of  publication  or  have 
since  been  proposed ;  see  C.  P.  Smith.112 

10.  HOBKELIA 

Sepals  becoming  reflexed;  stamens  about  20 1.  H.  purpurascens 

Sepals  not  becoming  reflexed;  stamens  about  10. 

Leaflets  10-16;  hypanthium  glandular  and  purplish 2.  H.  fusca 

Leaflets  4-8;  hypanthium  silky  but  scarcely  glandular,  and  green 

3.  H.  tridentata 

1.  Horkelia  purpurascens  Wats.,   Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.   11,   p. 
148.     1876. 

Potentilla  purpurascens  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  105.     1887. 
Horkeliella  purpurascens  Eydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  282.     1908. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  headwaters  of  Kern  River,  at  9,000  feet 
altitude." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  241 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Southern  Sierra,  9,000  feet,  Rothrock  327 
(type)  ;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1871;  Funston's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Dudley  2157,  only  slightly 
pubescent  and  hence  approaching  the  following  variety. 

la.  Horkelia  purpurascens  var.  pinetorum  (Coville),  comb.  nov. 

Potentilla  purpurascens  pinetorum  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.   Soe.  Wash.,  vol.  7, 

p.  77.     1892. 

Horkelia  pinetorum  Bydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  55.     1898. 
HorJceliella  pinetorum  Bydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  282.     1908. 

Type  locality. — "Trout  Meadow,  Sierra  Nevada,  Tulare  County, 
California. ' ' 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Trout  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5048;  Kern  River  Flat,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4309)  ; 
Monache  meadows,  Olanche  Mountain,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5219. 

The  variety  differs  from  the  species  in  lacking  pubescence ;  it  is 
common  below  and  in  the  Pinus  Jeffreyi  zone,  while  the  species  is  of 
higher  altitudes — Pinus  Murray  ana  forests  of  Hockett's  meadows,  etc. 

2.  Horkelia  fusca  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  vol.  23,  t.  1997.    1837. 

Potentilla  Douglasii  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  103.     1887. 

Type  locality. — ' '  California, ' '  without  definite  station ;  collected 
by  Douglas. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined: — Summit,  Bolander  in  1873;  near  Peregoy's 
above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Westf all's  meadows,  Yosemite, 
Bolander  4966. 

2a.  Horkelia  fusca  var.  tenella  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  181. 
1876. 

Horkelia  parviflora  Nutt.,  in  H.  and  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  Voy.,  p.  338.     1838. 
Potentilla  Andersoni  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  104.     1887. 

Type  locality. — "In  Sierra  County." 
Range. — Southern  Washington  to  central  Sierra  Nevada. 
^Zone. — Canadian  and  Transition,  occasionally  at  high  altitudes. 


242  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  292;  same  locality,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  127;  Lake  Tenaya, 
8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3526;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Tuolumne 
meadows.  9,800  feet,  Smiley  795 ;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain, 
Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  593;  about  Marlette 
Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1413. 

The  variety  is  the  smaller  form  of  the  higher  mountains,  with  the 
small  leaves  deeply  incised. 

3.  Horkelia  tridentata  Torr.,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  4,  p.  84.    1857. 

Ivesia  tridentata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  338.     1868. 
Horkelia  Tilingi  Eegel,  Acta  Hort.  Petrop.,  vol.  1,  p.  143.     1871. 
Potentilla  Tilingi  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  105.     1887. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Duffield  's  Ranch, ' '  Sierra  Nevada. 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  southern  Oregon. 
Zone. — Transition  and  occasionally  in  the  Canadian. 
Specimens   examined. — Donner  Lake,   Heller   6948,    6960;   Silver 
Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  985. 

11.  SIBBALDIA 

1.  Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  284.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  alpibus  Lapponiae,  Helvetiae, 
Scothiae. ' ' 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  North  America  south  from  the  arctic 
regions  to  eastern  Quebec,  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire ;  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  northern  New  Mexico  and  along  the  Pacific 
Coast  Mountains  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — High  ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet, 
Heller  7181 ;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1150 ;  Desolation  Valley, 
Tahoe,  McGregor  750;  Rubicon  Peak,  moist  flat,  9,000  feet,  Smiley 
408 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  sand  margins  of  Tuolumne  River,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2683c;  Mt.  Dana,  12,500  feet,  Bolander  5082;  Mt.  God- 
dard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  598;  Cathedral  Peak,  above 
Tuolumne  meadows,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  816;  Mt.  Lyell,  10,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  3589;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
1,000 ;  Black  Peak  Brook,  Kaweah  Peaks,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet, 
Dudley  2il7 ;  north  ravine  of  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000 
feet,  Dudely  1506;  lower  slope  of  Sawtooth  Peak,  Tulare  County, 
11-12,000  feet,  Dudley  1609 ;  Farewell  Gap,  10,300  feet,  Purpus  5194. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  243 


12.  IVESIA 

Flowers  white;  stamens  10-15 1.  I.  unguiculata 

Flowers  yellow. 

Stamens  15-20  ., 2.  I.  campestris 

Stamens  5   (in  /.  pygmaea  5-10). 
Foliage  green. 

Leaflets  usually  unarmed. 

Flowers  in  a  corymbiform  cyme;  stems  somewhat  viscid  ..3.  I.  Gordon! 

Flowers  in  a  capitate  cyme;  stems  glabrous 4.  I.  lycopodioides 

Leaflets  usually  beset  with  prickles. 

Plants  slightly  viscid 5.  I.  pygmaea 

Plants   very   viscid 6.  I.    Shockleyi 

Foliage  densely  white-silky,  the  leaves  vermiform 7.  I.  Muirii 

1.  Ivesia  unguiculata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  339.    1868. 

Potentilla  unguiculata  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  105.     1887. 
Potentilla  oiliata  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  103.     1887. 

HorTcelia  unguiculata  Kydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  146. 
1898. 

Type  locality.— 'West? all's  meadows,  Yosemite  Valley,  lat.  8,000 
feet,  in  wet  places,  Bolander." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — "Westf all's  meadows,  8,000  feet,  Bolander 
4964';  between  Peregoy's  and  Glacier  Point,  7-8,000  feet,  A.  Gray  in 
1872;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4405)  ; 
Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  Purpus  5126a. 

Dr.  Rydberg  considers  that  the  specimens  collected  by  Lemmon 
in  Sierra  County  and  cited  by  Brewer  and  Watson  in  .the  Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  1,  p.  183  to  represent  a  new  species  which  is  densely  silvery  white 
rather  than  "somewhat  silky,  but  not  silvery- white, "  the  phrase  with 
which  he  describes  the  present  species  (/.  unguiculata  Gray)  ;  I  have 
had  no  opportunity  to  examine  the  Lemmon  specimens  and  wish  now 
merely  to  call  attention  to  Ivesia  sericoleuca  Ryb.  (N.  Am.  FL,  vol. 
22,  p.  284.  1908),  a  species  said  to  be  restricted  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  Ivesia  campestris   (M.  E.  Jones)   Rydb.,  N.  Am.  FL,  vol.  22, 

p.  285.    1908. 

Potentilla  utalieiisis  var.   campestris  M.  E.  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II. 

vol.  5,  p.  679.     1895. 
SorTcelia  mollis  Eastwood,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  41,  p.  286.     1906. 

Type  locality. — Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County. 
Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 
Zone. — Canadian. 


244  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Volcano  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5466 ;  Volcano  Creek,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  5448;  Hockett's  meadows,  Culbertson  (B4405);  same  locality, 
2,700  m.,  Hall  1486. 

3.  Ivesia  Gordonii  (Hook.)  T.  and  G.,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  p.  72. 

1857. 

Horlcelia  Gordonii  Hook,  Journ.  Bot.  and  Kew  Gard.  Misc.,  vol.  5,  p.  341. 

1853. 

Potentilla  Gordonii  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  106.     1887. 
Ivesia  alpicola  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  182.     1898. 
Horlcelia  Gordonii  alpicola  Rydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.,  vol.  2, 

p.   152.     1898. 

Type  locality. — Not  precisely  given. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  the  southern  Sierra 
Nevada  east  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  mainly,  rising  to  and  above  timber-line. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County.  Lemmon  91 ;  summit  of 
Castle  Peak,  9,000  feet,  Lemmon,  September,  1872 ;  Downieville  Peak, 
Sierra  County,  Lemmon,  September  1877;  Ebbett's  Pass,  9,000  feet, 
Brewer  2071;  Sonora  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1896;  soda  springs, 
Tuolumne  River,  8,700  feet,  Brewer  1698;  Lyell  Canon,  Yosemite, 
9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3593 ;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
9,400  feet,  Purpus;  Whitney  meadows,  Hall  and  Babcock  5467  at 
8,500  feet;  mountains  near  Farewell  Gap,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus 
5178*;  Cloud's  Rest,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  13,  1889;  Brown's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5127*;  Mt. 
Dana,  common  below  12,750  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3609* ;  Sawtooth 
Peak,  11-12,000  feet,  Dudley  1603;  Funston's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  8-9,000  feet,  Dudley  2158 ;  slope  of  Mt.  Kaweah,  rocks  above 
13,000  feet,  Dudley  2101 ;  near  Mt.  Whitney,  Dudley  2476*.  * 

4.  Ivesia  lycopodioides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.   6,  p.   530. 

1865. 

/.  Gordonii  var.  lycopodioides  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  183.     1876. 

Type  locality. — "High  alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,   on 
Mount  Dana,  alt.,  11,000  to  12,000  feet." 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 
Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 


*  These  collections  shoAV  the  petals  of  large  size  and  this  larger  size  of  petal 
is  considered  sufficient  warrant  for  /.  megalopetala  Kydb.  (N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  22, 
p.  289.  1908)  ;  in  my  opinion,  the  characters  are  inadequate  to  maintain  the 
segregate  even  as  a  form. 


1921]          Smiley:  Fiord  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  245 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  11-12,000  feet,  Brewer  1746; 
same  locality,  12,000  feet,  Smiley  732 ;  same  locality,  11,500  feet,  R.  A. 
Ware  2621c ;  Bear  Mountain,  Mariposa  County,  Miss  Errington. 

5.  Ivesia  pygmaea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  531.    1865. 
/.  Gordonii  var.  pygmaea  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  183.     1876. 

Type  locality. — Among  rocks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  11,000 
feet  (where  it  abounds)  up  to  12,000  feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  11,200  feet,  Smiley 
775 ;  Glacier  Lake,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1698 ;  Cirque  Peak,  Tulare 
County,  12,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5502 ;  Mt.  Brewer,  12-13,000 
feet,  Purpus  1408 ;  same  locality,  12,500  feet,  E.  B.  Copeland,  August 
7,  1899. 

There  appears  to  be  not  a  little  confusion  with  regard  to  the  num- 
bers of  the  collections  made  in  the  southern  Sierra  by  C.  A.  Purpus; 
his  no.  1409  represents  a  case  of  this  confusion.  This  number  is  assigned 
by  Rydberg  as  the  type  of  Horkelia  chaetophora  Rydb.,  (Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club,  vol.  26,  p.  543.  1899;  Ivesia  chaetophora  Rydb.,  N.  Am. 
Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  290.  1908),  with  locality  "Farewell  Gap  and  Little 
Kern  River,"  Tulare  County,  and  the  type  is  said  to  be  deposited  in 
the  herbarium  of  Mr.  T.  S.  Brandegee;  the  Brandegee  Herbarium  is 
now  at  the  University  of  California.  Search  at  Berkeley  disclosed 
two  collections  bearing  the  no.  1409,  one  from  "Rocks,  Little  Kern 
River,  10-11,000  ft.,"  and  the  other  from  "Kaweah  Peak,  11-12,000 
ft.";  no  collection  from  Farewell  Gap  with  no.  1409  has  been  seen. 
/.  chaetophora  is  said  to  be  distinguished,  in  the  generic  key  to  the 
species  in  the  N.  Am.  Flora,  from  /.  pygmaea  by  having  10  stamens, 
5  stamens  being  assigned  there  to  7.  pygmaea,  but  in  the  description 
of  I.  pygmaea  on  p.  289,  the  number  of  stamens  is  said  to  be  "  5-10. ' ' 
It  is  possible  that  neither  of  the  specimens  seen  by  me  is  the  type  of 
L.  chaetophora;  certainly  the  two  sheets  of  Purpus  1409  now  at  Berke- 
ley differ  in  no  perceptible  way  from  typical  7.  pygmaea,. 

6.  Ivesia  Shockleyi  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  23,  p.  263.    1888. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Silver  Peak,  Alpine  County,  Califor- 
nia." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  occurring  in  the  White  Mountains  of 
Inyo  County. 
—  Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 


246  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Peak,  Alpine  County,  11,000  feet, 
Lemmon  in  1873;  Tinker's  Knob,  west  of  Lake  Tahoe,  high  exposed 
ridges,  C.  F.  Sonne ;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Heller  9881. 

7.  Ivesia  Muirii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  627.    1873. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  Mount  Hoffman,  at  the  altitude  of  9,500  feet, ' ' 
Yosemite. 

Range. — Yosemite  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  9,500  feet,  J.  Muir 
in  1872  (type)  ;  north  side  of  Mt.  Conness,  Yosemite,  J.  B.  Lembert, 
August,  1893 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  700. 

The  last  collection  conforms  to  Muir's  type  in  every  respect  save 
a  larger  size ;  in  the  type,  the  petals  are  as  narrow  as  they  could  well 
be,  yet  in  the  N.  Am.  FL,  vol.  22,  p.  283,  they  are  said  to  be  "cuneate" 
and  those  of  7.  Chandleri  Rydb.  (I.e.,  p.  287)  "linear." 

13.  STELLARIOPSIS 

1.  Stellariopsis    santolinoides    (Gray)    Rydb.,    Mem.    Dept.    Bot. 
Columbia  Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  155.    1898. 

Ivesia  santolinoides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  531.     1865. 
Potentilla  santolinoides  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  106.     1887. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Tahoe,  Lemmon  in  1873 ;  Lake  Valley, 
Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Abrams  4773;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,650  feet,  Mc- 
Gregor 116;  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  717;  Cloud's  Rest 
trail,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  507;  between  Peregoy's  and  Glacier  Point, 
Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Merced  River  at  9,000  feet,  Bolander 
6007 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  sandy  places,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  738 ;  Shut- 
eye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  6,500  feet,  J.  Murdoch  2518 ;  Crescent 
Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  14,  1895;  Kettle  Mountain 
ridge,  Fresno  County,  Dudley,  August  23,  1904;  Sentinel  Dome, 
Yosemite,  8,050  feet,  Hall  9141 ;  trail  from  Round  meadow  to  Nellie 
Lake,  open  granite  slope,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  593 ;  Hockett  's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4315)  ;  Kaweah  meadows,  9,300  feet, 
Purpus  5174;  high  Sierra  about  Mt.  Brewer,  Tulare  County,  Brewer 
2809;  Whitney  meadows,  2,850  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1623;  Mt. 
Pinos,  8,500  feet,  Rothrock  210. 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  247 


14.  FRAGARIA 

1.  Fragaria  virginiana  var.  platypetala  (Rydb.)  Hall,  Univ.  Calif. 
Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  198.    1912. 

F.  platypetala  Bydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  177.    1898. 
F,  virffiniana  var.  illinoensis  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  177.     1876,  not 
Gray. 

Type  locality. — "Sprout,  British  Columbia,"  as  given  in  N.  Am. 
Fl.,  vol.  22,  p.  361. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast,  east  to  Montana  and  "Wyoming. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Base  of  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet, 
Smiley  307;  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  288; 
Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5282. 

la.  Fragaria  virginiana  var.  platypetala  f.  sibbaldifolia  Hall., 
Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  199.     1912. 

F.  sibbaldifolia  Eydb.,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  Univ.,  vol.   2,  p.   176. 
1898. 

Type  locality. — ' '  California :  near  Mt.  Whitney  along  branches  of 
Kern  River. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada;  probably  co-extensive  with  that  of  the 
above  variety. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Luther's  Pass,  Tahoe  region,  7,800  feet, 
Abrams  4758 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  Dudley,  July  21,  1901 ; 
Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and  Funston  1712; 
Chagoopa  Creek,  Tulare  County,  meadows  at  10,000  feet,  Dudley 
2239;  Whitney  Creek,  11,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4348)  ;  Nellie  Lake 
meadow,  Fresno  County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  610. 

Purshia  tridentata  (Pursh)  DC.  (Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  vol.  ,12,  p. 
158.  1817),  a  common  shrub  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  and  Arid  Tran- 
sition from  Montana  to  New  Mexico  westward  to  the  Pacific  Coast, 
rises  in  localities  on  the  east  flank  of  the  Sierra  to  our  lower  limits 
and  occasionally  ascends  above  them  (Mt.  Tallac,  talus  slope  at  8,300 
feet,  Smiley  229 ;  Sonora  trail,  east  side  of  summit,  8,000  feet,  Brewer 
1861). 


248  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

31.  LEGUMINOSAE  (PULSE  FAMILY) 

Leaves  digitate. 

Leaves  trifoliate;  flowers  in  heads;  anthers  uniform 1.  Trifolium 

Leaves  not  trifoliate;  flowers  in  racemes;  anthers  dimorphic 2.  Lupinus 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Flowers  in  umbels;  pods  linear,  never  inflated 3.  Hosackia 

Flowers  in  racemes;  pods  broad  and  usually  more  or  less  inflated.  4.  Astragalus 

1.  TRIFOLIUM 

Heads  involucrate;  flowers  white  with  dark  purple  centers 1.  T.  monanthum 

Heads  naked;  flowers  reddish  or  purple. 

Plants  almost  glabrous;  flowers  at  length  reflexed. 

Ehachis  produced  as  a  spur  above  the  head  of  the  nearly  sessile,  numerous 

(7-12)    flowers 2.  T.    Kingii 

Ehachis   not   produced   above   the   few-flowered    (3-4)    head    of   pedicelled 

flowers  3.  T.  Bolanderi 

Plant  pubescent;  flowers  always  erect 4.  T.  longipes 

1.  Trifolium  monanthum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  523. 
1866. 

Type  locality. — "Moist  bank  by  soda  springs,  Tuolumne  River, 
alt.  8,700  feet." 

Ra/nge. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined — Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
7,600  feet,  Heller  10200 ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460- 
2,615  m.,  Baker  1282;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  995;  Soda 
Springs,  Nevada  County,  M.  E.  Jones  57 ;  Yuba  Pass,  Sierra  County, 
6,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4484;  Pyramid  Peak,  base  of  east  side, 
9,300  feet,  Smiley  88a ;  Twin  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Han- 
sen  351 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2654c, 
2631c;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  8,700  feet,  Brewer  1704; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  foot  of  Lambert's  Dome,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  757; 
base  of  Mt.  Dana,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  16,  1889 ;  Dana-Gibbs 
divide^  above  Yosemite,  11,800  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3624 ;  meadows 
near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
613*;  Summit  Lake,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4344)  ;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4457);  Mineral  King,  2750 
m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1473 ;  Independence  Lake,  Sierra  County, 
7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4543.* 


*  These  collections  represent  T.  monanthum  f.  spatiosum  McDermott  (Rev.  N. 
Am.  Trifolium,  p.  98.  1910),  differing  from  the  type  form  in  lengthened  calyx 
teeth. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  249 

la.  Trifolium  monanthum  var.   parvum    (Kellogg)    McDermott, 
Rev.,  p.  105.    1910. 

T.  pauciflorum  var.  parvum  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  5,  p.  54.     1873. 
T.  multicaule  Jones,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  9,  p.  31.     1882. 
T.  parvum  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  114.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "Damp,  sandy  or  springy  and  somewhat  half 
shady  places:  Cisco,  altitude  6,000  feet,  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Yuba  River  at  Cisco,  Hall  8759;  Fallen 
Leaf  Lake,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  291;  Domier  Lake,  6,000  feet,  Heller 
9831 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  979. 

Miss  Eastwood89  reports  this — T.  multicaule  Jones — from  Summit 
meadow,  Tulare  County,  the  most  southern  locality  as  yet  known. 

2.  Trifolium  Kingii  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  59.    1871. 

T.  productum  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  2,  p.  181.     1894. 

Type  locality. — "Found  growing  sparingly  in  a  damp  canon  above 
Parley's  Park  in  the  Wasatch ;  6,500  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Utah  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  Dr.  Kellogg,  June  29,  1870 ;  Gold 
Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4494;  Mt.  Dyer, 
Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  in  1880;  Summit,  Bolander  in 
1872 ;  same  locality,  meadow  above  the  station,  7,200  feet,  Smiley  446 ; 
near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  289. 

3.  Trifolium  Bolanderi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.   7,  p.  335. 

1867. 

Type  locality — "Westf  all's  meadows  above  the  Yosemite  Valley, 
at  the  elevation  of  8,000  feet,  Bolander." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Westf all's  meadows,  8,000  feet,  Bolander 
4967  ;  Peregoy 's  to  Inspiration  Point,  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ;  head 
of  Alder  Creek,  Yosemite,  7,100  feet,  Kennedy  and  Behrend  3020; 
North  Fork  of  King's  River,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  424. 


250  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  Trifolium  longipes  Nutt.  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  314.    1838. 

T.  caurinum  Piper,  Erythea,  vol.  6,  p.  29.     1898. 

Type  locality. — "Valleys  of  the  central  chain  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains range,  and  on  the  moist  plains  of  the  Oregon  as  low  as  the 
Wahlamet. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Alberta,  south  to  Mexico  and  Lower 
California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Valley,  Lemmon  1223 ;  north  side 
of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,700  feet,  Heller  10947 ; 
Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  Hansen  349;  Summit,  Kellogg,  July, 
1883;  Silver  Valley,  7,351  feet,  Brewer  1971;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander 
6288;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  352,  745*; 
Bonita  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5187; 
Golden  Trout  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,900  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
8416. 

2.  LUPINUS 
Dwarf  caespitose  plants. 
Stems  wholly  herbaceous. 

Pubescence  dense  and  shaggy;  flowers  small 1.  L.  Lobbii 

Pubescence  sericeous,  the  hairs  more  appressed;  flowers  larger. 

The  few  flowers  in  short  (1.5-2  inches)  rather  loose  spicate  racemes. 

2.  L.  Culbertsonii 

The    many    flowers    in    longer    (3-4    inches),    densely    flowered    spicate 

racemes   3.  L.   sellulus 

Stems  woody  at  base. 

Leaflets  obtuse,  7-10;  peduncles  short 4.  L.  Brewer! 

Leaflets  acute,  4-7;  peduncles  elongated 5.  L.  danaus 

Large  herbaceous  plants  with  1  or  few  stems,  not  caespitose. 
Calyx  symmetrical  or  nearly  so. 

Some  of  the  leaflets  2  inches  or  longer. 

Foliage  deep  green,  nearly  glabrous;   racemes  long  and  loose;   plant  of 

wet  places  6.  L.  longipes 

Foliage   grayish   with   long   shaggy   hairs;    leaflets   very   narrow,    acute, 

somewhat  falcate 7.  L.    Covillei 

All  leaflets  less  than  2  inches  long.  ^ 

Leaflets   distinctly  obtuse   and   usually   broadly    lanceolate;    pubescence 

tawny  8.  L.   obtusilobus 

Leaflets  acute;  pubescence  white. 

Pubescence  sparse;  petioles  longer  than  the  leaflets;  keel  very  strongly 

falcate  and  naked ....9.  L.  albicaulis 

Pubescence   dense,   silvery;   petioles   mostly   shorter   than   the   leaflets; 
keel  arcuate  but  not  strongly  curved,  ciliolate  ..10.  L.  meionanthus 
Calyx  spurred  or  saccate  at  base. 

Spur  of  calyx  produced,  the  upper  lip  white  at  tip;  plants  densely  silvery- 
silky  11.  L.  calcaratus 

Spur  of  the  uniformly  colored  calyx  short  and  broad;   plants   green,   the 
pubescence  sparse  and  appressed 12.  L.  laxiflorus 


*  While  the  usual  color  for  this  species  is  purplish,  there  appears  to  be  present 
in  Amador  County  a  local  race  with  livid  red  flowers,  which  is  represented  among 
the  specimens  cited  by  Hansen 's  collections  from  Silver  Lake ;  Dr.  Greene  described 
this  as  T.  Hanseni  (Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  17.  1895),  while  Miss  McDermottus  con- 
siders it  merely  a  form,  f.  Hanseni  McDermott  (Rev.,  p.  250.  1910). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra.  Nevada  of  California  251 

1.  Lupinus  Lobbii  Gray,  in  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  43.    1891. 

L.  aridus  var.  Lobbii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  533.     1873. 
L.  alpinus  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  6,  p.  22.     1910. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  high  Sierras  of  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian,  rising  locally  into  the  Arctic- 
alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9914a;  same 
locality,  9,000  feet,  Kennedy  1148;  trail  to  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss 
Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  Hansen  365 ; 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  61 ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby 
County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1374;  Gilmore  Lake,  Mt.  Tallac, 
8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4637 ;  Mt.  Stanford,  9,000  feet,  C.  F. 
Sonne,  August,  1891;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E. 
Mulliken  122;  above  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Brewer  2085;  Sonora 
Pass,  up  to  12,000  feet,  Brewer  1894 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2616c ;  same  locality,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  743 ;  mountains  of 
Tuolumne  County,  10,000  feet,  W.  H.  Turner,  July  19,  1888;  Mt. 
Gibbs,  Congdon,  August  16,  1894;  Mt.  Lyell,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3585 ;  Golden  Trout  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,900  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  8417. 

In  L.  alpinus,  I  am  unable  to  see  anything  more  than  the  reduced 
state  of  the  species  consequent  upon  the  increased  rigor  of  life  con- 
ditions at  the  elevation  where  it  appears. 

2.  Lupinus  Culbertsonii  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  73.    1904. 

L.  "hypolasius  Greene,  I.e. 
L.  liypoleucus  Greene,  I.e. 

Type  locality.— "Porks  of  the  Kaweah  River,  at  8,000  feet." 
Tulare  County. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  northward  to  about  the  Yosemite 
region. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  rising  to  timber  line  or  above  in  depau- 
perate forms. 

Specimens  examined. — South  Fork  of  the  Kaweah  River,  8,000 
feet,  Culbertson  (B4475);  Kaweah  meadows,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus 
5125;  Summit  Lake,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4552)  ;  Farewell 
Gap,  10,000  feet,  Purpus  5221;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August  23,  1905. 

Lupinus  crassulus  Greene  (Muhl.,  vol.  8,  p.  118.  1912),  described 
f ro»i  a  collection  made  by  J.  H.  Hatton  "  at  an  altitude  of  10,500  feet 


252  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

in  the  Stanislaus  forest  reservation,"  is  unknown  to  me  save  from 
description,  from  which  it  would  appear  to  be  very  close  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  if  not  indeed  identical  with  it. 

3.  Lupinus  sellulus  Kellogg,  Proc.   Calif.   Acad.,  vol.   5,   p.   36. 

1873. 

Type  locality. — "At  Donner  Lake,  summit  of  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains, California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  region  northward  from  Mariposa  County 
and  probably  extending  to  the  mountains  of  northern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876 ;  Sum- 
mit, Placer  County,  6,800  feet,  Heller  10588;  same  locality,  E.  L. 
Greene  427 ;  Cisco,  Bolander,  Kellogg  an  dCo.  in  1872 ;  Lake  Tenaya, 
Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  19,  1890;  same  locality,  8,200  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3516. 

This  species  is  very  close  to  L.  confertus  Kellogg  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad. 
vol.  2,  p.  192)  and  may  be  merely  its  higher  mountain  form;  L.  con- 
fertus  is  also  confined  to  the  Sierran  region. 

4.  Lupinus  Brewer!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  334.    1867. 

Type  locality. — "Prostrate,  trailing  on  the  ground  or  on  rocks,  on 
the  Yosemite  trail,  alt.  6,000  feet." 

Range. — Oregon  to  California  (Tehachapi  Mountains  and  San 
Bernardino  Mountains  ? ) . 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  Lemmon; 
Prosser  Creek,  Nevada  County,  5,600  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4544; 
same  locality,  C.  F.  Sonne  50;  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
2,460  m.,  Baker  1303 ;  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada*-  8,400 
feet,  Heller  10964;  head  of  Galena  Creek,  Washoe  County,  8,500  feet, 
Heller  10223;  El  Capitan,  Yosemite,  7,500  feet,  Hall  9196;  sandy 
hillocks  back  of  Sentinel  Dome,  Yosemite,  7-8,000  feet,  A.  Gray  in 
1872;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  13,  1895; 
Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  on  exposed  slopes,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3502 ;  Yosemite  trail,  6,000  feet,  Brewer  1634 ;  Tioga  Road,  Yosemite, 
Congdon,  August  28,  1895 ;  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  365;  Mt.  Dana,  McLean,  July  3,  1875;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno 
County,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  630;  White  Chief  Peak,  Tulare  County, 
Culbertson  (B4401);  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8-8,000  feet,  in 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  253 

Jeffrey  Pine  belt,  Purpus  1794;  near  Mineral  King,  V.  Bailey  (Death 
Valley  1550,  1654)  ;  rocky  slopes  on  Old  Mt.  Whitney,  12-13,000  feet, 
Purpus  1676 ;  North  Fork  of  Kern  River,  12,000  feet,  Rothrock  391 ; 
Kaweah  meadows,  dry  woods,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5340;  Mt. 
Olancha  in  Pinus  Balfouriana  belt,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5247 ;  Mt.  Pinos,  Rothrock  270. 

Although  all  of  the  collections  above  cited  do  not  agree  in  detail 
and  some  of  the  forms  from  the  highest  altitudes  present  an  aspect 
quite  different  from  the  lower  mountain  and  typical  form,  yet  exam- 
ination failed  to  disclose  characters  which  would  appear  to  justify 
taxonomic  differentiation. 

5.  Lupinus  danaus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  335.    1867. 
L.  Lyallii  var.  Danaus  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8,  p.  534.     1873. 

Type  locality. — " Mount  Dana,  alt.  about  12,500  feet,  Bolander," 

Range. — Central  Sierra   (Mt.  Dana)   to  the  Mt.  Whitney  region. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  Congdon,  August 
11,  1898;  same  locality,  Bolander  5087  (type);  foot  of  Mt.  Dana, 
10,000  feet,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11,400  feet,  Smiley 
722;  between  Mts.  Dana  and  Gibbs,  10,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3623 ;  Mt.  Gibbs  to  Walker  Lake,  Congdon,  August  16-17,  1894 ;  Silver 
Mountain,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Mt.  Lyell,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3556;  Mt.  Whitney,  flats  near  Langley's  Camp,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5542. 

Perhaps  the  range  of  this  species  extends  further  north  than 
usually  believed;  Dr.  Merriam  reports53  that  a  plant  collected  along 
timber  line  on  Mt.  Shasta  has  been  determined  by  Leiberg  as  belong- 
ing to  L.  danaus,  but  I  suspect  that  the  identification  should  be  with 
L.  Lyallii  Gray  (I.e.,  p.  334),  an  arctic-alpine  of  the  Cascades  of  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon,  distinguished  by  peduncles  more  hairy  and  the 
larger  flowers  purple,  not  nearly  white  as  in  our  species. 

6.  Lupinus  longipes  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  41.    1891. 

L.  procerus  Greene,  Muhl.,  vol.  6,  p.  10.     1910. 

Type  locality. — "Along  streams  at  middle  or  higher  elevations  in 
the  Sierra,  northward  to  Oregon." 

Range. — Southern  Oregon  southward  through  the  Sierra  to  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains  of  southern  California. 
-  Zone.- — Transition  and  Canadian,  rarely  higher. 


254  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Placer  County,  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hardy  in  1893 ; 
lower  end  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6911;  Fallen  Leaf  Lodge,  6,900  feet, 
Abrams  4878 ;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  74 ;  South 
Fork  of  American  River  near  Pyramid  Peak,  6,900  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  4711 ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m., 
Baker  1376;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9902a;  Velma  Lakes,  Eldo- 
rado County,  8,000  feet,  Hall  8808;  Hope  Valley,  Alpine  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen  1315 ;  near  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  1900 ; 
Indian  Creek,  Yosemite,  7,300  feet,  Hall  9174;  Monache  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  Rothrock  328;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  10,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B  4274)  ;  same  locality,  Dudley  2567. 

L.  longipes  is  allied  to  L.  rivularis  Dougl.  of  the  Coast  Range  and 
extending  north  to  Washington,  and  also  to  L.  Burkei  Wats,  of  the 
Northwest. 

7.  Lupinus   Covillei   Greene,   Proc.   Acad.   Phila.,    1892,   p.   365. 

1893. 
L.  dasypliyllus  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  73.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Farewell  Gap,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Cali- 
fornia, at  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet." 

Range. — Yosemite  region  of  the  Sierra  to  Tulare  County. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  H.  M. 
Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,327  feet,  Brewer  1691 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  in  forest,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  826;  Mt.  Surprise, 
Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  11,  1890;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare 
County,  10,000  feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  23,  1905;  near  Mineral 
King,  Dudley  2568;  Farewell  Gap,  R.  Hopping  87;  same  locality, 
10-10,600  feet,  Purpus  2051;  same  locality,  10,000  feet,  Covitte  and 
Funston  1746  (co-type  in  U.  C.). 

8.  Lupinus  obtusilobus  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  8,  p.  115.    1912. 
Type  locality. — ' '  On  Mt.  Shasta,  at  an  altitude  of  8,000  feet. ' ' 
Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California  and  extending  to  the 

northern  limits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summits  back  of  Jameson  Lake,  on  line 
between  Plumas  and  Sierra  Counties,  Hall  9351. 


19211          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  255 

9.  Lupinus  albicaulis  Dougl.  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  165. 

1830. 
L.  apertus  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  8,  p.  103.     1912. 

Type  locality. — ''About  Fort  Vancouver  on  the  Columbia." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  southern  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Placer  County,  7,000  feet,  Heller 
6978 ;  Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4508 ; 
Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  744;  Crescent  Lake, 
Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  10,  1890;  stony  slopes  along 
Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5156 ;  Mineral  King, 
Tulare  County,  7,800  feet,  Coville  and  Funston  1478. 

Our  Sierran  form  of  this  species,  becoming  somewhat  dwarfed 
in  the  higher  mountains  (=  L.  apertu-s},  appears  to  connect  with  the 
typical  north  coast  form  in  Oregon  and  Washington  by  a  series  of 
intergrades,  one  of  which  was  described  by  Drew  as  L.  sylvestris  (Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  16,  p.  150.  1889). 

10.  Lupinus  meionanthus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  522. 

1866. 

L.  montigenus  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  6,  p.  109.     1910. 

Type  locality. — "Nevada,  near  Carson  City." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  from  Lake  Tahoe  to  the  Yosemite  region. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Placer  County,  Kellogg;  cafion 
of  Red  Clover  Creek,  Plumas  County,  5,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
4449;  Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  9,000  feet,  Heller  7084; 
mountain  ridges  from  Mt.  Stanford  to  Truckee  Knob,  8,500  feet,  C.  F. 
Sonne  6;  near  Donner  Lake,  on  sunny  slopes,  E.  L.  Greene  400;  Mt. 
Rose,  10,000  feet,  Heller  9880;  ridge  between  Desolation  Valley  and 
Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  183 ;  gravelly  slopes  north 
of  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  Smiley  173 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,400  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  4737;  mountains  above  Coldstream,  Sierra  County,  7,500 
feet,  Sonne,  August  7,  1887 ;  head  of  Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County, 
Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1325;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500 
feet,  Hansen  743 ;  Rubicon  Peak,  Eldorado  County,  8,200  feet.  Smiley 
402 ;  summits  and  slopes  east  of  the  Minarets,  Mariposa  County,  Cong- 
don, August  18,  1899. 


256  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

11.  Lupinus  calcaratus  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Aead.,  vol.  2,  p.  195. 

1863. 

Type  locality. — None  given. 

Range. — Northern  and  central  Sierra  Nevada  and  east  on  the 
mountains  of  Nevada.  Inner  slope  of  the  North  Coast  Range  (Tehama 
County). 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9-10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1187; 
Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  364;  trail  to  Castle 
Peak,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  488 ;  hills  around  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake 
Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4589 ;  above  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
7,200  feet,  Smiley  205 ;  ridges  bordering  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Dudley, 
June  26,  1900 ;  Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  9,000  feet,  Abrams 
4845;  Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet,  Hall  9328;  Little 
Truckee  River,  6,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4532;  near  Frog  Lake 
on  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  C.  F.  Sonne,  July  31,  1897;  Indepen- 
dence Lake,  Nevada  County,  7,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4532. 

The  four  collections  last  cited  present  a  form  with  smaller  flowers 
grouped  in  an  inflorescence  less  dense  than  usual  in  this  species  and 
this  variant  has  been  proposed  as  specifically  distinct — L.  silvicola 
Heller  (Muhl.,  vol.  6,  p.  81.  1910) — a  conclusion  which  to  me  appears 
unwarranted  both  by  the  vagueness  of  the  characters  assigned  and 
the  inconstancy  with  which  they  appear. 

12.  Lupinus  laxiflorus  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.,  vol.  14,  pi.  1140.     1828. 
Type  locality. — "In  dry,  open  gravelly  plains,  about  the  great 

rapids  of  the  River  Columbia. ' ' 

Range. — Washington  to  northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rarely  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  f eet?  Hall 
9328  (referred  on  floral  and  vegetative  characters  only,  the  pods  im- 
mature) ;  Summit,  in  dry  meadow,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  442a. 

Both  of  these  collections  differ  from  good  L.  laxiflorus  of  the 
Northwest  and  approach  L.  calcaratus  of  the  Sierra:  the  short  spur 
of  the  calyx  and  the  blue  flowers  in  a  loose  elongated  raceme  ally 
them  with  L.  laxiflorus;  the  pointed  leaflets  and  fine  silky  appressed 
pubescence  are  characters  of  L.  calcaratus. 

Other  lupines  may  reach  our  lower  borders  or  locally  ascend  above 
them,  i.e.,  L.  Andersoni  Wats.  (Ebbett's  Pass,  Bolander  2012)  ;  L. 
Grayi  Wats.  (Tenaya  Canon,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  667),  but  are  not  to 
be  considered  as  components  of  the  boreal  flora  of  the  Sierra. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  257 

3.  HOSACKIA 

1.  Hosackia  cuprea  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

Lotus  cupreus  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  74.     1904. 

Type  locality. — Hockett's  meadows,  E.  Tulare  Co.,  Calif.,  at  8,600 
feet." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Meadows  at  head  of  Belknap  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  8,500  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8367;  Hockett's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5588. 

4.  ASTRAGALUS 

Leaflets  prickly  pointed,  rigid  and  persistent;  pods  minute  (^4  inch  long) 

1.  A.  tegetarius 

Leaflets    not   prickly   pointed;    pods   more    than    ^4    inch    long    (except    in   A. 

Austinae.) 
Pods  bladdery-inflated,  thin  and  membranous. 

Pods  2-celled,  ovate,  more  or  less  puberulent,  sessile  in  the  calyx. 

Stems  5-12  inches  high;  plants  sparsely  or  densely  hirsute 

2.  A.  lentiginosus 

Nearly  acaulescent  and  densely  canescent 3.  A.  platytropis 

Pods  1-celled,  very  obtuse  and  glabrous,  stipitate 4.  A.  Whitney! 

Pods  scarcely  inflated,  firm-walled. 

Pods  plainly  stipitate  and  %-l  inch  long 5.  A.  Bolanderi 

Pods  sessile  in  and  shorter  than  the  calyx 6.  A.  Austinae 

1.  Astragalus  tegetarius  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  76.    1871. 

Type  locality. — "Peaks  of  the  East  Humboldt  and  Clover  Moun- 
tains, Nevada." 

Range. — Southwest  Montana  and  "Wyoming  to  Oregon,  south  to 
Colorado,  Nevada,  and  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  13,000  feet,  Brewer  1736;  same 
locality,  near  the  summit,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889 ;  summit 
of  Mt.  Warren,  Tuolumne  County,  Congdon,  August  21,  1894. 

2.  Astragalus  lentiginosus  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1, 

p.  151.     1830. 
Phaoa  lentiginosa  (Dougl.)  Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  368.    1906. 

Type  locality. — "Subalpine  ranges  of  the  Blue  Mountains." 
Range. — Washington  to  California  and  Nevada,  on  the  inner  side 
of  the  Cascade-Sierra  axis. 

Zone. — Canadian  as  to  the  Californian  specimens. 


258  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass,  Congdon,  August  26,  1895 ; 
mountains  near  Sonora  Pass,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1878. 

Piper  (I.e.}  reports  this  species  as  Upper  Sonoran  in  zonal  position 
in  Washington. 

3.  Astragalus  platytropis  jGray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  526. 
Type  locality. — "Dry  rocky  mountain  near  Sonora  Pass — in  loose 

gravel  and  sand  near  the  summit  (alt.  10,000  feet)." 

Range. — Southwestern  Montana  across  the  northern  half  of  the 

Great  Basin  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Specimen  examined. — Mountain  summit  near  Sonora  Pass,  10,000 

feet,  Brewer  1889. 

4.  Astragalus  Whitney!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  526. 

1866. 

Type  locality — "Dry  rocky  mountain  near  Sonora  Pass — in  loose 
soil,  near  the  summit,  alt.  10,000  feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  in  the  northern  and  central  part. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  9,000 
feet,  Heller  7101 ;  Mt.  Rose,  10,300  feet,  Heller  10650 ;  same  locality, 
10,800  feet,  Heller  9937;  mountain  near  Sonora  Pass,  10,000  feet, 
Brewer  1886;  Ebbett's  Pass,  growing  on  Silver  Mountain,  Hooker 
and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Mt.  Warren,  Tuolumne  County,  summit,  Congdon, 
August  21,  1894 ;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  410. 

4a.  Astragalus  Whitney!  var.  pinosus  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  39, 
p.  54.  1905. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  County,  Califor- 
nia." 

Range. — Tehachapi  Mountains;  southern  Sierra  Nevada? 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Summit  of  Mt.  Pinos,  8,800  feet,  Dudley 
and  Lamb  4588. 

Astragalus  Whitneyi  is  very  close  to  A.  Hookerianus  Gray  (I.e., 
p.  215),  a  species  of  eastern  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Idaho,  and 
perhaps  reaching  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  in  Plumas  County  (top 
of  Diamond  Mountain,  near  Susanville,  7,300  feet,  M.  E.  Jones,  June 
28,  1897,  perhaps  A.  Hookerianus)  ;  the  chief  difference  between  the 
species  is  the  difference  in  the  size  of  the  pods,  which  in  A.  Whitneyi 
is  an  inch  or  less  long,  in  the  other  species  usually  nearly  twice  as 
long. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  259 

5.  Astragalus  Bolanderi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  337. 

1867. 

Type  locality. — "Dry  ground,  at  Ostrander's  Ranch,  Yosemite 
Valley." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Nevada  County,  8,000  feet,  A.  M.  Carpen- 
ter, August-September,  1893;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  4731;  near  Meadow  Lakes,  Nevada  County,  C.  F.  Sonne, 
August  2,  1892 ;  Eagle  Peak  meadows,  Yosemite,  7,250  feet,  Hall  9191 ; 
Ostranders,  above  Yosemite,  Bolander  5021 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa 
County,  Congdon,  August  13-14,  1895;  mountains  near  Soda  Creek, 
10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5122;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August  24,  1905 ;  Alta  Mountains,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hop- 
ping 64. 

6.  Astragalus  Austinae  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  156.    1880. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Mount  Stanford  (Castle  Peak), 
Nevada  Co.,  at  9,000  feet." 

Range. — Mountains  of  Nevada  County. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford,  high  ridges,  C.  F.  Sonne, 
July,  1892 ;  Castle  Peak,  gravelly  slide  rock,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  480. 

Though  the  genus  Oxytropis  is  not  represented  in  the  Sierra,  one 
species,  0.  oreophila  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  20,  p.  3.  1884),  is 
a  component  of  the  alpine  floras  of  the  mountains  of  Utah  and  re- 
appears upon  the  summits  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  in  south- 
ern California;  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  will  yet  be  found  in  the 
alpine  region  of  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 


32.  GERANIACEAE  (GERANIUM  FAMILY) 
1.  GERANIUM 

1.  Geranium  Richardsonii  F.  and  M.,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop., 
vol.  4,  p.  37.    1838. 

a.  albiflorum  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  116.     1831,  nor  of  Ledeb.     1831. 

G.  Hookerianum  Walp.,  Rep.,  vol.  1,  p.  450.     1842. 

G.  pentagynum  Engelm.,  in  Wisliz.,  Tour.  N.  Mex.,  p.  90.     1848. 

G.  gracilentum  Greene,  in  Rydb.,  Fl.  Colo.,  p.  218.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Valleys  in  the  Rocky  Mountains." 


260  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range, — Saskatchewan  to  New  Mexico,  west  through  Wyoming 
and  southern  Idaho  to  California;  Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of 
southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — North  side  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6997 ; 
Tioga  Road,  vicinity  of  White  Wolf,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  885 ;  Indian 
Creek,  Yosemite,  7,200  feet,  Hall  9178;  above  Dark  Hole,  Yosemite, 
7,750  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  Culbertson  (B4382)  ;  Hillside  above  Round  meadow,  Fresno 
County,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  590. 


33.  LINACEAE   (FLAX  FAMILY) 
1.  LINUM 

1.  Linum  Lewisii  Pursh.,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  p.  210.    1814. 

L.  Sibiricum  var.  Lewisii  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  vol.  14,  pi.  1163.     1828. 

L.  perenne  var.  Lewisii  Eat.  and  Wright,  N.  Am.  Bot.,  p.  302.     1840. 

L.  decurrens  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  voL  3,  p.  44.     1863. 

L.  Lyallanum  Alefeld,  Bot.  Zeit.,  voL  25,  p.  251.     1867. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  the  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  Missouri. ' ' 

Range. — Alaska  to  Hudson  Bay  south  to  California,  Arizona,  New 
Mexico  aud  west  Texas. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  rising  in  the  mountains  to  above  tim- 
ber line. 

Specimens  examined. — Head  of  Fall  Freek,  Ormsby  County,  2460 
m.,  Baker  1329 ;  near  Truckee,  Dudley,  June  11,  1893 ;  Mt.  Lola,  west 
of  Tahoe,  Kennedy  and  Doten  187 ;  Tioga  Pass,  Yosemite,  9,900  ^eet, 
Smiley  823 ;  South  Fork  of  San  Joaquin,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
718 ;  Mt.  Whitney,  alpine  zone,  11,600  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8432 ; 
between  Farewell  Gap  and  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
1140;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4561,  4589); 
mountains  near  Little  Kern  River,  gravelly  slopes,  9-10,000  feet,  Pur- 
pus  2022 ;  White  Chief  Mine,  timber  line  near  Mineral  King,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5657. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  261 

34.  CALLITRICHACEAE  (WATER  STARWORT  FAMILY) 
1.  CALLITRICHE 

1.  Callitriche  stenocarpa  Hegelm.,  Bot.  Verein  Brandenb.,  vol.  10, 
p.  114.    1868. 

Type  locality. — ' ' Searsville,   [California]." 

Range. — Oregon  and  California? 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  729 ;  Forks  of  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley 
2367 ;  Upper  Volcano  meadow,  south  of  Mt.  Whitney,  Dudley  2492. 


35.  ACEEACEAE   (MAPLE  FAMILY) 
1.  ACER 

1.  Acer,  glabrum  Torr.  var.  Torreyi  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

A.  torreyi  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  2.     1902. 

Type  locality. — "Californian  Sierra  at  middle  altitudes." 

Range. — California  north  to  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7043 ;  Fallen  Leaf  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  8,000  feet,  Abrams  4828 ; 
Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  176;  below  Lake  Lucile, 
Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900;  Yosemite,  J.  M.  Hutchings  in  1890; 
Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  111 ;  Sequoia  National  Park, 
near  Wolverton  Creek,  Tulare  County,  A.  Davidson  1694. 

la.  Acer  glabrum  var.  diffusum  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

A.  diffusum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  2.     1902. 

A.  bcrnardinum  Abrams,  Torreya,  vol.  7,  p.  219.     1907. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  summit  of  the  West  Humboldt  Moun- 
tains, Nevada." 

Range. — Mountains  of  Nevada  and  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Whitney  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbert- 
son  (B4554);  Kern  Canon  tributary,  Culbertson  (B4678). 

This  is  the  maple  of  widest  range  in  the  west  and  several  attempts 
have  been  made  to  define  specifically  its  many  forms,  as  yet  with 
unsatisfactory  results.  Pax,  in  working  up  his  revision  (Pflanzenr., 
"Bd.  4,  no.  163 — Aceraceae),  saw  reason  to  change  his  earlier  opinion 


262  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

that  it  was  possible  to  keep  A.  glabrum  Torr.  and  A.  Douglasii  Hook, 
separate;  ultimately  he  reduced  to  the  synonymy  of  A.  glabrum  all 
of  the  segregates  which  have  been  proposed  since  the  publication  of 
that  species  and  also  considered  A.  tripartitum  Nutt.  (in  T.  and  G., 
Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  246.  1838)  as  impossible  of  definition  as  a  species.  He 
proposes  to  recognize  two  varieties :  var.  monophyllum  Graf  von 
Schwerin  (in  Gartenfl.,  vol.  42,  p.  650.  1893),  with  the  leaves  lobed  but 
not  divided,  and  var.  tripartitum  (Nutt.)  Pax  (Engler's  Jahrb.,  vol.  7, 
p.  218.  1886).  This  scheme  recognizes  the  distinctness  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  shrub,  which  has  its  foliage  normally  3-foliate,  a  geo- 
graphical variety  which  Professor  M.  E.  Jones  perceived  and  expressed 
in  the  same  combination  some  seven  years  before  Pax's  revision  of 
the  family  appeared  (see  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  627. 
1895).  But  this  twofold  division  among  the  forms  of  A.  glabrum  places 
our  Sierran  shrub  with  the  variant  common  in  the  Northwest;  this 
form  of  Washington,  Idaho,  and  adjacent  Oregon  has  the  leaves 
shallowly  lobed,  the  angles  between  the  median  terminal  lobe  and  the 
lateral  lobes  approximating  right  angles.  This  appears  to  be  a  good 
geographical  race  with  a  fairly  well  delimited  area  and  to  express  its 
relationship  to  the  larger  specific  unit,  Professor  C.  V.  Piper114  pro- 
posed the  combination  A.  glabrum  douglasii  (Hook.),  but  this  shrub 
most  nearly  conforms  to  the  plant  described  by  Dr.  Torrey  as  the 
species  A.  glabrum.  If  this  species  is  to  be  retained,  and  it  must  be 
since  the  priority  of  the  name  is  unquestioned,  the  variant  of  the 
Northwest  should  be  so  known.  Our  Sierran  form  differs  from  this 
type  species  in  having  the  leaf  far  more  deeply  lobed,  the  angles  being 
reentrant,  the  sinuses  sometimes  so  produced  as  to  give  the  leaf  an 
appearance  not  unlike  that  of  the  var.  tripartitum  in  extreme  cases. 
This  Sierran  variant  Dr.  Greene  described  as  A.  torreyi,  but  both  its 
characters  and  geographical  position  indicate  that  it  should  be 
regarded  as  a  var.  Torreyi,  coordinate  with  the  other  two  varieties. 

In  addition  to  these  three  varieties,  which  express  the  horizontal 
distribution  of  A.  glabrum  Torr.,  there  is  also  a  well-marked  high 
mountain  variety,  distinguished  by  greatly  reduced  leaves,  short  spin- 
escent  branches  and  very  white  bark,  and  which  of  all  the  segregates 
proposed,  would  have,  in  my  opinion,  the  best  claim  to  be  regarded  as 
a  species,  but  which  is  united  to  the  lower  altitude  varieties  by 
numerous  intergrades.  This  nearly  alpine  shrub — A.  diffusum  Greene 
— was  described  from  collections  made  ' '  near  the  summit  of  the  West 
Humboldt  Mountains,"  but  is  now  known  to  grow  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  263 

36.  EHAMNACEAE  (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY) 
1.  CEANOTHUS 

Leaves  1-3  inches  long,  %-2.5  inches  broad,  deep  green  and  shining-glutinous , 
above,  pale   and   minutely   pubescent   below;    large    shrub   with   ascending 
green  branches 1.  C.   velutinus 

Leaves    %-1.5   inches   long,    J/4-l   inch   broad,   more    or   less   cordate    at   base; 
depressed  shrub  forming  broad  mats;  branches  light  gray -2.  C.  cordulatus 

1.  Ceanothus  velutinus  Dougl.  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p. 

125.    1830. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Subalpine  hills  near  the  source  of  the  Columbia ; 
and  at  the  Kettle  Falls." 

Range. — Washington  to  California,  east  to  Colorado  and  Black 
Hills. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner,  Placer  County,  Brandegee,  July, 
1889 ;  upper  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6968 ;  lateral  moraine  south 
of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  6,800  feet,  Abrams  4792 ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe, 
7,000  feet,  Smiley  24a ;  Mt.  Tallac,  east  side  in  slide  rock,  8,000  feet, 
Smiley  242;  Sonora  Pass,  8-9,000  feet,  Brewer  1877;  Kern  Canon, 
Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  3455. 

2.  Ceanothus  cordulatus  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p. 

124.    1861. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Brought  by  -Dr.  J.  A.  Veatch  from  Washoe. ' ' 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California,  and  southern  Oregon, 
south  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  southern  California. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin;  Fallen  Leaf 
Lake,  Tahoe,  growing  almost  flat  upon  the  ground,  Miss  Lathrop, 
July  12,  1909 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  241 ;  Angora  Peak,  7,800 
feet,  Smiley  43;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  87;  Mt,  Tallac,  near 
top  of  talus  slope  on  east  side,  forming  part  of  a  large  mat  9  feet 
across,  Smiley  243 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  prostrate  and  spreading  on 
exposed  ledges,  8,700  feet,  R.  A.  "Ware  2644c ;  near  Sonora  Pass,  com- 
mon and  spreading  on  the  ground,  Brewer  1926 ;  between  Lake  Tenaya 
and  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  704;  Cloud's  Rest  trail, 
7,200  feet,  Smiley  519;  ridge  above  Round  meadow,  Fresno  County, 
7,800  feet,  Smiley  591;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  8-10,000  feet, 
Rothrock  354. 


264  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

37.  MALVACEAE  (MALLOW  FAMILY) 
1.  SID  ALOE  A 

Flowers  loosely   disposed   in   elongated   racemes;    achenes   reticulated   but   not 

pubescent. 
Stems  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  nodes;  stems  and  petioles  with  long  hispid 

hairs  1.  S.   reptans 

Stems  erect. 

Plant  glaucous  and  nearly  smooth 2.  S.  glaucescens 

Plant  greenish  and  scabrid  with  short  stiff  forked  hairs 3.  S.  asprella 

Flowers  small  and  densely   spicate  in   usually   short   inflorescences;    the   lower 
petioles  with  long  spreading  hairs;  achenes  pubescent,  not  reticulated 
4.  S.  spicata 

1.  Sidalcea  reptans  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  159.    1897. 
S.  favosa  Congdon,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  183.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "In  marshy  ground,  Panther  Creek,  Amador 
County,  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Jackass  meadows,  Upper  San  Joaquin 
River,  Congdon,  August  16,  1895 ;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County, 
6,500  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr.  2512. 

2.  Sidalcea  glaucescens  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  77. 

1885. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  Station,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Donner 
Lake." 

Range. — Mountains  of  California  from  Mt.  Shasta  to  the  southern 
Sierra  Nevada.  See  note  below. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Heller  7047 ;  same  locality,  E.  L. 
Greene,  August,  1884 ;  near  Donner  Lake,  Torrey  54 ;  Sierra  County, 
Lemmon  in  1874 ;  Summit,  dry  border  of  meadow,  7,100  feet,  Smiley 
452 ;  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  same 
locality,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4772 ;  near  Dark  Hole,  Yosemite, 
7,700  feet,  Smiley  884;  wet  places  on  Middle  Tule  River,  Tulare 
County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5184. 

The  range  of  this  species  should  be  considerably  extended  according 
to  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22,  p.  287)  :  "It  abounds  in  the  higher 
Sierra  Nevada,  extends  east  to  Utah,  and  northward  apparently  even 
to  British  Columbia."  This  species  is  not  included  in  Professor 
Piper's  Flora  of  Washington  (Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11)  though  the 
Synoptical  Flora  (vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  306)  reaffirms  Dr.  Gray's  statement 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  265 

as  to  the  range  and  cites  a  collection  made  by  Fletcher  from  near 
Victoria,  British  Columbia.  No  specimens  certainly  referable  to  this 
species  have  been  seen  by  me  beyond  the  limits  assigned  above. 

3.  Sidalcea  asprella  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  78.    1885. 

S.  montana  Congdon,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  183.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "El  Dorado  County"  and  "near  Camptonville,  in 
Yuba  County." 

No  specimens  referable  to  this  species  have  been  seen  by  me  from 
the  boreal  region  and  it  is  here  included  only  because  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall 
(Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  200.  1912),  after  examination  of 
type  material  of  8.  montana,  determined  the  synonymy  as  above  given. 
I  have  had  no  opportunity  for  making  the  comparison  myself.  If  the 
identity  of  these  species,  as  determined  by  Dr.  Hall,  shall  be  confirmed 
when  more  abundant  material  is  available,  8.  asprella  will  be  found 
to  have  a  somewhat  remarkable  altitudinal  range.  Dr.  Greene  says 
of  his  species,  it  grows  "on  bushy  hillsides  of  the  lower  Sierra,  just 
below  the  habitat  of  Chamaebatia  (C.  foliolosa  Benth.),"  that  is,  in 
the  Upper  Sonoran  life-zone ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  type  locality  for 
8.  montana  is  given  ' '  In  granite  sand,  in  the  high  Sierras  east  of  the 
Minarets,  at  11,000  ft." 

4.  Sidalcea  spicata  (Regel)  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p. 

76.     1885. 

Callirhoe  spicata  Regel,  Gartenfl.  vol.  21,  p.  291.     1872. 
S.  ranunculacea  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  75.     1904. 
S.  interrupta  Greene,  l.o. 

Type  locality. — Regel's  description  was  made  from  plants  grown 
in  Europe  from  seed  collected  "in  der  Sierra  Nevada  Calif orniens. " 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  northward  to  central  Oregon. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Camp,  Kellogg,  July  14,  1870 ; 
lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6898;  near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  marshy  woods  near  Lilly  Lake,  Tahoe, 
6,600  feet,  Smiley  325 ;  near  Suzy  Lake  trail  from  Glen  Alpine,  7,500 
feet,  Smiley  188;  Hope  Valley,  Alpine  County,  Hansen  505;  Snow 
Creek  trail  to  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  7,700  feet,  Smiley  672 ;  Mineral 
King,  Brandegee  in  1892;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Cul- 
bertson  (B  4318)  ;  north  side  of  Toowa  Range,  Tulare  County,  9,000 
feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8404. 


266  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

38.  HYPERICACEAE    (ST.  JOHN  'S-AVORT  FAMILY) 
1.  HYPERICUM 

1.  Hypericum  anagalloides  C.  and  S.,  Linnaea,  vol.  3,  p.   127. 

1828. 

H.  anagalloides  var.  pumilum  E.  Keller,  Bull.  Herb.  Boissier  II,  vol.   8, 
p.  187.     1908. 

Type  locality. — "Ad  portum  St.  Francisci  Californiae. " 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  California  and 
east  to  Montana. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian,  in  wet  meadows. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  19 ;  Suzy 
Lake,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  202 ;  near  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700 
feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Elizabeth  Lake  meadow,  above 
Tuolumne  meadows,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  801 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  moist 
ground  by  the  river,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2629c. 


39.  VIOLACEAE   (VIOLET  FAMILY) 
1.  VIOLA 

Plants  stemless,  the  leaves  and  scapes  arising  from  horizontal  rootstocks;  nearly 
glabrous  dwarf  of  wet  meadows  with  small  white  flowers,  the  petals  very 

thin  and  translucent 1.  V.  Macloskeyl 

Plants  with  erect  leafy  stems. 

Puberulent    or    nearly    glabrous;    peduncles    usually    exceeding    the    leaves; 

flowers  violet-purple  or  white 2.  V.  adunca 

Leaves  and  stems  conspicuously  pubescent;  peduncles  little,  if  at  all,  exceed- 
ing the  leaves. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed  or  some  entire,  usually  some  with  purple  veins; 
flowers  light  yellow  or  sometimes  ochre-colored  tinged  with  purple; 

capsule  pubescent 3.  V.  purpurea 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  repandly  undulate,  densely  canescent  below,  green 
veined;  flowers  bright  yellow;  capsule  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent 
4.  V.  praepiorsa 

1.  Viola  Macloskeyi  Lloyd,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  74.    1895. 

Type  locality. — "Mossy,  springy  places  in  the  Cascades,  Oregon." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian  in  wet  meadows. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Chesnut  and  Drew, 
August  16,  1890 ;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  161  ; 
Heather  Lake,  wet  meadow  below  the  lake,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  158; 
Pyramid  Peak,  7,000  feet,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900;  Corral  Springs, 
Amador  County,  7,000  feet,  Hansen  545;  about  Marlette  Lake,  east 
of  Tahoe,  2460  m.,  Baker  1289;  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  267 

H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Dana  Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,000  feet, 
Smiley  846;  meadows  near  Mt.  Dana,  McLean,  July  4,  1875;  Pere- 
goy's,  above  Yosemite,  7,000  feet,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  head  of  South 
Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  10-10,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  710; 
Shuteye  Mountain,  Billy  Brown  meadows,  6,500  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr. 
2506;  Nellie  Lake  meadow,  Fresno  County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  603; 
Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus  5666;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1890. 

2.  Viola  adunca  Smith,  in  Rees'  Cycl.,  vol.  37,  no.  63.    1817. 

V.  longipes  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  140.     1838. 

V.  canina  var.  adunca  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  voL  8,  p.  377.     1872. 

V.  canina  var.  oxyceras  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  56.     1876. 

Type  locality. — ' '  From  the  west  coast  of  North  America. ' ' 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Alaska  to  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900; 
Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin,  May,  1877;  White  "Wolf,  Yosemite, 
8,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Porcupine  Flat,  Mariposa  County, 
8,100  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2602c ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  R.  A. 
Ware  2601c;  stream  bank  below  Elizabeth  Lake,  above  Tuolumne 
meadows,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  813 ;  Yosemite  trail,  Bolander  1632 ;  near 
Peregoy's  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Bear  Creek,  Fresno 
County,  7,300  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  399;  High  Sierra  about  Mt. 
Brewer,  Tulare  County,  Brewer  2807;  valley  of  King's  River,  Coville 
and  Funston  1859. 

3.  Viola  purpurea  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  56.    1855. 

V.  aurea  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  185.     1863. 

V.  aurea  venosa  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  56.     1876. 

V.  Nuttallii  var.  venosa  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  35.     1871. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  southern  Sierra 
Nevada,  east  to  Utah,  perhaps  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller 
7089;  Sierra,  moraines  at  7-9,000  feet,  J.  Muir;  above  Cisco,  Watson 
in  1867 ;  peak  above  Mono  Lake,  10,500  feet,  Brewe'r  1797 ;  Summit,  in 
dry  sandy  meadow,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  435 ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosem- 
ite, dry  bank,  at  8,200  feet,  Smiley  867 ;  slope  of  Alta  Peak,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1546. 


268  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

3a.  Viola  purpurea  var.  pinetorum  Greene,   Fl.  Fran.,  p.   243. 

1891. 
V.  pinetorum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  14.     1889. 

Type  locality. — "Pine  woods  of  the  higher  mountains  south  of 
Tehachapi,  Kern  Co.,  California." 

Range. — Mountains  of  central  and  southern  California;  extending 
north  into  Oregon?  Wooton  and  Standley  (Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  19, 
p.  430)  identify  a  violet  collected  in  northern  New  Mexico  with  this 
variety. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined,. — Summit,  7,000  feet,  Heller  9836;  above 
Independence  Lake,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4540;  Lily  Lake, 
Tahoe,  in  forest  of  Pinus  Jeffreyi,  6,700  feet,  Smiley  318 ;  near  White 
Wolf,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Mt.  Lola,  Tahoe, 
Kennedy  and  Doten  178;  near  Mt.  Dana,  dry  slopes,  9-10,000  feet, 
Brewer ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  open  pine  forest,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware 
2600c ;  hillside  above  Soda  Springs,  Yosemite,  7,400  feet,  Smiley  455 ; 
Bonita  meadow,  dry  open  pine  forests,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
5189;  Kaweah  Peaks  region,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2411;  Mt. 
Olancha,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5235. 

This  variety  is  feebly  distinguished  from  the  species  by  having 
leaves  usually  more  deeply  toothed  and  an  increase  in  the  amount  of 
pubescence. 

4.  Viola  praemorsa  Doug.,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  vol.  15,  pi.  1254. 

1829. 

Type  locality. — "In  dry  upland  soils,  under  the  shade  of  solitary 
pine  trees  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia,  and  the  plains  of  the  river 
Aquilar,  in  California." 

Range. — California  to  Washington  and  Idaho. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  above  in  a  dwarf  state  in  the  Can- 
adian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Placer  County,  7,000  feet,  Heller 
9859;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August,  1890. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  269 

40.  HALOEAGIDACEAE   (WATER  MILFOIL  FAMILY) 
1.  HJPPURIS 

1.  Hippuris  vulgaris  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  4.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  fontibus." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  to  New  England,  New 
York,  Indiana,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  329 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  in  pools  behind  Parsons  Lodge,  8,600 
feet,  Smiley  748. 


41.  ONAGEACEAE  (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

Fruit  indehiscent,  1-2  seeded,  and  bristly  with  hooked  hairs;  flowers  2-merous 

1.    Circaea 

Fruit  a  many  seeded  capsule  opening  by  valves;  flowers  4-merous.    Seeds  with- 
out a  coma 2.  Oenothera 

Seeds  coinose  (i.e.  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  one  end). 

Calyx  green,  herbaceous 3.  Epilobium 

Calyx  deep  red  or  purple 4.  Zauschneria 


1.  CIRCAEA 

1.  Circaea  alpina  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  9.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  ad  radices  montium  in  frigidis  Euro- 
pae." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  America  south  in  the  Appalachians  to 
Georgia ;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico ;  and  in  the  Cascade- 
Sierra  axis  to  California? 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  Brewer  2133 ;  this  specimen 
has  been  referred  to  C.  pacifica  A.  and  M.  (Bot.  Zeit.,  vol.  29,  p.  392. 
1871),  a  common  species  in  the  Transition  Zone  in  the  Sierra,  but 
examination  shows  the  racemes  bracted  and  leaves  toothed  as  in  the 
more  northern  and  eastern  form ;  more  material  is  necessary  before 
fully  accepting  C.  alpina  as  a  species  of  our  boreal  flora. 


270  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  OENOTHERA 

1.  Oenothera  xylocarpa  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  105. 
1893. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  west  side  of  Whitney  meadows,  Sierra 
Nevada,  Tulare  County,  California." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Volcano  meadows  (formerly  called  Whitney 
meadows),  Hall  and  Babcock  5489;  Fish  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5214;  north  side  of  Toowa  Range,  Tulare 
County,  9,800  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8402;  sandy  plains  about 
Whitney  meadows,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  1386. 


3.  EPILOBIUM 

Leaves  pale  and  glaucous  or  covered  with  whitish  bloom. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  repand  denticulate;   flowers  large,  petals   %   inch   or 

longer,  deeply  lobed .-1.  E.  obcordatum 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  repand  denticulate  or  nearly  entire;  flowers  small, 

petals  about  %  inch  long,  merely  notched 2.  E.  glaberrimum 

Leaves  green,  not  glaucous  nor  covered  with  bloom. 
Leaves  small  (few  more  than  %  inch  long). 

Plants  crisp-hairy  throughout 3.  E.   ursinum   var.   falcatum 

Plants  glabrous  or  at  most  minutely  glandular-puberulent  above. 

Stems  decumbent  with  nodding  tip  and  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves,  at  least 

the  lowest,  wing-petioled 4.  E.   anagallidifolium 

Stems  erect  to  the  summit  with  the  leaves  remote  above,  crowded  below; 

leaves  somewhat  tapering  at  base,  but  not  petioled 

5.  E.  oregonense 

Leaves  larger  (mostly  over  %  inch  long). 

Leaves  all  sessile 6.  E.  brevistylum 

Leaves  petioled. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  dark  green,  the  upper  longer  than  the  internodes; 

flowers  pink  or  violet 7.  E.  Hornemanni 

Leaves  ovate-spatulate,   obtuse,  thin  and  light  green,  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  flowers  white  or  pale  pink 8.  E.  alpinum 

1.  Epilobium  obcordatum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  532. 
1866. 

Type  locality. — In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Squaw  Valley  and 
Ebbett's  Passes,  alt.  8,000-8,500  feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  north  and  east  to  Mt.  Shasta,  and  moun- 
tains of  central  Oregon  (Idaho?)  ;  on  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains, 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  and  Hudsonian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Fiord  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  271 

Specimens  examined. — Butte  Mountain,  northern  Butte  County, 
6,800  feet,  Hall  9793;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Bolander  in  1873; 
same  locality,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  high  mountain  near  Donner 
Pass,  Torrey  114;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen 
298 ;  rocky  flat  in  Placer  County,  6,900  feet,  A.  M.  Carpenter,  August- 
October,  1892;  summit  back  of  Jonesville,  Butte  County,  7,000  feet, 
Heller  11659 ;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Brewer  1997 ;  Squaw  Valley  Pass,  Brewer 
2163;  near  summit  of  Devil's  Cliff,  Summit  Soda  Springs,  Kennedy 
and  Doten  276 ;  south  base  of  Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  8,200  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3482;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  rocky  ledges,  8,700  feet, 
Smiley  404 ;  on  Truckee  River  near  Knoxville,  8,800  feet,  Brewer  2163 
(no  doubt  a  duplicate  of  no.  2163  above,  but  included  since  the  locality 
is  different  as  given  on  the  label  in  U.  C.)  ;  Red  Mountain,  11,000  feet, 
J.  Muir  in  1872 ;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  R.  Hop- 
ping 159 ;  Mt.  Whitney,  12-13,000  feet,  Purpus  1700 ;  North  Fork  of 
Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  Rothrock  400;  trail  to  Mt. 
Whitney  and  Siberian  Peak,  Culbertson  (B4328)  ;  summit  of  Fare- 
well Gap,  10,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5662;  Arroyo-Kern  Divide, 
Tulare  County,  Dudley,  August  2,  1897. 

This  species  of  Epilobium  is  the  distinctive  Sierran  member  of  the 
genus  and  interesting,  as  Dr.  Gray  pointed  out  when  describing  it,  as 
connecting  the  Chamaenerion  section  with  the  rest  of  the  genus. 


2.  Epilobium  glaberrimum  Barbey,  in  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot. 
Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  220.    1876. 

E.  fastigiatum  var.  glaberrimum   (Barbey)   Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol. 
11,  p.  404.     1906. 

Type  locality.—'' '  In  the  Sierra  Nevada :  Yosemite  Valley. ' ' 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  California  (King's 
River  region),  east  to  the  Great  Basin  ranges  in  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — North  side  of  Donner  Lake  in  a  hillside 
swamp,  Heller  6998;  Mt.  Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin, 
July,  1879;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 
(possibly  better  referred  to  the  var.  latifolium  Barbey,  I.e.)  ;  Half- 
Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  65;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus  5152a;  Little  Kern  River,  along  brooks 
at  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5152. 


272  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

3.  Epilobium  ursinum  Parish  var.  subfalcatum  Trelease,  Rep.  Mo. 

Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  2,  p.  101.    1891. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  northward  to  "Washington? 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  306 ;  slope  above  Gilmore  Lake,  west  side  of  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe, 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  373. 

The  type  species,  E.  ursinum  Parish  in  Trelease  (I.e.),  was 
described  from  the  mountains  of  southern  California,  but  is  present 
in  the  Sierra,  growing  in  the  Transition  zone  and  rising  locally  to  the 
edge  of  the  Canadian  (Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  6,500  feet,  Smiley  659; 
Round  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,300  feet,  Smiley  587). 

4.  Epilobium  anagallidifolium  Lam.  Encyc.,  vol.  2,  p.  376.    1786. 

Type  locality.— "Mont-d'Or." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  to  Quebec,  northern 
New  England  (?),  Colorado  and  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Wet  meadows,  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus  5668 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August  22,  1905;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Brewer  1891,  the  speci- 
men in  poor  condition  and  not  certainly  determined  as  of  this  species, 
perhaps  of  no.  8. 

5.  Epilobium  oregonense  Hausskn.,  Monogr.,  p.  276.      1884. 

Type  locality — "Oregon  in  alpinis." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  California ;  at  the  north- 
east to  Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Little  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada, 
2,000-2,155  m.,  Baker  1357 ;  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  in  1873. 

5a.  Epilobium  oregonense  var.  gracillimum  Trelease,  I.e.,  p.  109. 

E.  Pringleanum  Hausskn.,  Mitt,  geogr.  Gesellsch.  Jena,  vol.  7,  p.  5.     1888. 

Type  locality. — "Bogs,  Strawberry  Valley,  California." 

Range. Same  as  the  species. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Summit  Station,  Heller  7030 ;  head  of 
Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1766;  Westf all's  meadows, 
Yosemite,  Bolander  4965 ;  shores  of  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
Hall  and  Chandler  4516. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  273 

6.  Epilobium  brevistylum  Barbey,  in  Brewer   and  Wats.,   Bot. 

Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  220.    1876. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  County,"  California. 

Range. — California  to  Washington. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet, 
E.  Mulliken  118;  Soquel,  Madera  County,  Congdon,  August  11,  1899. 

Miss  Eastwood89  reports  this  species  from  East  Lake,  Tulare 
County. 

7.  Epilobium  Hornemanni  Reichenb.,  Icon.   Grit.,  vol.  2,  p.  73. 

1824. 

Type  locality. — "In  turfosis  alpinis  Norvegiae." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  America  south  to  New  England,  Colo- 
rado, and  California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  479  ;  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  south  side  of  Slide  Mountain,  7,300  feet,  Heller 
10,935;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,650  feet,  McGregor  105;  Lake  of  the 
Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  54;  Velma  Lakes,  Tahoe, 
8,000  feet,  Hall  8809;  Dana  Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet, 
Smiley  856;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August, 
1905. 

8.  Epilobium  alpimim  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  348.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Alpibus  Helveticis,  Lapponicis." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm ;  in  America  south  to  New  England,  New 
Mexico,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7044 ;  Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet,  Hall  9323 ;  head 
of  Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1321;  Mt. 
Dana,  10,300  feet,  Smiley  715 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  meadow  south 
of  lake,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  682 ;  foot  of  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10, 
1898 ;  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County,  moist  ledge  on  east  side  of  summit, 
10,100  feet,  Smiley  639;  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet, 
Purpus  2018 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August, 
1905. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Hausskn.  (Oestr.  Bot.  Zeitschr.,  vol.  29, 
p.  119.  1879),  a  species  of  wide  range  in  temperate  North  America 


274  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

and  present  in  California,  occurs  in  the  Sierran  region  in  the  Tran- 
sition and  not  infrequently  rises  to  our  lower  boundary  (between  Lily 
Lake  and  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,900  feet,  Smiley  394;  Tioga  Road, 
Yosemite,  between  Aspen  Valley  and  White  Wolf,  7,000  feet,  Smiley 
896). 

Epilobium  saximontanum  Hausskn.  (I.e.),  a  species  of  Colorado 
and  Utah,  is  not  certainly  known  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  though  a 
plant  collected  upon  Castle  Peak,  in  the  Hudsonian  life-zone,  at  8,800 
feet,  presents  characters  suggesting  that  species  (Smiley  478). 

4.  ZAUSCHNEKIA 

1.  Zauschneria  latifolia  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  26.    1887. 

Z.  oalifornioa  var.  latifolia  Hook.,  Bot.  Mag.,  t.  4493.     1850. 

Type  locality. — Not  given.  The  original  description  drawn  in  part 
from  plants  grown  in  England  from  seed  collected  in  California. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  South  Coast  Ranges. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  rising  rarely  to  timber-line. 

Specimens  examined. — Mountain  slopes  along  Little  Kern  River, 
9,300  feet,  low  shrub  10-12  inches  high,  Purpus  5226 ;  Sardine  Canon, 
Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Austin  353 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Mrs.  Brandegee, 
August  24,  1905. 

This  species  is  of  interest  because  it  represents  a  factor  in  the  high 
mountain  flora,  whose  constituent  species  have  undoubtedly  been 
derived  from  the  endemic  genera  of  the  Californian-Mexican  region. 

Several  small  annuals,  with  minute  red  flowers  and  seeds  without 
a  coma,  belonging  to  the  genus  Gayophytum,  are  sometimes  seen  within 
our  borders  (i.e.,  G.  caesium,  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley 
195;  G.  ramosissimum,  Tioga  Road,  Yosemite,  6,500  feet,  Smiley  903), 
but  they  are  essentially  Upper  Sonoran  and  Transition  species  and  in 
no  sense  an  integral  part  of  the  boreal  Sierran  flora.  When  found, 
they  are  always  on  dry,  south  or  west  facing  slopes,  where  the  life 
conditions,  at  their  season  of  growth,  are  those  of  lower  zones. 

42.  CORN  ACE  AE   (DOGWOOD  FAMILY) 
1.  CORNUS 

1.  Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  92.    1803. 

C.  alba  L.,  subsp.  stolonifera   (Michx.)   Wangerin,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft 
229,  s.  53.     1910. 

Type  locality. — "Hab.  ad  ripas  amniumque  rivorumque  Canadae 
et  Novae  Angliae. ' ' 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  275 

Range. — Subarctic  America  from  the  Mackenzie  to  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  and  south  to  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  Great  Lakes,  Iowa, 
Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  ex-amined. — Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7045;  Summit  Valley,  7,500  feet,  Pringle  306;  road  to  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  near  Summit,  7,300  feet, 
Smiley  458 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  179. 

Cornus  canadensis  L.  extends  down  the  northwest  coast  as  far  as 
Mendocino  County  and  is  present  in  the  subalpine  floras  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Washington  and  in  the  Rockies  to  Colorado  but  absent  from 
the  southern  Cascades  and  the  Sierra. 


43.  UMBELLIFEEAE  (PARSLEY  FAMILY) 

Fruit  long-linear,  cylindrical,  more  than  twelve  times  longer  than  broad 

1.  Osmorrhiza 

Fruit  not  long-linear,  but  short-conical  or  flattened. 

Fruit  with  hooked  bristles 2.  Sanicula 

Fruit  not  bristly. 

Fruit  flattened  dorsally. 

Umbellets  of  free  pedicelled  flowers. 

Plants  large;  leaf  bases  broadly  sheathing. 

Leaves  ternate  with  leaflets  large  and  angularly  lobed  ..3.  Heracleum 

Leaves  quinnate  with  leaflets  long-linear  and  entire 4.  Angelica 

Plants  small  and  caespitose;  leaflets  small 5.  Peucedanum 

Umbellets  capitate  of  sessile  flowers 6.  Selinum 

Fruit  not  flattened  dorsally  but  more  or  less  laterally  flattened. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Stems  from  a  smooth  tuber  or  cluster  of  tubers 7.  Eulophus 

Stems  from  a  fibrous  coated  rootstock 8.  Ligusticum 

Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 

Rays  1-4  inches  long;  plants  large 9.  Pteryxia 

Bays  very  short  or  nearly  obsolete;  plants  small. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Fruit  densely  hispidulous 10.  Drudeophytum 

Fruit  glabrous  11.  Podistera 

Flowers  purplish   12.  Aulospermum 

1.  OSMOKRHIZA 

Fruit  bristly  on  the  lower  part  of  the  ribs 1.  O.  brevipes 

Fruit  glabrous  2.  O.  occidentalis 

1.  Osmorrhiza  brevipes  (C.  and  R.)  Suksdorf,  Allg.  Bot.  Zeitschr., 
Bd.  12,  s.  5.    1906. 

Washingtonia  'brevipes  Coult.  and  Rose.,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  7,  p.  66. 
1900. 

Type   locality. — "Mount  Shasta  and  vicinity,   Siskiyou   County, 
Cal." 


276  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  northern  Washington  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia; Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lateral  moraine,  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  6,500 
feet,  Abrams  4793 ;  Suzy  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  McGregor  123 ; 
Little  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  Baker  1363 ;  Farewell  Gap 
trail,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5667;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4387). 

2.  Osmorrhiza  occidentalis  Torr.,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.,  p.  71.    1859. 
Glycosma  occidentalis  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  639.     1840. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Western  side  of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Alberta  and  south  to  California  and 
Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  occasionally  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  S.  B.  Doten  63 ;  Summit  and 
Cisco,  Bolander  in  1873 ;  ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Heller 
7183 ;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6342 ;  trail  from  Suzy  Lake  to  Glen  Alpine, 
7,400  feet,  Smiley  181;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  21,  1889;  San  Joaquin  Pass,  Madera  County,  Congdon, 
August  20,  1895;  Mt.  Eaymond,  Madera  County,  7,600  feet,  Smiley 
528. 

2.  SANICULA 

1.  Sanicula  septentrionalis  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  1,  p.  6.    1893. 
S.  divaricata  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  64.    1895. 

Type  locality. — "Vancouver  Island." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada  to  British  Columbia  and  east  to 
Montana. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Divide,  south  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  8,400  feet,  Heller  10966. 

The  type  locality  for  S.  divaricata  is  "Near  Castle  Peak,  above 
Donner  Lake ; ' '  the  description  based  upon  a  collection  of  Dr.  Greene 's 
made  in  1893. 

According  to  Wolff  (revision  of  Sanicula  in  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft 
228,  s.  75),  the  range  should  be  extended  to  southeastern  Alaska 
(Lynn  Canal,  A.  and  E.  Krause). 


Smiley:  Flora,  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  277 


3.  HERACLEUM 

1.  Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  166.    1803. 

Type  locality.  —  '  '  Canada.  '  ' 

Range.  —  Newfoundland  to  southeastern  Alaska  and  south  to  North 
Carolina,  Central  States,  New  Mexico,  and  California. 

Zone.  —  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined.  —  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  Mc- 
Gregor 70;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  757; 
Cascade  Lake,  Tahoe,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895  ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby 
County,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1439. 


4.  ANGELICA 

1.  Angelica  lineariloba  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  347. 
1868. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Ostrander  's  Meadows,  Yosemite  Valley,  alt.  8,000 
feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Bolander  6344; 
Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  2,750  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1479; 
Kern  Canon,  6,500  feet,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5564 ;  rocky 
slopes  near  Little  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  2039 ;  Little  Kern 
River,  8,500  feet,  Culbertson  (B  4276)  ;  southern  Sierras,  9,500  feet, 
Rothrock  355. 


5.  PEUCEDANUM 

1.  Peucedanum  Torreyi  Coult.  and  Rose,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  14,  p.  276. 

1889. 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley,  California." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Moses,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet, 
moist  rocks,  Purpus  1531 ;  Alta  Meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet, 
G.  B.  Grant  704 ;  same  locality,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  5,  1905. 


278  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

6.  SELINUM 

Leaves  glabrous  1.  S.  capitellatum 

Leaves  scabrid  2.  S.  eryngiifolium 

1.  Selinum  capitellatum  Wats.,  Bot.  of  Kings  Exped.,  p.   126. 

1871. 
Sphenosciadium  capitellatum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  537.     1866. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Ebbett's  Pass.,  alt. 
7-8,000  feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  north  to  southern  Oregon  and  Idaho,  and 
in  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin ;  Donner 
Lake,  Heller  7148 ;  Cascade  Lake,  Tahoe,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895 ; 
near  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  316;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Alpine 
County,  7-8,000  feet,  Brewer  2026 ;  Yosemite,  C.  S.  Sargent  in  1878 ; 
Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4364). 

Selinum  validum  Congdon  (Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  185.  1900)  is 
unknown  to  me  save  from  description,  according  to  which  it  is  very 
close  to  the  above  species,  and  may  be,  as  Coulter  and  Hose  suspect, 
merely  a  low  altitude  form ;  this  conjecture  is  all  the  more  probable 
since  Congdon  states  that  it  is  abundant  about  Wawona,  Mariposa 
County,  and  descends  along  the  streams  to  the  foothills  of  the  west 
slope. 

2.  Selinum  eryngiifolium  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  102.    1890. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  Yosemite  Valley,  California." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia. ^ 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  Hansen 
324,  in  part ;  east  descent  of  Mono  Pass,  Mono  County,  Bolander  5089  ; 
Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  13,  1895;  Cloud's 
Rest,  near  the  summit,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  12,  1889. 

Coville  and  Funston  1475,  collected  on  the  headwaters  of  the 
Kaweah  River,  Tulare  County,  at  2,750  m.,  is  referred  here  by  Coulter 
and  Rose  (I.e.,  p.  128). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra,  Nevada  of  California  279 


7.  EULOPHUS 

Petiole  broad  and  inflated 1.  E.  simplex 

Petiole  not  enlarged 2.  E.  Parish!! 

1.  Eulophus  simplex  Coult.  and  Rose,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  7, 

p.  112.    1900. 

fCarum  Gairdneri  var.  latifolium  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  344.    1867. 
Eulophus  Pringlei  var.  simplex  Coult.  and  Rose,  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell.,  p.  113. 
1888. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  County,  Cal." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  occurring  also  in  the  Arid  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Carson  City,  Nevada,  C.  L.  Anderson 
100;  Glen  Alpine  Tahoe,  McGregor  24;  same  locality,  Miss  Lathrop, 
July  19,  1909;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Alpine  County,  7-8,000  feet  (no  col- 
lector given)  ;  Ostrander's  meadows  above  Yosemite,  Bolander  5017; 
Kern  River  Caiion,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4503). 

2.  Eulophus  Parishii  Coult.  and  Rose,  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell.,  p. 

112.    1888. 
Pimpinella  Parishii  Coult.  and  Rose,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  12,  p.  157.     1887. 

Type  locality. — "Damp  meadows,  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet, 
E.  Mulliken  152;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21, 
1901;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  Countj^,  Culbertson  (B4450). 

8.  LIGUSTICUM 

1.  Ligusticum  apiifolium  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7, 
p.  347.    1867. 

L.  apiifolium  var.  minus  Gray,  in  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1, 

p.  264.    1876. 

L.  Grayi  Coult.  and  Rose,  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umbell,  p.  88.     1888. 
Cynapium  apiifolium  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  641.     1840. 

Type  locality. — "Plains  of  Oregon,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Wahlmet." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 


280  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1151 ;  about 
Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1490 ;  Mt.  Stanford 
(Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877;  Silver  Lake,  Amador 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  901;  same  locality,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulli- 
ken  149;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Brewer  2082; 
Ostrander's,  above  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  Bolander  6341;  Tioga  Eoad, 
Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  29,  1895;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County, 
R.  Hopping  79;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee, 
August  8,  1905. 

9.  PTERYXIA 

1.  Pteryxia  californica  Coult.  and  Rose,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  7, 
p.  172.    1900. 

Type  locality. — "Sisson,  Siskiyou  County,  Cal." 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California  (southern  Oregon?) 
south  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tulare  County. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  985;  Cisco,  Bolan- 
der in  1872 ;  near  Castle  Peak,  Heller  7070 ;  Summit,  Kellogg ;  Heather 
Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  McGregor  183;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe, 
8,600  feet,  dry  sandy  places,  Smiley  97 ;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Alpine  County, 
dry  hills,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1988 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  dry 
gravel,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2681c ;  same  locality,  dry  rocky  ground, 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  706;  Cloud's  Rest,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Crescent  Lake, 
Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  14  (without  year)  ;  Collins' 
meadows,  Fresno  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  541 ;  Mineral 
King,  Coville  and  Funston  1392 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August  5,  1905;  Farewell  Gap,  10,600  feet,  Purpus  5255; 
same  locality,  10,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5664. 

The  two  specimens  last  cited  present  a  form  differing  from  the 
normal  by  broader  leaf  segments,  which  are  abruptly  acuminate  and 
mucronate,  and  by  reduced  size  of  the  whole  plant,  the  two  stations 
are  both  arctic-alpine  and  these  slight  changes  of  character  probably 
represent  the  reaction  of  the  species  to  the  alpine  habitat. 

10.  DRUDEOPHYTUM 

Sterile  rays  of  the  umbel  short  (about  %  inch  long)  and  stout;  fruit  small 

„ 1.  D.   dementis 

Sterile  rays  of  the  umbel  long  (about  %  inch  long)  and  slender;  fruit  larger 

„ 2.  D.  vestitum 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  281 

1.  Drudeophytum  dementis  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  14, 

p.  33.    1912. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  Mt.  Whitney,  Cal.,  alpine,  also  on  Kearsarge 
Pass." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Gravelly  plains  near  Mt.  Whitney,  11— 
13,000  feet,  Purpus  1479;  mountains  between  Soda  Creek  and  Little 
Kern  River,  7-9,000  feet,  Purpus  1769;  Volcano  meadows,  Hall  and 
Babcoek  5469;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B4353);  near  Whitney 
meadows  (now  called  Volcano  meadows),  Tulare  County,  2850  m., 
Coville  and  Funston  1628. 

2.  Drudeophytum  vestitum  (Wats.)  Coult.  and  Rose,  Contr.  Nat. 

Herb.,  vol.  7,  p.  83.    1900. 

Deweya  vestita  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  17,  p.  374.     188E. 
Arracaoia  vestita  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22,  p.  415.     1887. 
Velaea  vestita    (Wats.)    Coult.   and  Kose,  Eev.   N.   Am.   Umbell.,   p.    122. 
1888. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Mount  Baldy,  near  San  Bernardino, 
California." 

Range. — Mountains  of  southern  California  and  extending  north 
into  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  of  Mt.  Baldy,  San  Bernardino 
Mountains,  Parish  brothers  598 ;  Mt.  San  Antonio,  9,000  feet,  Abrams 
1934;  Long  meadow,  Tulare  County,  2,400-2,700  m.,  Palmer  193. 

Palmer's  collection  is  not  typical  and  perhaps  future  collections 
'will  show  that  true  D.  vestitum  is  restricted  to  the  mountains  south 
of  our  limits,  and  that  D.  dementis  is  our  single  representative  of  the 
genus. 

11.  PODISTEEA 

1.  Podistera  nevadensis  (Gray)  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  22, 

p.  475.     1887. 
Cymopterus  (?)  nevadensis  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Aead.,  vol.   6,  p.  536.     1865. 

Type  locality. — "At  and  near  the  summit  of  Mount  Dana,"  Cali- 
fornia. 

Range. — Mt.  Dana  and  vicinity. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  of  Mt.  Dana,  Brewer  1739,  2717; 
same  locality,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  foot  of  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon, 


282  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

August  27,  1895;  Mt.  Dana,  T.  Labouchere,  July,  1915;  Mt.  Dana, 
alpine  zone,  11,750-13,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3607;  summit  of 
Mt.  Warren,  Tuolumne  County,  Congdon,  August  21,  1894. 

12.  AULOSPERMUM 

1.  Aulospermum  cinerarium  (Gray)  Coult.  and  Rose,  Contr.  Nat. 
Herb.,  vol.  7,  p.  196.    1900. 

Cymopterus  cinerarius  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  535.     1866. 

Type  locality. — "In  volcanic  ashes,  on  dry  hills  in  the  high  Sierra 
Nevada,  at  Sonora  Pass,  and  above  Lake  Mono,  alt.  9-10,000  feet. ' ' 

Range. — East  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  the  Yosemite  region. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Dry  hill  at  Sonora  Pass,  10,100  feet,  Brewer 
1899;  top  of  volcanic  hill,  south  of  Mono  Lake,  9,000  feet  (Mono 
Craters),  Brewer  1825. 


44.  ERICACEAE  (HEATH  FAMILY) 

Corolla  none  1.  Allotropa 

Corolla  present. 

Corolla  polypetalous  or  nearly  so. 
Inflorescence  corymbose. 

Leaves  toothed,  green  on  both  sides;  stems  trailing,  scarcely  woody 

2.  Chimaphila 

Leaves  entire,  glaucous  beneath;  stems  erect,  woody 3.  Ledum 

Inflorescence  racemose. 

Ovary   1-celled;   colorless   saprophyte 4.  Pleuricospora 

Ovary  5-celled;  green  or  greenish  plants 5.  Pyrola 

Corolla  gamopetalous. 

Plants  with  green  leaves,  autotrophic. 

Ovary  inferior  6.  Vaccinium 

Ovary  superior. 

Fruit  a  drupe-like  berry 7.  Arctostaphylos 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Dehiscence  of  capsule  septicidal. 

Stamens  exserted  from  the  corolla;   leaves  with  persistent  decur- 

rent  woody  bases 8.  Phyllodoce 

Stamens  included;  leaves  without  persistent  woody  bases  9.  Kalmia 
Dehiscence  of  capsule  loculicidal. 

Leaves  flat,  larger  (1.3-2.6  inches  long),  petioled 10.  Leucothoe 

Leaves  carinate,  smaller  (%  inch  or  less  long),  sessile  ..11.  Cassiope 
Plants  without  green  leaves,  reddish  saprophytes 12.  Sarcodes 

1.  ALLOTROPA 

1.  Allotropa  virgata  T.  and  G.,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  pt.  5,  pp. 

80,  81.    1857. 

Type  locality. — "Cascade  Mountains  of  northern  Oregon." 
Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  Mountains.    Coast  Range  of 
northern  California  and  Oregon.    Olympic  Mountains. 
Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  283 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  in  1873 ;  near  Web- 
ber Lake,  Kennedy  and  Doten  145;  Lake  Tahoe  region,  9,000  feet, 
W.  D.  Bliss  1789;  King's  River  region,  8-9,000  feet,  R.  W.  Gibbs, 
August  20,  1898. 

2.  CHIMAPHILA 

Leaves  numerous  and  sharply  toothed 1.  C.  umbellata 

Leaves  fewer  and  merely  serrulate 2.  C.  Menziesii 

1.  Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Barton,  Veg.  Mat.  Med.  U.  S.,  vol.  1, 

p.  17,  t.  1.    1817. 

Pyrola  umbellata  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  396.    1753. 

Chimaphila  corymbosa  Pursh,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  300.     1814. 

Chimaphila  ocoidentalis  Eydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  29,  pt.  1,  p.  30.     1914. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae,  Asiae  et  Americae  septen- 
trionalis  sylvis. " 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  to  Georgia  along  the 
Appalachians ;  in  the  west  reaching  into  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  the  latter  rarely. 

Specimens  examined,. — Trail  over  moraine  south  of  Fallen  Leaf 
Lake  to  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  23,  1909;  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor  35. 

According  to  Wooton  and  Standley110  this  species  in  New  Mexico 
grows  in  "Deep  woods,  in  the  Canadian  and  Hudsonian  zones." 

2.  Chimaphila  Menziesii  (R.  Br.)   Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  317. 

1825. 
Pyrola  Menziesii  E.  Br.,  in  D.  Don,  Mem.  Wern.  Soc.,  vol.  5,  p.  245.     1824. 

Type  locailty. — "Habitat  in  Americae  ora  boreali-occidentali. " 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  occasionally  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Moraine  south  of  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe, 
7,200  feet,  Smiley  21;  Dougherty  Meadow,  Tulare  County,  in  forest, 
Dudley  1444 ;  Grant  Park,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1211. 

3.  LEDUM 

1.  Ledum  glandulosum  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  8,  p.  270. 
1843. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  central  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  on 
the  sides  of  mountains  which  close  up  Thornburg's  ravine." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  Wyoming.  Idaho  and 
east  Nevada. 


284  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Zone. — Canadian,  rarely  coming  down  along  streams  into  the 
Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Butterfly  Valley,  Plumas  County,  3,800  feet, 
(Transition?),  Hall  9274;  Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4503 ;  Hunter  Creek,  "Washoe  County,  Nevada,  6,000  feet, 
Kennedy  1898;  ridge  below  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  26, 
1900;  Gilmore  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Abrams  4855;  at  water's  edge, 
Lower  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  21,  1909 ;  same 
locality,  7,700  feet,  Smiley  31 ;  Castle  Peak,  by  a  small  lake,  8,300  feet, 
Smiley  474;  Carson  Spur,  Amador  County,  Hansen  794;  Mt.  Tallac, 
Dudley,  June  9,  1893;  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra  National  Forest,  7,000 
feet,  Abrams  4940;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller 
7046;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander;  head  of  Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet, 
Brewer  1763 ;  trail  from  Snow  Creek  to  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  by  a 
small  lake,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  676;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain, 
Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  597 ;  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno 
County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  599;  South  Lake,  Bishop  Creek,  Inyo 
County,  10,000  feet,  A.  Davidson  2650;  Southern  Sierras,  Brewer 
2831;  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and  Funston  1556; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4426);  Needles 
Ridge,  Lloyd  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Dudley  856 ;  Alta 
Peak  trail,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1253. 

This  is  the  most  characteristic  shrub  growing  about  lake  borders 
in  the  Canadian  zone  and  frequently  the  smaller  lakes  will  be  found 
nearly  surrounded  by  a  growth  of  Ledum. 


4.  PLEURICOSPORA 

1.  Pleuricospora  fimbriolata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  369. 
1868. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  or  near  the  Mariposa  Sequoia  gigant&a  Grove, ' ' 
California. 

Range. — California  to  Washington. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined.^— Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1877 ;  Big 
Trees,  Mariposa  County,  Bolander  4997;  near  Tar  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  2,770  m.,  in  an  Alies  magnifica  forest,  Hall,  5587. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  285 


5.  PYROLA 

Style  straight;  stigmas  with  deflexed  papillae. 

Style  longer  than  the  petals 1.  P.  secunda 

Style  shorter  than  the  petals 2.  P.  minor 

Style  curving  upward;  stigmas  with  erect  or  united  papillae. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  suborbicular,  dark  green  above 3.  P.  asarifolia 

Leaves  ovate  to  acute,  white  veined 4.  P.  picta 

Leaves  spatulate,  upper  surface  pale P.  picta  var.  Integra 


1.  Pyrola  secunda  L.,  Sp.  PI.,  p.  396.    1753. 

Bamischia  secunda  (L.)  Garcke,  Fl.  Deutsch.,  ed.  4,  p.  222.     1858. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  borealis  sylvis." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  from  the  subarctic  regions 
south  to  Maryland,  Michigan,  South  Dakota,  New  Mexico,  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Lemmon  in  1875;  high 
mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  283 ;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen  711;  slope  above  Gilmore  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet, 
Smiley  374;  between  Lake  Tahoe  and  Lake  Lucile,  7-8,000  feet,  Miss 
K.  A.  Chandler,  September,  1901;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County, 
Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1485;  Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200 
feet,  Smiley  423 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  22 ;  Tuolumne  Canon, 
Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  25,  1889;  Panther  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  Dudley  1250. 

2.  Pyrola  minor  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  396.    1753. 

Erxlebenia  minor  (L.)  Eydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  29,  pt.  1,  p.  28.     1914. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europa  frigidiore." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  from  the  subarctic  regions 
south  to  Maritime  Provinces  of  Canada,  northern  New  England,  Mich- 
igan, Minnesota,  Colorado,  and  California  (?). 

Zone. — Canadian. 

No  collections  from  the  Sierra  referable  to  this  species  have  been 
seen  by  me  and  it  is  here  included  only  because  it  is  reported89  to  have 
been  collected  in  the  high  mountains  of  Tulare  County  (near  East 
Lake,  Miss  K.  E.  Wilson)  and  is  also  said101  to  be  growing  in  Little 
Yosemite  Valley. 


286  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

3.  Pyrola  asarifolia  var.  incarnata  Fernald,  Rhodora,  vol.  6,  p. 

178.    1904. 

P.  rotundifolia  var.  bracteata  Gray,  in  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol. 

1,  p.  460.     1876. 

P.  rotundifolia  var.  incarnata  DC.,  Prodr.,  vol.  7,  p.  773.     1839. 
P.  incarnata  Fiseh.,  in  DC.,  Prodr.,  I.e.,  as  synonym, 
P.  uliginosa  T.  and  G.,  in  Torr.,  Fl.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  453.     1843. 

Type  locality. — "In  Daliuria. " 

Range. — Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Alaska,  south  to  northern  New 
England  and  New  York,  Great  Lakes,  northern  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss 
Lathrop,  July  12,  1909;  near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,700  feet,  Smiley 
275;  Glen  Alpine  Creek,  6,400  feet,  Hall  8800;  Lucile  trail,  Tahoe, 
Miss  K.  A.  Chandler,  September  8,  1901 ;  near  Whitney  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  1895. 

4.  Pyrola  picta  Smith,  in  Rees,  Cycl.,  vol.  29,  no.  8.    1814. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Found  on  the  west  coast  of  North  America. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana,  south  to  California  and 
New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  712 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor  36 ;  trail  over 
moraine  to  Angora  Lakes,  Tahoe,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  30 ;  near  Lake  of 
the  Woods,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  September  1,  1894;  Nevada  County,  7,000 
feet,  A.  M.  Carpenter,  August-September  1893 ;  about  Marlette  Lake, 
east  of  Lake  Tahoe,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1481 ;  east  slope  of  Rubicon  Peak, 
Tahoe,  7,300  feet,  Smiley  400. 

4a.  Pyrola  picta  var.  Integra  (Gray)   Piper,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb., 
vol.  11,  p.  434.    1906. 

P.  dentata  var.  Integra  Gray,  in  Cooper,  Pac.  E.B.  Kep.  vol.  12,  pt.  2,  p.  54. 
1860. 

P.  pallida  Greene,  Pitt.,  voL  4,  p.  39.     1899. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  high  wooded  hills,  east  of  Mount  Adams. ' ' 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  King's  River 
region,  California,  and  east  to  Montana. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Angora  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop, 
July  21,  1909;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  130;  near 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  287 

Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,300  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4654;  Cascade 
Lake,  Tahoe,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895;  Cascade  Mountains,  Tahoe, 
Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Redwood  meadow,  Mineral  King, 
Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5380. 

Pyrola  aphylla  Smith  (in  Rees,  Cycl.,  vol.  29,  no.  7.  1814),  a 
common  Transition  species,  rarely  is  found  along  our  lower  borders 
(Aspen  Valley,  Yosemite,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  909. 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray,  a  typical  member  of  the  glacial  flora, 
and  in  North  America  ranging  from  the  subarctic  region  south  to  the 
Middle  Atlantic  States,  Minnesota,  New  Mexico,  and  on  the  west  coast 
in  typical  form  to  Oregon,  is  present  on  Mt.  Shasta  in  the  var. 
reticulata  (Nutt.)  S.  F.  Blake  (Rhodora,  vol.  17,  p.  29.  1915),  but  is 
not  known  from  the*  Sierra  Nevada. 

6.  VACCINIUM 

Corolla  usually  4-lobed;  leaves  lanceolate 1.  V.  occidentals 

Corolla  usually  5-lobed;  leaves  obovate,  cuneate 2.  V.  caespitosum 

1.  Vaccinium  occidentale  Gray,  in  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif. 

vol.  1,  p.  451.    1876. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  or  7,000  feet,  from  Mari- 
posa  to  Sierra  Co. ' ' 

Range. — Washington  to  Wyoming  and  southward  to  California  and 
Utah. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin ;  Sierra  Valley, 
Lemmon;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9919;  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake, 
Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  Abrams  4805;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Mc- 
Gregor 213 ;  Mono  trail,  Yosemite,  Bolander  6299 ;  Tuolumne  meadows, 
Yosemite,  Miss  K.  D.  Jones  539 ;  Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700 
feet,  Hall  9326 ;  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra  National  Forest,  Abrams  4944 ; 
Upper  Green  Meadow,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2253 ;  Moraine  Lake, 
Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  Dudley  2180;  Tuolumne  meadows,  pros- 
trate on  exposed  ledges  by  the  river,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2663c. 

2.  Vaccinium  caespitosum  Michx.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  234.    1803. 

V.  caespitosum  var.   cuneifolium  Nutt.,  in  Gray,   Syn.  Fl.,  vol.   2,   pt.   1, 

p.  24.     1878. 
V.  caespitosum  var.  arbuscula  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  24.     1878. 

Type  locality. — "In  borealibus  Americae,  praesertim  circa  sinum 
Jiudsonis. ' ' 


288  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Subarctic  America  from  Alaska  to  Labrador,  south  to  New 
England,  Great  Lakes,  Colorado,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876 ;  Long 
Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet,  Hall  9327 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet, 
W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900 ;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  McGregor 
142 ;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  forming  mats,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  79 ; 
Castle  Peak,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  485 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  Abrams  4860 ; 
Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  E.  A.  Ware  2617c ;  same  locality,  H.  M.  Evans, 
July,  1901;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  9, 
1890 ;  near  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  above  timber  line,  Coville 
and  Funston  1552;  Eagle  Lake,  alpine  zone,  Tulare  County,  10,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  9327 ;  Arroyo-Kern  Divide,  Tulare  County, 
Dudley  2432. 

This  is  the  common  blueberry  of  the  high  mountains,  often  forming 
extensive  dwarf  thickets  in  the  wet  meadows.  The  abundant  collec- 
tions now  available  for  comparison  show  that  the  varieties  distin- 
guished in  the  Synoptical  Flora  are  impossible  of  maintenance,  ovate 
and  obovate  leaves  occurring  upon  the  same  plants. 

7.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 

1.  Arctostaphylos  nevadensis  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  27. 

1878. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada,  California,  common  at  8-10,000 
feet." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  in  the  Cascades  and  Sierra  Nevada  from 
Washington  to  the  King's  River  region.  Also  in  the  North  Coast 
Ranges  (Lake  County). 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Dormer  Lake,  Dudley,  June,  1900;  above 
Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7041;  Pedlar,  Amador 
County,  6,500  feet,  Hansen  1924;  slope  above  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe, 
8,600  feet,  Smiley  280;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,000  feet,  Abrams  4837; 
Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  W.  W.  Price,  July  12,  1898;  Bald  Mountain, 
Dinkey  Creek,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  414. 

Arctostaphylos  patula  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  171.  1891),  dis- 
tinguished from  the  above  species  by  the  larger  leaves  being  very 
obtuse  or  almost  orbicular  as  contrasted  with  the  sharply  pointed 
leaves  of  A.  nevadensis,  is  primarily  of  the  Transition  zone,  but  not 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  289 

rarely  met  with  along  our  lower  borders  (Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera 
County,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  556). 

8.  PHYLLODOCE 

1.  Phyllodoce  Breweri  (Gray)  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  1.    1900. 
Brycmthus  Breweri  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Aead.,  vol.  7,  p.  367.     1867. 

Type  locality. — "High  Sierras  of  California,  alt.  10,000  feet;  on 
Wood's  Peak  Eldorado  Co.,  Prof.  Brewer;  near  Dormer's  Pass,  Prof. 
Torrey." 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada  to  Mt.  San  Gorgonio,  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  southern 
California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian,  less  often  in  the  Canadian ;  rarely  as  an  alpine 
dwarf. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Summit  Station,  Heller  6979 ;  high 
mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  287;  Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe, 
McGregor  86 ;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909 ;  shores 
of  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  175 ;  Carson  Spur,  Amador 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  796 ;  near  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and 
Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901;  Fallen  Leaf  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  8,000  feet, 
Abrams  48*20;  Wood's  Peak,  Eldorado  County,  Brewer  2123  at  10,000 
feet;  Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1676;  high  Sierras 
along  streamlets,  10,000  feet,  Bolander  6300;  Dog  Lake,  Tuolumne 
meadows,  9,300  feet,  Smiley  840;  Cloud's  Rest,  9,900  feet,  Smiley  518; 
Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  699;  Lambert's  Dome, 
Yosemite,  9,400  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2648c;  Cloud's  Rest,  10,000  feet, 
A.  Gray  in  1872;  Hockett's  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson 
(B  4499)  ;  rocky  slopes  near  Little  Kern  River,  9,500-11,000  feet, 
Purpus  5162;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B  4354)  ;  base  of  Mt.  Whit- 
ney, 12,000  feet,  Rothrock  401 ;  Lake  meadows,  Kaweah  Peaks,  Tulare 
County,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2125;  near  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County, 
Dudley  1525. 

9.  KALMIA 

1.  Kalmia  polifolia  Wang.  var.  microphylla  Rehder,  in  Bailey, 
Cycl.  Hort,  vol.  2,  p.  854.     1900. 

K.  glauca  var.  micropJiylla  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  41.     1834. 
K.  microphylla  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  581.     1898. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Swamps  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. ' ' 
Range. — Alaska  and  Yukon  south  to  California  and  Colorado. 
-     Zone. — Hudsonian. 


290  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Long  Lake,  Plumas  County,  6,700  feet,  Hall 
9325 ;  Webber  Peak,  Lemmon ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,000  feet,  W.  S.  Atkin- 
son in  1900 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Abrams  4865 ;  Suzy  Lake 
Basin,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  156 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet, 
Smiley  72 ;  Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  83 ;  Lucile 
Crest,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4661 ;  Tuolumne  meadows, 
Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11-12,000 
feet,  Brewer  1747 ;  Cathedral  Peak,  Yosemite,  west  side,  9,000  feet, 
Smiley  873 ;  Elizabeth  Lake  meadow,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  802 ; 
Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  620;  Upper  Green 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley  2252;  woods  west  of 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  Dudley  1916;  Mountain 
Lake  shores,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley  946;  slope  of  Black 
Peak,  Kaweah  Peaks,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2124 ;  White 
Chief  Mine,  near  Mineral  King,  alpine  zone,  Hall  and  Babcock  5651. 


10.  LEUCOTHOE 

1.  Leucothoe  Davisiae  Torr.,  in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7, 
p.  400.    1867. 

Leucothoe  Cusickii  M.  E.  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  11,  p.  1.     1903. 
Oreocallis  Davisiae  (Torr.)   Small,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  29,  pt.  1,  p.  58.     1914. 

Type  locality. — " Nevada  Co.,  near  Eureka,  California." 

Range. — Siskiyou  Mountains  and  North  Coast  Ranges,  and  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  south  to  Fresno  County. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876 ;  Frog 
Lake  on  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  C.  F.  Sonne,  July,  1887;  Castle 
Peak,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  475;  vicinity  of  Sequoia  and  Hazel  Green, 
6,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3404;  Signal  Peak,  Mariposa  County, 
Congdon,  September  16,  1883 ;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County, 
7,600  feet,  Smiley  558;  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra  National  Forest,  7,000 
feet,  Abrams  4939;  between  Northfork  and  Forest  Headquarters, 
Madera  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  July,  1914. 


1921]          Smiley:  Fiord  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  291 

11.  CASSIOPE 

1.  Cassiope  Mertensiana  (Bong.)  G.  Don,  Hist.  Dichl.  PL,  vol.  3, 
p.  829.    1834. 

Andromeda  Mertensiana  Bong.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Peter sb.,  VI,  vol.  2,  p.  152. 

1832. 

Andromeda  cupressina  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  38.     1834. 
Cassiope  Mertensiana  gracilis  Piper,  Smithson.  Mise.  Coll.,  vol.  50,  p.  195. 

1907. 

Cassiope  Mertensiana  ciliolata  Piper,  I.e.,  p.  196. 
Cassiope  Mertensiana  californica  Piper,  I.e.,  p.  196. 

Type  locality. — Sitka. 

Range. — Alaska  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada  along  the  coast 
mountains,  and  in  the  Selkirks  and  northern  Rockies  to  Montana. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7131; 
Castle  Peak,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  477;  Heather  Lake  and  Desolation 
Valley,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June,  1900;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet, 
Abrams  4863 ;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  82 ;  rocky 
slope  above  Coldstream,  Placer  County,  8,000  feet,  C.  F.  Sonne, 
August,  1896 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,500  feet,  G.  Schrader, 
July,  1910;  Mt.  Lyell,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3578;  near 
Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Dana  Creek, 
Yosemite,  9,600  feet,  Smiley  847 ;  Dog  Lake,  Tuolumne  meadows, 
9,240  feet,  Smiley  841 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Bolander  6019 ;  foot  of  Mt.  Dana, 
Congdon,  August  10,  1898;  east  base  of  Mt.  Brewer,  10,000  feet, 
Brewer  2805. 

The  range  as  given,  extending  to  the  southern  Sierra,  is  based  upon 
the  last  station  cited ;  this  may  be  incorrect  since  this  species  is  other- 
wise unknown  south  of  the  Yosemite  district.  It  is  not  improbable 
that  there  has  been  an  error  made  in  writing  the  name  of  the  station. 

12.  SARCODES 

1.  Sarcodes  sanguinea  Torr.,  PI.  Frem.,  p.  18.    1853. 

Type  locality. — "Valley  of  the  Sacramento;  the  precise  locality 
not  recorded,  but  probably  on  the  Yuba  River. ' ' 

Range. — California  and  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet, 
E.  Mulliken  117 ;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen 
245;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909;  Cloud's  Rest 
trail,  Yosemite,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  506. 


292  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


45.  PRIMULACEAE  (PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

Corolla  lobes  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  included. 

Corolla  small  and  white,  contracted  at  the  throat;  dwarf  annual  ..1.  Androsace 
Corolla  larger  (}&-%  inch  long),  red-purple,  funnel  form;  perennial  2.  Primula 

Corolla  lobes  reflexed;  stamens  exserted 3.  Dodecatheon 

1.  ANDROSACE 

1.  Androsace  septentrionalis  var.  subulifera  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol. 
2,  pt.  1,  p.  60.    1878. 

Type  locality. — "Rocky  Mountains  near  Boulder  City,  Colorado, 
H.  G.  French.  San  Bernardino  County,  California,  Parry  and  Leni- 
mon." 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  in  saddle,  11,600  feet,  W.  L. 
Jepson  3306. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Jepson,  I  was  able  to  examine  this 
interesting  collection,  the  first  of  the  species  (and  also  of  the  genus) 
so  far  made  within  our  limits.  It  had  before  been  collected  in  Califor- 
nia in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  in  the  White  Mountains  of 
Inyo  County  (Shockley  452  at  13,000  feet). 

2.  PEIMULA 

1.  Primula  suffrutescens  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  37. 
1867. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada,  on  Silver  Mountain,  alt.  10,500 
feet,  near  the  snow.  Brewer." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1878  ^  Castle 
Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller  7096 ;  same  locality,  Pringle,  Sep- 
tember 23,  1882 ;  Cloud's  Rest,  10,000  feet,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ;  Mt.  Dana, 
H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  12,200  feet,  Smiley 
781;  Denel's  Peak,  Upper  Kern  River,  10,500-12,800  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5509;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B  4524)  ;  Kaiser  Peak, 
Fresno  County,  10,200  feet,  Smiley  645 ;  Whitney  meadows,  above 
timber  line  on  mountains  north  of  meadows,  Coville  and  Funston  1663  ; 
Sawtooth  Peak,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5677 ; 
Black  Peak,  Kaweah  Peaks,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2128 ; 
near  top  of  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Dudley  1538 ;  Fish- 
erman's Peak  (Old  Mt.  Whitney),  13,000  feet,  Cowles  419;  rocks  on 
slope  of  Mt.  Kaweah,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2106. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  293 


3.  DODECATHEON 

Inflorescence  and  base  of  the  style  glandular-pubescent;   usually  10-24  inches 
high,  with  leaves  oblanceolate,  2-15  inches  long,  %-2.5  inches  broad,  entire 

(rarely  dentate) ;  capsule  included  or  equalling  the  sepals 1.  D.  Jeffrey! 

Infloresence  and  base  of  the  style  not  glandular-pubescent;  capsules  exserted. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  2-6  inches  long,  %-%  inch  broad  and  very 

smooth  2.  D.   alpinum 

Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  broader  than  in  No.  2,  but  about  as  long 

....3.   D.   tetrandrum 


1.  Dodecatheon  Jeffrey!  Van  Houte,  Fl.  des  serres,  vol.  16,  p.  90. 
1865-67. 

D.  crenatum  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  2,  p.  74.     1890. 
D.  viviparum  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  38.     1895. 

Type  locality. — "Montagnes-Rocheuses,"  but  the  description 
drawn  from  a  cultivated  strain. 

Range. — British  Columbia  through  Idaho  and  Washington  to 
southern  Sierra  Nevada.  Mountains  of  southern  California.  White 
Mountains,  Inyo  County. 

Zone. — Transition  and  sporadically  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Yosemite,  J.  M.  Hutchings;  Peregoy's, 
above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Camp  Whiskers  on  Shuteye  Pass, 
6,000  feet,  Abrams  4933;  Mt.  Raymond,  Madera  County,  meadow  at 
7,800  feet,  Smiley  531;  Bonita  meadow,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5172 ;  south  side  of  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County, 
9,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5398. 

la.  Dodecatheon  Jeffrey!  var.  redolens  Hall,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  31, 
p.  392.    1901. 

Type  locality. — "Along  the  lakes  at  the  base  of  Mt.  Goddard, 
3,400  m." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Foot  of  Mt.  Goddard,  alpine  zone,  Hall  and 
Chandler  676;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B4531);  mountains  along 
Little  Kern  River,  wet  places,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5246 ;  Mt.  Whit- 
ney, above  Langley's  Camp,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5543. 

This  variety  is  technically  distinguished  by  the  corolla  lobes  not 
being  closely  reflexed  and  hence  concealing  the  bases  of  the  anthers, 
which  in  the  typical  form  are  exposed. 


294  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Ib.  Dodecatheon  Jeffrey!  f.  pygmaeum  Hall,  Univ.  Calif.  Publ. 
Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  203.     1912. 

Type  locality. — "Wet  soil  on  Pyramid  Peak,  Eldorado  County, 
California,  at  an  altitude  of  2,740  m." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 4739 ;  same  locality,  east  side  at  9,800  feet,  Smiley  86 ;  above 
Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Suzy  Lake, 
Tahoe,  7,950  feet,  McGregor  47  in  part;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  at  tim- 
ber line,  10,400  feet,  Smiley  768;  Elizabeth  Lake  meadow,  Yosemite, 
9,800  feet,  Smiley  793;  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3486;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County, 
11-12,000,  Purpus  5239  in  part. 

This  is  simply  the  dwarfed  alpine  state  of  the  species  usually  seen 
near  or  above  timber  line  but  the  same  nanism  may  be  developed  at 
much  lower  altitudes  when  the  plant  is  subjected  to  difficult  life  con- 
ditions. 

2.  Dodecatheon  alpinum  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  39.     1895. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Common  along  boggy  margins  of  sub-alpine  lakes 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  more  especially  from  Donner  Lake 
southward. ' ' 

Range. — Northeast  Oregon  (Wallowa  Mountains)  southward 
through  the  mountains  of  northern  California,  through  the  Sierra  to 
the  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Independence  Lake,  Sierra  County,  C.  F. 
Sonne,  June  26,  1893 ;  Carson  Spur,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  722 ;  bogs  near 
Donner  Lake,  Brandegee,  July,  1889;  Mt.  Tallac,  W.  C.  Blasdale, 
July,  1897;  Dog  Lake  marsh,  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,240  feet,  Smiley 
842;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  620;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  R.  A. 
Ware  2671c;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  Purpus 
5183. 

2a.  Dodecatheon  alpinum  f.  nanum  Hall,  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot., 

vol.  4,  p.  205.    1912. 

Type  locality. — "Mount  Dana,  Mariposa  County,  California,  at 
3350  m.  alt." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  295 

Range. — Not  known  from  beyond  the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  probably 
co-extensive  with  the  range  of  the  species,  of  which  this  is  the  alpine 
dwarfed  form. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  but  occasionally  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  483 ;  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  on  meadow,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  69 ;  Mono  Pass,  wet  places 
at  10,765  feet,  Brewer  1717 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11-12,000  feet,  Brewer  1742 ; 
same  locality,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3618  (type)  ;  Mt.  Silli- 
man,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee. 

3.  Dodecatheon  tetrandrum  Suksdorf,  in  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3, 
p.  40.    1895. 

Type  locality. — Not  definitely  given. 

Range. — Washington  through  the  mountains  of  Oregon  to  the 
Siskiyous  and  southward  in  the  Sierra  to  Lake  Tahoe.  Warner  Moun- 
tains of  Modoc  County. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
Nevada,  Hall  and  Chandler  4591. 


46.  GENTIAN  ACE  AE   (GENTIAN  FAMILY) 

Leaves   trifoliate;    plant  aquatic 1.  Menyanthes 

Leaves  simple,  entire;  plants  terrestrial. 

Corolla  not  glanduliferous  at  base,  funnel-form  or  campanulate;  leaves  oppo- 
site    2.   Geutiana 

Corolla  with  a  large  fringed  pit  or  gland  at  base  of  each  lobe  or  a  pair  of 
glands;  corolla  rotate. 

Style  very  short  or  none;  flowers  5-merous 3.  Sweertia 

Style  evident  (%  inch  or  longer);  flowers  4-merous 4.  Frasera 

1.  MENYANTHES 

1.  Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  145.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  paludibus." 

Range. — Holarctic  realm;  in  America  south  from  the  subarctic 
region  (Labrador- Alaska)  to  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  Great  Lakes, 
Iowa,  Colorado,  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  meadow  along 
the  trail,  C.  F.  Sonne,  July  19,  1885;  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet, 
Smiley  332 ;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  in  ponds, 
9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  732. 


296  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


2.  GENTIANA 

Perennials  with  calyx  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts. 

Flowers  solitary  and  terminal  on  the  short   (1-5  inch)    stem;   corolla  lobes 

acute   1.  G.   Newberryi 

Flowers  1-several  at  the  summit  of  the  longer  (4-18  inch)  stem;'  corolla  lobes 

rounded  2.  G.   calycosa 

Annuals  of  slender  habit,  with  the  calyx  naked. 

Plant  very  leafy  to  the  top  and  many  flowered;  flowers  %  inch  long 

: 3.  G.   amarella 

Plants  with  but  few  leaves  (2  or  3  pairs) ;  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  1  inch 

long. 

Stems  branching  at  base  and  leafy  below,  with  the  upper  and  longer  part 
scapose;    corolla   lobes    entire    or    rarely    erose-denticulate    about    the 

summit;  seeds  scabrid  with  minute  scales 4.  G.  holopetala 

Stems  always  simple  and  leafy  to  the  middle  or  above;  corolla  lobes  dentate 
at  summit;   seeds  smooth 5.  G.  simplex 

1.  Gentiana  Newberryi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  84. 

1876. 

Type  locality.—  '  Oregon  and  California,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
from  Crater  Pass  (NewTyerry]  to  Mariposa  County,  Bolander." 

Range. — Mt.  Whitney  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  northward  to 
the  mountains  of  Siskiyou  County  and.  southern  Oregon.  White 
Mountains  of  Inyo  County. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876; 
Webber  Lake,  Lemmon;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  707 ;  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  414;  near  Glacier 
Point,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  4,  1898;  Yosemite  trail  between 
Clark's  and  Westf all's  meadows,  Bolander  6360;  Lyell  Fork,  Tuol- 
umne  River,  9,000  feet,  E.  B.  Babcock,  August,  1915;  near  Glacier 
Point,  Miss  Jane  White,  September,  1902;  Eagle  Peak  meadows, 
Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  493 ;  Dana  Fork  meadows,  Yosemite, 
10,100  feet,  Smiley  860;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
1011 ;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,330  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R. 
Hall  8442;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus 
5198. 

2.  Gentiana  calycosa  Griseb.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  58, 

t.  146.    1838. 

G.  oalycosa  var.  stricta  Griseb.,  I.e. 

G.  Gormani  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  446.     1901. 

Pneumonanthe  calycosa  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  71.     1904. 

Type  locality. — ' '  At  Mount  Rainier,  on  the  northwest  coast. ' ' 
Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  Wyoming.    Colorado  ? 
Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  297 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  6,500  feet,  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin  in  1878;  Sierra  Nevada  above  Summit  Valley,  8,000  feet, 
Pringle,  September  21,  1882;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  Smiley 
366;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor  168;  Carson  Spur, 
Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  709 ;  mountains  west  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
Brandegee,  September,  1883;  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Dudley 
2613;  top  of  Monarch  Creek  trail,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet, 
Dudley  1594;  meadows  near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000 
feet,  Purpus  5228;  Little  Kern  River,  8,500  feet,  Culbertson  (B  4398)  ; 
Squaw  Valley,  Forest  Hill  Pass,  8,800  feet,  Brewer  2664. 

3.  Gentiana  amarella  L.  var.  acuta  (Michx.),  Herder,  Acta  Hort. 
Petrop.,  vol.  1,  p.  428.     1872. 

G.  acuta  Michx.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  177.     1803. 

G.  plebeja  Cham.,  in  Bunge,  Conspect.  Gen.  Gent.,  p.  54.     1824.* 

Type  locality. — "In  altis  montibus  Carolinae  et  in  Canada,  prope 
Tadoussack. ' ' 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  northern  New  England,  Min- 
nesota, North  Dakota,  New  Mexico,  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  6,500  feet,  Mrs.  Austin  in 
1878;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  746;  Tuolumne  River,  Bolander  in 
1866 ;  vicinity  of  Mineral  King,  7,800  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5646 ; 
Soda  Springs,  southern  Sierras,  Brewer  2848 ;  Whitney  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Purpus  1632. 

Wettsteinf  proposes  to  maintain  G.  acuta  Michx.  separate  from 
the  Old  World  species  and  to  consider  G.  pleleja  Cham,  as  a  subspecies 
with  a  range  confined  to  the  Cordilleran  section  of  North  America 
and  westward;  as  an  example  of  this  subspecies  he  cites  Bolander 
5045  from  the  Tuolumne  River.  I  have  not  seen  a  sheet  with  this 
number  upon  it,  but  assume  that  the  collection  by  Bolander  from 
the  Tuolumne  River  cited  above  is  of  the  same  collection  and  exam- 
ination fails  to  show  any  convincing  reason  for  contrasting  it  with  the 
other  specimens  of  var.  acuta  from  the  Sierra  or  of  the  north  and  east. 


*  Dr.  Greene,  in  Leaflets  vol.  1,  characterizes  the  f ollowing  synonyms :  aniso- 
sepala  (p.  53);  Macounii  (p.  54);  scopulorum  (p.  55);  Californica  (p.  54),  all 
in  1904. 

t  Die  nordamerikanischen  Arten  d.  Gattung  Gentiana,  sect.  Endotr. ;  Oestr. 
Bot.  Zeitschrift,  vol.  50,  p.  195.  1900. 


298  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         LV°L-  9 

4.  Gentiana  holopetala  (Gray.)  Holm,  Ottawa  Nat.,  vol.  15,  p.  110. 

1901. 

G.  serrata  Gunner,  var.  holopetala,  Gray,  in  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  1,  p.  481.     1876. 

Type  locality. — "Wet  ground,  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada:  Soda  Springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  at  8,600  feet  (a  pygmy  form, 
only  2  to  5  inches  high,  with  leaves  merely  4  or  5  lines  long  and  crowded 
towards  the  base),  to  Mariposa  Co.  above  the  Yosemite  (much  larger, 
a  span  high  or  more,  Bolander." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  region  southward  to 
Tulare  County. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  8,600  feet, 
Bolander  2847;  Ostrander's,  above  Yosemite,  7-8,000  feet,  Bolander 
6359 ;  trail  to  Cloud's  Rest,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  505 ;  Tuolumne  meadows 
near  the  river  (tip  of  petals  erose),  8,500  feet,  Smiley  832 ;  South  Fork 
of  the  San  Joaquin,  7,650  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  630;  Nellie  Lake, 
Fresno  County,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  612 ;  meadow  on  Shuteye  Mountain, 
Madera  County,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  555;  Natural  Bridge  meadow, 
Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4260)  ;  Funston's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  Dudley  2181 ;  near  Farewell  Gap,  Dudley 
2599,  1141 ;  South  Fork  of  Kern  River,  9,800  feet,  Rothrock  381,  313 
at  10,000  feet. 

The  petals  of  this  species  are  not  always  truly  entire,  but  they 
are  never  deeply  incised  as  in  G.  elegans  A.  Nels.  of  the  Rockies  of 
Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

5.  Gentiana  simplex  Gray,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  p.  87, 1. 16.    1857. 

Type  locdltiy. — "Upper  Klamath  Lake/'  California. 

Range. — Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  south  through  the  Mt/  Shasta 
region  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California. 
Southern  Idaho. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  of  Mt.  Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs. 
Austin  in  1880 ;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  727 ;  Summit  Valley,  Sierra 
County,  7,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene  385;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hanseii  708;  Angora  Lakes,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  McGregor 
210;  Squaw  Valley  trail,  Placer  County,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  2153; 
Converse  Basin,  Fresno  County,  Dudley,  August  18,  1904;  Mt.  Ray- 
mond, Madera  County,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  530;  Nellie  Lake  meadow, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  299 

Fresno  County,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  597;  Halsted  meadow,  region  of 
Mt.  Silliman,  Dudley  1461 ;  basin  of  Upper  Kern  River,  Tulare 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5633 ;  wet  meadows  near  Soda 
Creek,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5214. 

3.  SWEERTIA 

1.  Sweertia  perennis  L.  var.  obtusa  (Ledeb.)   Griseb.,  in  Hook., 
Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  66.     1838. 

S.  obtusa  Ledeb.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.,  vol.  5,  p.  526.     1812. 
S.  Covillei  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  77.     1904. 
S.  palustris  A.  Nels.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  227.     1901. 
S.  congesta  A.  Nels.  I.e. 

Type  locality.— "N.W.  Coast." 

Range. — Alaska  southward  through  the  mountains  of  British 
Columbia  and  Idaho  to  Oregon  and  California ;  in  the  Rockies  to  New 
Mexico.  Washington  ? 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5492 ;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Cul- 
bertson  (B4553);  same  locality,  10,350  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R,  Hall 
8449;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  H.  M.  and 
G.  R,  Hall  8473. 

Our  Sierran  material,  and  also  the  collections  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  seen  by  me,  agree  excellently  with  European  specimens 
and  also  with  the  plate  in  Fl.  Danica  (t.  2047)  save  in  the  broader, 
more  obtuse  petals  and  the  radical  leaves  more  obtuse,  differences 
which  seem  to  be  distinctly  of  varietal  rank. 

4.  FRASERA 

Glands  in  pairs  on  each  petal 1.  F.  speciosa 

Glands  single  on  each  petal 2.  F.  tubulosa 

1.  Frasera  speciosa  Dougl.,  Griseb.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2, 
p.  66.    1838. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  low  hills  near  Spokane  and  Salmon  Rivers 
and  subalpine  parts  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  near  the  Kooskooka 
River." 

Range. — Eastern  Washington  to  Wyoming  and  south  to  California 
and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 


300  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Faith  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  595 ;  Charity  Valley,  Alpine  County,  G.  Hansen  in  1892 ;  soda 
springs  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  Yosemite,  Brewer  1703,  6361 ;  South 
Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  716. 

2.  Frasera  tubulosa  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  7,  p.  71. 
1892. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  dry  soil  under  Pinus  Jeffreyi  in  the  northeast 
corner  of  the  enclosure  at  Soda  Springs,  on  the  north  fork  of  Kern 
River,  Sierra  Nevada,  Tulare  County,  California. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  type  locality,  6,300  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5412 ;  Mt.  Olancha,  open  forest  of  P.  J&ffreyi,  8,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5271;  Kern  River,  Culbertson  (B  4329). 


47.  APOCYNACEAE   (DOGBANE  FAMILY) 

Corolla  funnel  form,  %-%  inch  long,  rose-purple;  style  long  filiform;  leaves 
long  petioled 1.  Cycladenia 

Corolla  campanulate,  ^-^  inch  long;  pink  or  nearly  white;  style  wanting; 
leaves  short  petioled 2.  Apocynum 

1.  CYCLADENIA 

1.  Cycladenia  hmnilis  Benth.,  PL  Hartw.,  p.  323.     1850. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  montibus  Sacramento. ' ' 

Range. — Inner  side  of  the  North  Coast  Ranges,  about  Mt.  Shasta, 
and  in  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Dyer,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin,  July,  1879. 

The  var.  tomentosa  Gray  (Syn.  FL,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  suppl.,  £.  400, 
1886),  present  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  and  Transition  life-zones,  has 
a  range  extending  across  the  Great  Basin  into  southern  Utah. 

2.  APOCYNUM 

1.  Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  var.  pumilum  Gray,  Syn.  Fl., 
vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  83.     1878. 

A.  cardiophyllum  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  79.     1904. 

A.  Mcolor  McGregor,  Bull.  Torr.,  Bot.  Club,  vol.  37,  p.  261.     1910. 

Type  locality. — Not  precisely  given. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  just  entering  the  Canadian. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  301 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7050;  Mt.  Tallac,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  247;  hillside  at  Soda 
Springs,  Nevada  County,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  454 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador 
County,  Hansen  969;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  Congdon;  Hockett's 
Meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4472). 

48.  POLEMONIACEAE   (PHLOX  FAMILY) 

Leaves  simple,  not  pinnate,  though  often  finely  cut  or  lobed;  calyx  at  length 

ruptured  by  the  maturing  capsule. 
Stamens  very  unequally   inserted;    corolla   strictly   salverform   with   narrow 

throat;  leaves  entire  and  opposite 1.  Phlox 

Stamens  nearly  equally  inserted;   corolla  funnel-form  with  limb  inclined 

2.  Gilia 

Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  many  leaflets;  calyx  distended  but  not  ruptured 
by  the  maturing  capsule 3.  Polemonium 

1.  PHLOX 

Calyx  glandular;  leaves  less  than  %  inch  long 1.  P.  caespitosa 

Calyx  not  glandular;  leaves  ^-^  inch  long 2.  P.  Douglasii  var.  diffusa 

1.  Phlox  caespitosa  var.  muscoides  (Nutt.)  Brand,  Helios,  vol.  22, 

p.  78.    1905. 

P.  muscoides  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  vol.  7,  p.  42.     1834. 
P.  dejecta  A.  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  19,  p.  37. 
1906. 

Type  locality. — "In  alpine  situations  at  the  sources  of  the  Mis- 
souri." 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  and  northwestern  Wyoming 
across  the  Great  Basin  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet,  Heller  9869;  Silver 
Mountain,  forms  dense  tufts  on  dry  summit  of  the  mountain  at  11,000 
feet,  Brewer  2699;  Mt.  Dana,  Hall  and  Babcock  3612;  near  Mt. 
Whitney,  above  timber  line,  V.  Bailey  (Death  Valley  2072)  ;  Olancha 
Mountain,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5228. 

2.  Phlox  Douglasii  var.  diffusa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  8, 

p.  254.    1870. 

P.  diffusa  Benth.,  PI.  Hartw.,  p.  325.     1849. 

Type  locality. — "In  locis  siccis  saxosis  prope  Bear  Valley  in 
montibus  Sacramento." 

Range. — British  Columbia  south  through  Idaho,  Washington,  and 
Oregon  to  the  mountains  of  northern  California  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 


302  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Black  Butte,  Sierra  Buttes,  Kattan  37 ; 
Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4510 ;  high 
mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  in  1865;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet, 
Heller  9910a;  Pyramid  Peak,  8-10,000  feet,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900; 
Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,700  feet,  sandy  slopes,  Smiley  47 ;  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  -Tahoe,  7,850  feet,  McGregor  41 ;  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  9,000  feet, 
Abrams  4839 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  499 ; 
Mono  Pass,  at  7,000  feet  and  upwards,  Brewer  1719;  summits  near 
Carson  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  2117;  Sentinel  Dome,  Yosemite, 
Dudley,  June  11,  1894 ;  Tioga  Road,  Yosemite,  dry  gravel,  9,000  feet, 
R,  A.  Ware  2611c;  Mt.  Dana,  10,400  feet,  Smiley  716;  Mt.  Gibbs, 
10,200  feet,  Smiley  766 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chand- 
ler 703;  Mt.  Lyell,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3566;  region  of 
Dinkey  Creek,  Fresno  County,  8,900  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  376; 
Mt.  Raymond,  Madera  County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  549. 

Our  form  appears  to  be  all  of  the  variety ;  the  species  occurs  in  the 
Arid  Transition  and  Upper  Sonoran  to  the  north  and  east  of  the 
Sierra  and  perhaps  in  the  foothills  of  the  range  (compare  Miss  C.  E. 
Cummings,  May  5,  1896,  collected  at  Raymond  (Madera  County?), 
900  feet). 

No  collections  of  var.  diffusa  have  been  seen  by  me  from  the  moun- 
tains south  of  Fresno  County,  but  Miss  Eastwood  reports  P.  Douglasii 
from  Bullfrog  Lake,  in  the  high  mountains  of  Tulare  County;  it  is 
probable  that  it  is  similar  to  the  forms  here  referred  to  the  variety. 

2.  GILIA 

Upper  leaves  alternate. 
Small  annuals. 

Leaves  mostly  entire,  the  upper  cauline  reduced  or  bractlike. 

Flowers  large   (%-%  inch  long),  on  slender  naked  pedicels,  the  corolla 

dark  purple  1.  G.  leptalea 

Flowers  small  (%-%  inch  long),  on  short  pedicels;  corolla  white  or^rarely 

colored  2.  G.  capillaris 

Woody  biennials  or  perennials. 

Plants    tall    (1-4    feet),    biennial:    leaves   deeply   pinnatifid:    inflorescence 

thyrsoid-paniculate,  the  flowers  red  or  yellow 3.  G.  aggregata 

Plants  very  depressed  and  mat-like. 

Perennial   with   leaves  palmately   deeply   parted,   the   divisions   acerose; 

flowers  solitary,  white  or  pinkish 4.  G.  pungens 

Biennial   with   leaves   palmately  parted,   the    divisions   short   ovate   and 

mucronate;  flowers  in  dense  glomerate  cymes 5.  G.  congesta 

Leaves  all  opposite  or  apparently  whorled. 

Annuals  with  stems  simple  above;  flowers  purple. 

Cells  of  ovary  several-many  ovuled;    stems  becoming  10-15   inches  high; 
leaves   divided   into   5-7   acerose   rigid    divisions;    bracts   similar   and 

hispid  6.  G.  ciliata 

Cell  of  ovary  1-ovuled;  stems  much  shorter,  rarely  attaining  5  inches;  outer 

bracts  oblanceolate 7.  G.  tularensis 

Perennial  plants  with  many  stems  rising  from  the  base;  flowers  white 

....8.  G.  Nuttallii 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  303 

1.  Gilia  leptalea  (Gray)  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  4,  p.  58.    1896. 

Collomia  leptalea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Aead.,  vol.  8,  p.  261.     1870. 

Type  locality. — "California,  in  the  Sierra  and  foothills,  from 
Plumas  to  Mariposa  County. ' ' 

Range. — California  and  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and,  as  a  depauperate,  in  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Hills  above  Red  Clover  Valley,  Plumas 
County,  Heller  and  Kennedy  8710 ;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller 
6868;  Tallac,  Tahoe,  6,300  feet,  Smiley  135;  Glen  Alpine,  W.  A. 
Setchell,  July  14,  1901;  Camp  Agassiz,  near  Glen  Alpine,  Dudley, 
June  28,  1900 ;  near  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ; 
between  Lake  Tenaya  and  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet, 
Smiley  703;  Tuolumne  meadows,  foot  of  Lambert's  Dome,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  756 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  F.  M.  Reed  3561 ;  Eagle 
Peak  trail,  Yosemite,  E.  B.  Babcock,  June  26,  1912;  Pedlar,  Amador 
County,  7,000  feet,  Hansen  704. 

2.  Gilia  capillaris  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Aead.,  vol.  5,  p.  46.    1873. 

Type  locality. — "Cisco,  C.  P.  R.R.,  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains." 

Range. — Washington  to  California ;  Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4498;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray 
in  1877 ;  Cisco,  1850  m.,  Mrs.  C.  C.  Hall  8710 ;  dry  hillside  above  Soda 
Springs,  7,200  feet,  Smiley  457;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor 
76;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  742;  Hockett's 
Meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5628. 

Gilia  siibalpina  Greene  (in  Brand,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft  27, 
s.  98.  1907)  though  compared  to  G.  leptalewin  the  description  ("Fast 
stets  in  Begleitung  der  vorigen  Art  (leptalea},  aber  in  hoheren  Lagen, 
von  2000-3000  m.  Calif  ornien :  Nevada  Co.:  Uber  dem  Donner-See"), 
is  more  like  our  No.  2.  The  validity  of  the  species  cannot  now  be 
determined :  certainly  the  critical  character  assigned  to  distinguish  it 
from  G.  leptalea — less  number  of  ovules — cannot  be  depended  upon. 

3.  Gilia  aggregata  (Pursh.)  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  626.     1825. 

Cantua  aggregata  Pursh,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  147.     1814.* 

Type  locality. — Said  in  description  to  be  from  "the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,"  but  the  type  actually  collected  in  Idaho. 


„"*  For  inclusive  synonymy  see  Brand,  A.,  Pflanzenreich,  Bd.  4,  Heft  250.     1907. 


304  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  western  North  America  and 
appearing  in  a  number  of  different  forms  or  races,  which  however 
are  impossible  of  delimitation.  Washington  to  Montana,  south  to 
California,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  western  Texas. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Between  Taylorville  and  Little  Grizzly 
Creek,  Plumas  County,  Heller  and  Kennedy  8831;  Mt.  Stanford 
(Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877;  Tallac,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  129 ;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  6,500  feet,  J.  Mur- 
doch Jr.  2573;  above  Yosemite,  Lemmon  53;  Round  meadow,  Fresno 
County,  7,400  feet,  Smiley  589 ;  Sky  Valley,  Tulare  County,  Culbert- 
son  (B  4574)  ;  sandy  places  near  Little  Kern  River,  8-9,000  feet, 
Purpus  5189;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5265. 

3a.  Gilia  aggregate  var.  Bridgesii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1, 

p.  145.     1878. 
G.  Bridgesii  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  160.     1905. 

Type  locality. — "California,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  Oregon. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in 
1872 ;  Mt.  Olancha,  Rothrock  358. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  deeper  color  of  the  corolla, 
the  lobes  of  which  are  ovate,  and  the  leaf  segments  thicker  and  more 
obtuse.  Var.  attenuate  Gray  (I.e.)  is  not  certainly  known  from  Cali- 
fornia, but  may  be  present  on  the  eastern  slope;  Davidson  2750  from 
Bishop  Creek,  Inyo  County,  at  8,100  feet,  is  very  similar  to  collections 

referred  to  this  variety  from  Utah. 

v 

4.  Gilia  pungens   (Torr.)   Benth,  in  DC.,  Prodr.,  vol.  9,  p.  316. 

1845. 
Cantua  pungens  Torr.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  220.     1826. 

Type  locality. — Not  ascertained. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  westward  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Sierra  County,  M.  E.  Jones 
2474 ;  near  Summit  Station,  Heller  7031 ;  near  Marlette  Peak,  Nevada, 
gravelly  ridges,  7,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4561 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  9,600 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4620;  Cathedral  Peak,  Yosemite,  dry  rocks 
forming  mats,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  817 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,300  feet,  Hall 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  305 

and  Chandler  7031/2 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee, 
August  23,  1905 ;  region  of  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet, 
Dudley  2579;  Mt.  Brewer,  Tulare  County,  dry  gravel  soil,  10,000 
feet,  Brewer  2806. 

4a.  Gilia  pungens  var.  Hookeri  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p. 

141.     1878. 
Phlox  Hookeri  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  73.     1838. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Common  on  arid,  sandy,  and  rocky  soils  near  the 
narrows  of  the  Oakanagan  and  Priest's  Rapids  of  the  Columbia 
(Washington)." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Squaw  Peak,  Placer  County,  C.  J. 
Fox  Jr.  in  1895 ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  5 ;  Mt.  Tallac, 
on  the  east  side,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  238;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  W.  A. 
Setchell,  July  14,  1901 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2659c ;  Lambert 's  Dome,  Yosemite,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  759 ; 
Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  619;  Fish  Creek, 
Tulare  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babeock  5207  feet. 

4b.  Gilia  pungens  var.  temiiloba  Milliken,  Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  Bot., 
vol.  2,  p.  43.    1904. 

Not  certainly  known  from  the  Sierra,  but  probably  present  in  the 
mountains  of  Tulare  County  (slope  of  Alta  Peak,  Dudley  1541). 

Var.  Hookeri  is  distinguished  from  the  species  by  a  looser  habit 
of  growth  and  by  the  divisions  of  the  leaves  being  of  very  unequal 
length,  the  middle  lobe  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  lobes.  Var.  tenuiloba 
is  unlike  both  the  species  and  the  above  variety  in  having  the  flowers 
terminal  and  solitary;  lobes  of  the  leaves  approximately  equal  but 
much  less  rigid  than  in  the  type  species  or  in  var.  Hookeri.  The  basis 
for  var.  tenuiloba  came  from  Mt.  San  Jacinto,  Riverside  County,  and 
was  collected  by  S.  B.  Parish,  who  first  described  it  as  Gilia  tenuiloba. 

5.  Gilia  congesta  Hook,  subsp.  palmifrons  Brand,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd. 
4,  Heft  250,  s.  121.     1907. 

G.  montaiia  A.  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  19,  p.  37. 
1906. 

Type  locality. — "Oregon:  Camp  Harney. " 

Range. — East  Oregon,  mountains  of  northern  California,  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  east  through  Nevada  to  Utah. 


306  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Zone. — In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  this  subspecies  is  restricted  to  the 
Arctic-alpine,  but  the  type  (Cusick  869)  came  from  the  Arid  Tran- 
sition (if  the  type  collection  was  actually  made  at  Camp  Harney). 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  9,000 
feet,  Heller  7100 ;  highest  point  of  Sierra  Nevada  above  Donner  Lake 
on  barren  stony  summit,  10,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene  478 ;  near  Squaw 
Peak,  Placer  County,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895 ;  Silver  Mountain,  dry 
soil  at  summit,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  2055;  summit  between  Tinker's 
Knob  and  Devil's  Cliff,  Tahoe,  Kennedy  and  Doten  279;  Rubicon 
Peak,  Tahoe,  in  summit  rocks,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  409;  loose  dry  soil 
at  Sonora  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1883;  Webber  Peak,  Lemmon, 
July,  1875. 

The  subspecies  palmifrons  has  the  leaves  palmately  divided;  the 
coordinate  subspecies  iberidifolia  Brand,  (I.e.,  p.  121 — G.  iberidifolia 
Benth.,  in  Hook.,  Jour.  Bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  290.  1851)  with  range  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  from  British  Columbia  to  Colorado,  has  its  leaves 
pinnatifid;  these  two  subspecies  are  said  by  Brand  to  be  "geo- 
graphisch  streng — geschieden,"  a  statement  needing  modification  in 
view  of  the  collections  made  in  northern  California  and  adjacent 
Oregon ;  in  this  area  certain  collections  have  been  made  that  show  both 
subspecies  to  be  present  in  the  northwest  (compare  Chandler  1666 
from  Marble  Mountain,  Siskiyou  County,  8,000  feet,  in  which  the 
leaves  show  such  an  extension  of  the  central  segment  that  the  other 
segments  become  lateral  to  it,  i.e.,  the  leaf  becomes  pinnatifid). 

6.  Gilia  ciliata  Benth.  var.  neglecta  Brand,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft 

250,  p.  137.    1907. 
Linanthus  neglectus  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  24.    1895. 

Type,  locality. — ' '  Common  at  subalpine  elevations  of  the  California 
Sierra." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  from  Sierra  County  to  the  Kings  River 
region. 

Zone,. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined — Donner  Lake,  Heller  6939,  6869;  Caple's 
Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  512;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe, 
Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  16,  1901 ;  Tallac,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley 
136;  Snow  Creek,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  June  (without  year)  ; 
Tioga  Road,  Yosemite,  near  White  Wolf,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  886 ;  Snow 
Creek,  6,500  feet,  Smiley  66.0  (with  characters  intermediate  between 
the  species  and  variety)  ;  summit  above  Peckinpah's  Mill,  trail  to 
Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  554;  summit 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  307 

between  Atwell's  Mill  and  Redwood  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5378. 

7.  Gilia  tularensis  Brand,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft  250,  s.  136.  1907. 
Type  locality. — "Siidliche  Sierra  Nevada:  bei  Smith  meadow,  Fish 

Creek,  Tulare  County,  2,800  m." 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Smith  meadow,  8,400  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5211. 

8.  Gilia  Nuttallii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol  8,  p.  267.    1870. 

Linanthus  Nuttallii  Greene,   in  Milliken,   Univ.   Calif.   Pub.   Bot.,   vol.    2, 
p.  54.     1904. 

Type  locality. — Not  precisely  given. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  southern  California, 
east  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  Brewer 
2042;  King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  1,700-2,000  m.,  Baker 
1053 ;  near  Lake  Tahoe,  Lemmon  20 ;  mountains  west  of  Kaweah 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5259;  vicinity  of 
mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5351; 
Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4536). 

Other  species  of  Gilia  are  frequently  seen  even  in  the  high  moun- 
tains, but  are  summer  annuals  of  warm  slopes  or  dry  meadows  (G. 
Harknessii  Curran:  Tuolumne  meadows,  gravelly  soil  near  the  Lodge 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  861 ;  G.  bicolor  Brand :  region  of  Dinkey  Creek, 
Fresno  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  379 ;  Tioga  Road  near 
Dark  Hole,  Yosemite,  7,700  feet,  Smiley  860). 

3.  POLEMONIUM 

Corolla  lobes  subequal  to  the  corolla  tube;  leaflets  entire,  opposite  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  tall,  solitary;  style  long  protruding 1.  P.  occidentale 

Stems  short,  clustered;  style  slightly  exserted 2.  P.  pulcherrimum 

Corolla  lobes  distinctly  shorter  than  the  tube;  leaflets  divided,  subverticillate 
3.  P.  exlmium 

1.  Polemonmm  occidentale  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  75.     1890. 

P.  coeruleum  L.,  var.   pterosperma  Benth.,   in  DC.   Prodr.,  vol.   9,  p.   317. 

1845. 

P.  coeruleum  of  authors,  as  of  Gray,  Syn.  PL,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  151.    1878. 
P.  pterospermum   Brand,    Helios,   vol.    22,    p.    77.      1905,   not   Nelson   and 

Cockerell. 
P.  Helleri  Brand,  Pflanzenr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft  250,  s.  32.     1907. 

~  Type  locality. — Not  given. 


308  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  the  King's  River  region  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada;  in  the  Rockies  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada, 
1,700-2,000  m.,  Baker;  springy  places  near  Marlette  Peak,  Nevada, 
7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4586 ;  Lake  Tahoe  region,  W.  C.  Bias- 
dale,  July,  1897 ;  Rubicon  Park,  Tahoe,  W.  A.  Setchell,  July  10,  1901 ; 
Mono  Pass,  borders  of  a  spring  at  11,000  feet,  Bolander  6905 ;  Truckee, 
Heller  7190;  meadows  on  the  Upper  San  Joaquin,  Madera  County, 
Congdon,  August  20,  1895 ;  Natural  Bridge,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet, 
Culbertson  (B4256). 

P.  Helleri  is  said  to  differ  from  all  other  species  by  the  subsessile 
anthers ;  the  type  collected  is  Heller  7190,  two  sheets  of  which  are  in 
the  herbarium  at  the  University  of  California.  Examination  of  these 
co-types  disclosed  stamens  with  normal  length  of  filaments. 

2.  Polemonium  pulcherrimum  Hook.,  Bot.  Mag.,  vol.  57,  t.  2979. 

1830. 
P.  californicum  Eastwood,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  37,  p.  437.     1904.* 

Type  locality. — "On  the  highest  of  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Lemmon;  high  mountain 
near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  298;  near  Summit  Station,  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  6971;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  693; 
mountain  sides  at  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Brewer  1687; 
Tenaya  Creek,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  871 ;  Eagle  Peak  meadows,  Yosemite, 
7,250  feet,  Hall  9193 ;  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans, 
July,  1901 ;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  9,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  592. 

2a.  Polemonium  pulcherrimum  subsp.  parvifolium  Brand,  Pflanz- 
enr.,  Bd.  4,  Heft  250,  s.  35.    1907. 

P.  parvifolium  Nutt.,  in  Rydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  24,  p.  253.     1897. 

P.  visoosum  Gray,  Syn.  PI.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  150.     1878,  not  of  Nutt. 

P.  Tevisii  Eastwood,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  37,  p.  440.     1904. 

P.  Berryi  Eastwood,  I.e. 

P.  montrosense  A.  Nels.,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  18,  p.  174.     1905. 

Type  locality. — Rocky  Mountains. 


*  This  species  has  acquired  an  abundant  synonymy  expressive  of  the  many 
forma  it  assumes,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  these  variations  are  capable  of  definition, 
except  the  following  subspecies  (at  least  as  regards  our  plants). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  309 

Range. — Northern  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  and  Wyoming, 
southern  Cascades,  and  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet,  Heller  9863 ;  summit 
of  Mt.  Tallac,  Miss  H.  Geiss,  August,  1909;  Mt.  Tallac,  9,500  feet, 
Abrams  4833 ;  summit  of  ridge  between  Lake  LeConte  and  Heather 
Lake,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  350a;  summit  near  Ebbetts  Pass,  9,000  feet, 
Brewer  2070. 

This  subspecies  differs  from  the  species  in  the  smaller  leaves,  which 
are  somewhat  viscid  and  imbricated  along  the  short  stems.  It  is  quite 
similar  to  P.  elegans  Greene,  a  doubtfully  distinct  species  of  the  Cas- 
cades of  Washington. 

3.  Polemonium  eximium  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  305.    1898. 

Type  locality. — "Mt.  Conness." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Lemmon  (this 
station  very  doubtful,  since  no  other  collections  known  from  north 
of  the  Yosemite  region)  ;  Mt.  Dana,  13,050  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3603 ;  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889 ;  at  13,000  feet,  Smiley  733 ; 
Mt.  Lyell,  13,000  feet,  R.  E.  Gibbs  1746 ;  near  Mt.  Goddard,  12,000 
feet,  Brewer  1737;  Mt.  Goddard,  "at  the  very  summit,"  13,550  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  666;  summit  of  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County, 
Dudley  1119;  Mt.  Whitney,  13,800  feet,  Culbertson  (B4542). 

This  species  is  the  P.  canfertum  of  the  Bot.  Calif,  (vol.  1,  p.  500), 
but  seems  quite  distinct  from  that  Rocky  Mountain  alpine  species. 

Navarretia  Breweri  (Gray)  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  137.  1887). 
described  from  "Sierra  Nevada,  at  Ebbett's  and  Amador  Pass,  alt. 
8,000  feet,"  should  be  mentioned  as  likely  to  be  seen  anywhere  in  the 
Canadian  zone  on  dry  sand  slopes  or  rocky  places  in  spite  of  being 
essentially  an  Upper  Sonoran  or  Transition  species. 

49.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF  FAMILY) 

Leaves  all  radical;   peduncles   1 -flowered 1.  HesperocMron 

Leaves  both  cauline  and  radical;  flowers  clustered   (except  in  No.  4). 

Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base 2.  Nama 

Style  2-cleft  (united  at  least  for  over  half  its  length). 

Leaves   (in  ours)   all  opposite,  delicate  annuals 3.  Nemophila 

Leaves  not  all  opposite,  nearly  all  alternate. 

Flowers   in   pedunculate    heads    or    umbels;    ovary    and    capsule    strictly 

1-celled;  stamens  and  style  long  exserted 4.  Hydrophyllum 

Flowers  in  scorpoid  cymes  (in  high  mountain  dwarfs  sometimes  so  dense 
as  to  appear  capitate);  stamens  and  style  shorter 5.  Phacelia 


310  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

1.  HESPEROCHIRON 

Branches  of  the  style  erect. 

Corolla  campanulate,  with  a  distinct  tube 1.  H.  californicus 

Corolla  rotate,  nearly  divided  to  the  base 2.  H.  pumilus 

Branches  of  the  style  spreading 3.  H.  campanulatus 

1.  Hesperochiron  californicus  var.  latifolius  Brand.,  Univ.  Calif. 

Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  226.    1912. 

H.  latifolius  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  5,  p.  44.     1875. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  alluvial  banks  of  the  Yuba  River,  subject 
to  annual  overflow,  damp,  sandy,  and  grassy  plots  at  Cisco,  C.  P.  R.R., 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet. ' ' 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — South  Fork  of  Yuba  Canon,  Placer  County, 
Mrs.  C.  C.  Hall  8747 ;  Cisco,  Dr.  A.  Kellogg,  June  19,  1870. 

The  typical  form  of  this  species,  described  by  Bentham  from  a 
collection  made  by  Hartweg  "In  uliginosis  in  montibus  Sacramento" 
(Ourisia  California!  Benth.,  PI.  Hartw.,  p.  327.  1849),  has  leaves 
slightly  narrower  and  the  peduncles  glabrous.  This  variety  is  doubt- 
fully distinct  with  somewhat  broader  leaves  and  peduncles  pubescent. 

2.  Hesperochiron  pumilus  Porter,  in  Hayden,  Geol.  Rep.,  p.  768. 

1872. 
Villarsia  pumila  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  FL  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  70.     1838. 

Type  locality. — Not  definitely  given. 

Range. — Washington  to  Wyoming,  south  to  California  and  Nevada. 

.Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Trail  from.  Snow  Creek  to  the  Tioga  Road, 
in  damp  swales,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  674;  Cloud's  Rest  Trail,  Yx)semite, 
7,400  feet,  Smiley  501;  Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,  7,300  feet,  Hall 
9138.* 

Dr.  Greene  considered  our  Sierran  plant  to  be  distinct  from  the 
common  form  of  the  north  end  of  the  Great  Basin  and  described  it 
as  Capnorea  ciliata  (Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  44.  1902).  Brand  (Univ.  Calif. 
Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  227.  1912)  has  reduced  this  proposed  species 
to  varietal  rank,  the  critical  difference  being  the  somewhat  smaller 
size  of  the  flower.  If  future  study  should  justify  this  segregation, 


*  It  is  of  some  interest  to  note  that  this  specimen  was  determined  by  Dr.  Brand 
as  belonging  to  the  typical  form  sometime  before  his  paper  appeared  (Brand, 
1.0. )  containing  the  statement  ' '  Die  typische  Form  f ehlt  auf  der  Sierra. ' ' 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  311 

our  Sierran  form  will  afford  another  illustration  of  what  seems  to  be 
a  general  rule,  that  genera,  ranging  widely  in  the  mountains  of  the 
west,  commonly  show  in  the  Sierra  one  or  more  peculiar  forms. 

3.  Hesperochiron  campanulatus  Brand,  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot., 

vol.  4,  p.  227.    1912. 
Capnorea  campanulata  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  52.     1902. 

Type  locality. — "At  7,500  feet  (therefore  subalpine)  on  the  North 
Fork  of  King's  River,  California."  Hall  and  Chandler  550. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — North  Fork  of  King 's  River,  Tulare  County, 
7,400  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  550. 

This  collection  shows  a  plant  with  some  characters  unlike  those  of 
H.  pumilus  as  described  or  presented  in  the  specimens  of  that  species 
seen  by  me,  but  that  it  will  be  possible  to  maintain  it  as  specifically 
distinct  appears  questionable  inasmuch  as  a  plant  found  by  G.  D. 
Butler  (No.  1210)  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  is  clearly  only  a  form 
of  H.  pumilus,  yet  its  divergent  style-branches  exhibit  the  chief  dis- 
tinguishing character  of  H.  campanulatus. 


2.  NAMA 

1.  Nama  Lobbii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  37.    1862. 

Type  locality. — Not  given  except  as  "California,  Lobb,  No.  108." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  northern  California 
(Mt.  Shasta). 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sardine  Lake,  Sierra  County,  Hall  and 
Babcock  4490 ;  Webber  Lake,  Lemmon ;  Soda  Springs,  2,300  m.,  Jones 
2496 ;  Cisco,  rocks  above  snowsheds,  Miss  H.  Walker  1490. 

Greene  referred  this  species  to  Eriodictyon,115  but  its  real  affinities 
appear  to  be  with  No^ma.116  The  entire,  revolute,  white-woolly  leaves 
of  this  depressed  half-shrub  distinguish  it  from  another  species  of 
Nama  (N.  Rothrockii  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  621.  1876),  found 
in  the  southern  Sierra  and  mountains  of  southern  California,  with 
deeply-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  viscid  leaves  and  wholly  herbaceous  stems, 
which  in  places  rises  to  our  borders  or  even  above  them  in  exception- 
ally favorable  situations. 


312  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

3.  NEMOPHILA 

Style  scarcely  bifid,  very  small 1.  N.  spathulata 

Style  divided  to  the  middle  at  least,  as  long  as  the  ovary 2.  N.  humilis 

1.  Nemophila  spathulata  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  156. 

1893. 

N.  inconspimui  Eastw.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  144.     1901. 
N.  pratensis  Eastw.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  29,  p.  474.     1902. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  Whitney  meadows,  Sierra  Nevada. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  perhaps  only  in  the  southern  half. 
Tehachapi  Mountains,  ace.  to  Davidson  (Muhl.,  vol.  4,  p.  66.  1908). 
San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — North  side  of  Toowa  Range,  Tulare  County, 
9,000  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8405;  Volcano  meadows  (formerly 
called  Whitney  meadows),  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5487. 

This  species  is  very  close  to  AT.  pedunculata  Dougl.,  a  species  rang- 
ing from  Washington  to  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California.117 

2.  Nemophila  humilis  Eastw.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p. 

150.    1900. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  trail  between  Summit  and  Summit  Soda 
Springs,  in  Placer  County."  Eastwood. 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Emigrant  Gap,  Jones  2816;  near  White 
Wolf,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Snow  Flat, 
Yosemite,  Eastwood,  July  12,  1902 ;  Yosemite  Falls,  6,750  feet,  Chand- 
ler and  Babcock  1086. 

v 

4.  HYDROPHYLLUM 

1.  Hydrophyllum  occidentale  var.  Watsoni  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad., 

vol.  10,  p.  314.     1875. 
H.  macrophyllum  var.  occidentale  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  248.    1871. 

Type  locality. — "Hillsides,  Duffield's  Ranch,  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — California  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Haskell's  Peak,  Lemmon  1130;  Summit, 
7,000  feet,  Heller  9838;  Independence  Lake,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  4533a;  Summit  Camp,  Kellogg,  July  10,  1870;  between 
Fallen  Leaf  Lake  and  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  Smiley  273. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  313 


5.  PHACELIA 

Annuals;  styles  deeply  divided  almost  to  the  base;  leaves  entire. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Sepals  ciliate  and  equal  in  length;  plants  3-10  inches  high  ....1.  P.  racemosa 
Sepals  densely  pilose  and  unequal;  plants  1.5-3  inches  high  ..2.  P.  orogenes 
Leaves  all,  or  at  least  the  upper,  alternate. 

Styles  longer  than  the  calyx,  united  for  %  their  length;  plant  4-10  inches 

high  3.  P.  humilis 

Styles  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  separate  to  the  capsule;  plant  3-5 

inches    high 4.  P.    Eisenii 

Perennials. 

Leaves  pinnate,  green,  the  leaflets  deeply  lobed 

5.  P.  ramosissima  var.  decumbens 

Leaves  not  pinnate,  gray  hirsute  or  pilose. 

Leaves    (in   ours)    entire,   hirsute,   or   with   a   pair   of   small   lateral   basal 

leaflets,  the  terminal  lobe  then  always  far  larger 6.  P.  magellanica 

Leaves  pilose,  saliently  toothed  but  never  divided  or  truly  pinnatifid 

7.  P.  hydrophylloid.es 

1.  Phacelia  racemosa  T.  S.  Brandegee,  Zoe,  vol.  2,  p.  252.    1891. 

Nama  racemosa  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  5,  p.  51.     1873. 
Phacelia  namatoides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  317.     1873. 

Type  locality. — "At  Cisco."    Kellogg  and  Brannan,  July  6,  1870. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  North  Coast  Ranges. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Sierra  Nevada,  Kellogg,  July  6, 
1870;  Cisco,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  July  15,  1908;  about  Summit  Station, 
7,000  feet,  Heller  6981 ;  Jameson  Creek,  6,300  feet,  Hall  9354 ;  Dinkey 
Creek,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  435;  Glacier  Point,  7,500  feet, 
Hall  9146. 

2.  Phacelia  orogenes  Brand,  Beitrage  z.  Jahresb.  d.  Konigl.  Gym- 

nasium zu  Sorau,  p.  7.     1911. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Calif ornien :  Auf  der  sudlichen  Sierra  Nevada  in 
2750  m.  Hohe. — Tulare  County:  Vicinity  of  Mineral  King.  Moist 
hillside  on  Eagle  Lake  trail." 

Range. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality. 

Zone. — Canadian  ( ?). 

Specimen  examined. — Vicinity  Mineral  King,  moist  hillside  on 
Eagle  Lake  trail,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5354. 

3.  Phacelia  humilis  T.  and  G.,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  2,  p.  122.    1855. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Califor- 
nia." J.  A.  Snyder. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  throughout  its  length;  in  the  Tehachapi 
Mountains,  ace.  Davidson.118 

'Zone. — Mainly  Transition  but  rising  into  the  Canadian. 


314  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — East  side  Mt.  Rose,  8,430  feet,  Heller  10946 ; 
Pyramid  Peak,  west  side,  W.  L.  Atkinson  in  1900 ;  Cisco  Butte,  6,500 
feet,  Hall  8756 ;  White  Wolf,  8,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans ;  Mineral  King, 
T.  S.  Brandegee,  July  27,  1892. 

4.  Phacelia  Eisenii  T.  S.  Brandegee,  Zoe,  vol.  2,  p.  252.    1891. 
Type  locality. — ' '  Collected  by  Dr.  Gustav  Eisen  in  Fresno  County, 

1880,  also  collected  near  Yosemite,  and  by  the  writer  in  moss  on  wet 
rocks  at  Frazier's  Mill,  in  the  mountains  above  Porterville. " 

Range. — Southern  Sierra. 

Zone. — Transition  and  rising  into  the  Canadian  locally. 

Specimens  examined. — Bald  Mountain,  Dinkey  Creek  region,  8,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  378;  Mineral  King,  T.  S.  Brandegee;  Alta 
meadows,  Mrs.  K.  Brandegee. 

5.  Phacelia  ramosissima  Dougl.,  in  Benth.,  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.,  vol. 

17,  p.  280.     1834. 

Phacelia  decumbens  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.   5,  p.   17.     1902. 
Phacelia  fastigiata  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  5,  p.  18.     1902. 

Type  locality. — Dry  rocky  plains  of  the  Columbia  near  Priest's 
Rapids  and  at  the  Stony  Island."  Douglas. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  Arizona  and 
southern  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Canadian,  perhaps  in  the  Upper 
Sonoran. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Pass,  Heller  7032;  Grass  Lake, 
7,200  feet,  McGregor  101;  Marlette  Peak,  Hall  and  Chandler  4570; 
Mt.  Silliman,  on  Clover  Creek,  Dudley  1472 ;  Mineral  King,  7,800  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5666. 

Dr.  Brand119  proposes  to  distinguish  our  Sierran  £orm  of  this 
widely  ranging  plant  by  accepting  Greene's  P.  decumbens  as  a  form 
distinct  by  its  reclining  habit,  a  character  which,  in  my  opinion,  is 
not  sufficiently  marked  to  call  for  nomenclatural  notice. 

6.  Phacelia  magellanica  (Lam.)  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4, 

p.  159.     1893. 
Hydrophyllum  magellanica  Lam.,  Jour.   Hist.  Nat.,  vol.  1,  p.   373.     1787. 

Type  locality. — South  America,  Patagonia. 

Range. — Western  North  America  from  British  Columbia  to  Sas- 
katchewan, south  to  Colorado  and  California.  South  America  (Pata- 
gonia). 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Arctic-alpine. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada-  of  California  315 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  9,300  feet, 
Abrams  4841;  Dick's  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,900  feet,  Smiley  428;  Mt.  Tallac, 
above  highest  timber,  9,700  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4632 ;  Mt.  Rose, 
10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1141 ;  ridge  above  Suzy  Lake,  8,900  feet,  Smiley 
152 ;  Silver  Mountain,  11,000  feet,  Brewer  2051 ;  Tuolumne  meadows, 
dry  gravelly  slope  of  open  pine  forest,  8,800  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2660c ; 
Ragged  Peak,  Yosemite,  9,700  feet,  Smiley  834;  Lambert's  Dome, 
9,000  feet,  Smiley  760;  Lake  Tenaya,  dry  ground,  8,300  feet,  Smiley 
868;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,400  feet,  Smiley  627;  Alta 
meadows,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  6,  1905;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson 
(B4355). 

This  is  one  of  the  most  variable  of  western  plants.  Many  attempts 
have  been  made  to  bring  order  into  its  numberless  changes  of  form; 
one  of  the  most  recent  is  that  of  Dr.  A.  Brand.119  He  proposes  to 
recognize  but  a  single  species  but  tries  to  differentiate  between  some 
ten  forms  while  cognizant  of  the  fact  that  they  are  "nur  zum  Teil 
geographisch  geschieden  und  gehen  oft  so  weit  in  einander  iiber  dass 
man  sie  mit  Sicherheit  nicht  unterscheiden  kann. "  Dr.  Brand  main- 
tains that  all  the  North  American  forms  belong  to  one  section  of  the 
species,  having  the  filaments  bearded,  while  the  other  section,  in  South 
America,  has  the  filaments  naked  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  ("Fila- 
menta  nuda  raro  pilis  paucissimis  adspersa").  I  have  had  no  oppor- 
tunity to  examine  the  South  American  material  but  if  this  contrast 
(bearded  vs.  essentially  naked  filaments)  indeed  marks  the  natural 
division  among  the  forms,  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  to  the  other  end 
of  the  hemisphere  for  examples  since  the  specimen  of  Culbertson 's, 
cited  above,  has  the  filaments  nearly  free  from  any  hairs.  In  fact, 
the  variation  in  the  amount  of  hairiness  of  the  filaments  seen  in  many 
of  the  specimens  examined,  suggests  that  the  variability  of  this  plant, 
disclosed  in  its  protean  changes  of  foliage  characters,  habit,  and 
duration  of  growth,  and  recognized  by  Dr.  Brand  in  his  skillful 
arrangement  of  these  permutations,  affects  also  the  basis  for  his 
specific  sections. 

7.  Phacelia  hydrophylloides  Torr.,  in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol. 
7,  p.  400.    1868. 

Type  locality.— "Ebbett's  Pass,  and  near  Lake  Tenaya,  8-9,000 
feet,  Brewer.  Open  woods  along  the  trail  of  the  Yosemite,  from 
8,000  down  to  5,000  feet,  Bolander." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 


316  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Station,  Kellogg;  near  Frog  Lake 
at  foot  of  Castle  Peak,  Heller  7071;  divide  on  south  side  of  Slide 
Mountain,  in  granite,  7,600  feet,  Heller  10931;  Deer  Park,  meadows, 
6,500  feet,  Miss  H.  Walker  2081;  Ebbett's  Pass  and  Lake  Tenaya, 
Brewer  1683 ;  Sentinel  Dome,  Gray  in  1872 ;  Glacier  Point,  7,200  feet, 
Hall  9152;  between  Lake  Tenaya  and  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,100  feet, 
Smiley  702 ;  south  slope  of  Kaiser  Crest,  9,400  feet,  Smiley  627 ;  Alta 
meadows,  10,000  feet,  G.  B.  Grant  2091;  Hockett's  meadows,  Culbert- 
son  (B  4456)  ;  open  woods  along  Soda  Creek,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus 
5154;  trail  to  Panther  Peak,  Dudley  1268. 

The  genus  Romanzoffia  Cham,  sends  one  species  (R.  sitch&nsis 
Bong.)  down  the  coast  from  Alaska  as  far  as  San  Mateo  County, 
California,  where  it  is  found  in  moist  sea-facing  canons  in  the  Coast 
Redwood  forests.  In  Washington,  this  species  is  Hudsonian  and  Can- 
adian, according  to  Piper.  It  is  not  known  from  the  Sierra,  but  there 
exists  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  University  of  California  part  of  a 
plant,  too  fragmentary  for  certain  reference  but  probably  belonging 
to  this  species,  said  to  have  been  found  with  a  collection  of  Phacelia 
humilis  taken  at  Glen  Alpine  by  Chesnut  and  Drew,  August  8,  1890. 
It  seems  altogether  probable  that  this  association  was  subsequent  to 
the  reception  of  the  specimens  at  the  herbarium. 

Draperia  systyla  Torr.  (in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  401. 
1868),  a  monotypic  genus  peculiar  to  California,  is  widely  distributed 
in  the  Transition  zone  throughout  the  Sierra,  rising  to  our  lower 
border.  (Trail  to  Pitman  Creek,  Fresno  County,  6,500  feet,  Smiley 
572). 

50.  BOKKAGINACEAE    (BORAGE  FAMILY) 

Annual  plants  of  small  size  and  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 

Calyx  persisting  entire  about  the  nutlets l.XIryptanthe 

Calyx  circumscissile,  the  upper  5-lobed  part  early  deciduous  and  falling  away, 

leaving  a  ring  about  the  nutlets 2.  Greeneocharis 

Perennials  of  larger  size  and  conspicuous  flowers. 

Nutlets  armed  with  (usually  glochidiate)  prickles;  fruit  bur -like  -3.  Lappula 
Nutlets  unarmed,  smooth  or  merely  muriculate  or  rugose,  never  bur-like. 

Flowers  blue  4.  Mertensia 

Flowers  white  or  yellow 5.  Oreocarya 

1.  CEYPTANTHE 

1.  Cryptanthe  affinis  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  119.    1887. 

ErynitzJcia  affinis  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  20,  p.  270.     1885. 
Cryptanthe  geminata  Greene,  I.e. 

Type  locality. — "E.  side  of  the  Cascades  near  lat.  49°." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  and  Idaho  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  rising  into  the  Canadian. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  317 

Specimens  examined. — Camp  Agassiz,  near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
Dudley,  June  28,  1900;  Pedlar,  Amador  County,  7,000  feet,  Hansen 
516 ;  Cathedral  trail  to  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  219. 

This  species  is  common  in  the  Sierra  in  the  Yellow  Pine  belt;  its 
inclusion  here  is  of  doubtful  propriety,  the  only  reason  being  that  it 
is  likely  to  be  found  in  the  Pinus  ponderosa  var.  Jeffreyi  division  of 
the  Canadian  zone. 


2.  GREENEOCHAKIS 

1.  Greeneocharis  circmnscissa  Rydb.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol. 
35,  p.  677.  1909),  a  small  annual  widely  dispersed  in  the  Great  Basin 
region  from  British  Columbia  to  Lower  California  and  growing 
typically  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  life-zone,  appears  to  have  a  variant 
in  the  boreal  region  of  the  Sierra,  which  was  collected  by  Culbertson 
(B  4243)  on  the  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney  and  has  been  described  as  the 
var.  Tiispida  by  Macbride.120  The  specimen  has  not  been  seen  by  me. 

3.  LAPPULA 

Flowers  white;  corolla  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx 1.  L.  californica 

Flowers  blue. 

Corolla  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes;  nutlets  prickly  only  on  the  mar- 
gins; corolla  rotate;  plants  gray 2.  L.  floribunda 

Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes;  nutlets  prickly  all  over  the  backs 

and  margins;   corolla  open  funnelform. 
Plants  green,  the  leaves  harsh  with  scabrid  pubescence;  stems  smooth  and 

nearly    glabrous 3.    L.    nervosa 

Plants  grayish,  the  leaves  and  stems  densely  soft  pubescent  ....4.  L.  velutina 


3.  LAPPULA 

1.  Lappula  californica  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  29,  p. 
546.    1902. 

Type  locality.—"  California :  Mt.  Shasta,  6,000  ft.  alt.,  23  August, 
1881,  Pringle." 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California  and  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Vicinity  of  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Reed  and 
Pendleton  276 ;  near  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4471),  the  fruit 
too  immature  for  certain  reference. 


318  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         tv°L- 9 

2.  Lappula  floribunda  (Lehm.)  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  182.    1891. 

Echinospermum  floribundum  Lehm.,  Pugillus,  vol.  2,  p.  24.     1830. 

Type  locality. — "Lake  Pentanguishene  to  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Saskatchewan,  south  to  California 
and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  east  of  Lake  Tahoe, 
2,460  m.,  Baker  1293 ;  Hunter  Creek,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  6,000 
feet,  Kennedy  1904;  summit  above  Lake  Tahoe,  Mrs.  Brandegee, 
July  12,  1908 ;  Suzy  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  149 ;  Rock 
Creek,  Upper  Kern  River,  Hall  and  Babcock  5524;  Alta  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  7,  1905. 

3.  Lappula  nervosa  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  182.    1891. 

Echinospermum  nervosum  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  146.     1862. 
Lappula  Jessicae  McGregor,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  37,  p.  262.     1910. 

Type  locality. — "From  the  headwaters  of  Carson  River." 

Range. — Mountains  of  California  from  Mt.  Shasta  south  through 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak)  at  Frog  Lake, 
Sonne,  July  17,  1892 ;  Summit,  6,800  feet,  Heller  10591 ;  Silver  Lake, 
Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  427 ;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County, 
8,500  feet,  Hansen  726 ;  Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,  Miss  Eastwood,  July 
5-19,  1902;  Yosemite  Creek  and  Indian  Canon,  7,300  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3459;  Tioga  Road,  Yosemite,  below  White  Wolf,  7,800  feet, 
Smiley  895 ;  Big  Oak  Flat  Road,  Tuolumne  County,  Congdon  54. 

4.  Lappula  velutina  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  546. 

1902. 

Type  locality. — "General  Grant  Grove  (Tulare  County)." 

Range. — Mountains  of  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rarely  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Luther's  Pass,  Tahoe  region,  7,800  feet, 
Abrams  4762 ;  slope  above  Tallac,  Tahoe,  6,500  feet,  Smiley  130. 

Though  this  Lappula  is  a  common  species  in  the  Transition,  it 
rarely  occurs  within  our  borders  and  perhaps  should  not  be  considered 
as  a  component  of  the  boreal  flora. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  319 

4.  MERTENSIA 

1.  Mertensia  stomatechioides  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2, 
p.  148.    1861. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  head-waters  of  the  Carson  River." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe  County, 
2,460  m.,  Baker  1302 ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  2,460-2,615.  m., 
Baker  1154;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  121;  canon 
near  Sardine  Valley,  Nevada  County,  Sonne,  June,  1887 ;  "White  Wolf, 
Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Collins  meadow, 
Fresno  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  456 ;  Hockett's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4375);  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County, 
Mrs.  Brandegee;  near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,200  feet, 
Purpus  5233 ;  southern  Sierras,  Bolander  2487 ;  Soda  Springs,  Kern 
River,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Rothrock  421. 

This  plant,  the  only  Mertensia  of  the  Sierran  region,  is  very  close 
to  and  perhaps  ought  to  be  considered  as  only  a  variety  of  M.  cilmta 
(James)  G.  Don  (Gen.  Syst.,  vol.  4,  p.  372.  1838),  a  species  ranging 
from  Washington  to  Colorado. 


5.  OREOCAEYA 

Nutlets  ovate,  smooth  or  barely  rugose  on  the  backs;  inflorescence  contracted 
into  1-several  dense  clusters 1.  O.  nubigena 

Nutlets  oblong-ovate;  tuberculate  on  the  back,  the  tubercules  in  parallel  rows: 
inflorescence  spiciform 2.  O.  echlnoides 

1.  Oreocarya  nubigena  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  112.    1896. 

Type  locality. — "On  Cloud's  Rest,  Mariposa  Co.,  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  northern  Nevada,  according  to 
Macbride  (Contr.  Gray  Herb.,  n.s.,  vol.  48,  p.  31.  1916). 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  exammed. — Summit  of  Cloud's  Rest,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  13,  1889;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898;  below 
Cloud's  Rest,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  summit  of  Mt.  Silliman,  11,188  feet, 
Dudley  1498;  mountains  near  Mt.  Whitney,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus 
1636. 


320  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Oreocarya  echinoides    (Jones)   Macbride,  Contr.  Gray  Herb., 
n.s.,  vol.  48,  p.  31.    1916. 

Krynitzlcia  echinoides  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  II,  vol.  5,  p.  709.     1895. 

Type  locality. — "Pahria  Canon,  Utah." 

Range. — California,  from  the  east  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  to 
Utah. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  Heller, 
August  3,  1903;  same  locality,  Sonne,  July,  1892;  rocky  peak  on 
Truckee  River,  Placer  County,  Sonne  in  1886-87;  Silver  Mountain, 
Alpine  County,  8,000  feet  (no  collector  named,  but  probably  collected 
on  the  State  Survey). 


51.  LABIATAE   (MINT  FAMILY) 

1.  MONARDELLA 

Calyx  1/4-%  inch  long;  bracts  herbaceous  or  only  faintly  colored;  stems  slender, 
wiry  , 1.  M.  Sheltoni 

Calyx  shorter  (little  more  than  %  inch  long);  bracts  rose-colored;  stems  stout 
2.  M.  odoratissima 

1.  Monardella  Sheltoni  Torr.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  n.s.,  vol  3,  p.  99. 
1855. 

M.  villosa  var.  glabella  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  386.     1867.     Bot. 
Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  593.     1876. 

Type  locality. — Not  given;  collected  by  Pratten  in  California  "in 
the  vicinity  of  Nevada." 

Range. — Sierran  region. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Pine  woods  near  Donner  Lake,  E.  L.  Greene 
459;  near  Marlette  Peak,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  gravelly  ridges, 
8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4567 ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet, 
Smiley  7 ;  south  hillside  above  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8-8,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4770;  slope  above  Round  meadow,  Fresno 
County,  7,300  feet,  Smiley  588;  near  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County, 
2,750  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1386;  Tar  Gap  region,  Tulare  County, 
Culbertson  (B4448). 


!921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  321 

2.  Monardella  odoratissima  Benth.,  Lab.,  p.  332.     1834. 

M.  pallida  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  36.     1904. 

Madronella  odoratissima  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.   1,  p.  168.     1906. 

Madronella  pallida  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  138.     1906. 

Type  locality. — ' '  In  America  boreali-occidentali :  in  petrosis  ad 
flumen  Columbia  et  in  rupibus  alpestribus  in  montibus  White  Moun- 
tains dictis." 

Range. — Washington  to  southern  California,  east  to  Idaho  and 
Utah. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  near  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake, 
Heller  6959;  Deer  Park,  Tahoe,  E.  J.  Newcomer  in  1909;  Grass  Lake, 
Tahoe,  McGregor  3;  Luther's  Pass,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Abrams  4760; 
Gilmore  Lake,  west  side  of  Mt.  Tallac,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895; 
Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  133 ;  Mt.  Rose, 
9,300  feet,  Heller  10345;  dry  mountain  top  on  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,500- 
9,000  feet,  Brewer  2006;  Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Hall 
8821;  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500-9,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3626;  Cloud's  Rest,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  vicinity  of  Lundy, 
Mono  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Miss  M.  Minthorn  90 ;  South  Fork  of  the 
San  Joaquin,  slopes  up  to  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler,  July,  1900 ; 
Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  616;  same  locality, 
9,700  feet,  Smiley  646;  rocky  mountain  slopes,  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  2032;  near  Whitney  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  3,000  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1646;  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  County,  10,200  feet,  Purpus  1493. 

This  species  forms  no  small  part  of  the  talus  vegetation  in  the 
Canadian  and  Hudsonian  zones,  in  places  covering  the  slopes  so 
thickly  as  to  form  a  kind  of  dwarf  chaparral. 

Agastacke  urticifolia  (Benth.)  Rydb.  (Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia 
Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  359.  1900),  a  common  Transition  species  of  rich  moist 
ravines  and  meadows,  occasionally  rises  above' our  lower  limits  (Char- 
ity Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  437 ;  Snow  Creek  trail 
to  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  664). 

Ckamesaracka  nama  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  62),  a 
nearly  acculescent  tufted  perennial  species  peculiar  to  California  and 
the  Tahoe  region  of  Nevada  and  belonging  to  a  genus  confined  to  the 
arid  southwest  from  Texas  to  California,  occurs  in  the  Transition 
and  rarely  above  in  the  Sierra  north  to  Mt.  Shasta  (Mt.  Ros.e,  9,000 
feet,  Kennedy  1720). 


322  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


52.  SCEOPHULAEIACEAE   (FiawoRT  FAMILY) 

Stamens  5,  one  being  sterile. 

Sterile  stamen  elongated 1.  Pentstemon 

Sterile  stamen  rudimentary  and  gland-like 2.  Collinsia 

Stamens  less  than  5. 

Stamens  2   3.  Veronica 

Stamens  4. 

Corolla  closed  in  the  throat  by  a  palate;  capsule  opening  by  pores .... 

4.   Antirrhinum 

Corolla  not  closed  in  the  throat  by  a  palate;  capsule  valvate. 

Stamens  not  included  in   the   upper  lip   of   the   corolla;    leaves   mostly 

opposite  5.  Mimulus 

Stamens  included  in  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla;  leaves  mostly  alternate. 
Anther  cells  equal,  parallel,  and  alike  in  all  4  stamens  ....6.  Pedicularis 
Anther  cells  unequal  or  dissimilar,  the  outer  affixed  by  its  middle,  the 
inner  pendulous  by  its  upper  end  and  usually  smaller. 

Corolla  lips  very  unequal,  the  lower  not  saccate 7.  Castilleja 

Corolla  lips  subequal,  the  lower  saccate 8.  Orthocarpus 

1.  PENTSTEMON 

Anther  cells  dehiscent  their  whole  length  or  nearly  so  (section  Eupentstenwn) . 

Anthers  comose  with  long  hairs (P.  Mensiesii) 

Leaves  nearly  or  quite  entire;  flowers  purple  1.  P.  Menziesii  var.  Davidsonii 

Leaves  serrate;   flowers  reddish 2.  P.   Newberryi 

Anthers   not   comose   but   glabrous    (except   occasionally   a   few   hairs   in   P. 
glaber). 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish 3.  P.  deustus 

Flowers  purplish. 

Flowers  verticillate;   sterile  filament  hairy 4.  P.   procerus 

Flowers  paniculate;  sterile  filament  naked. 

Inflorescences  and  calyces  glandular 5.  P.  heterodoxus 

Inflorescences  and  calyces  glabrous 6.  P.  glaber 

Anther  cells  confluent  at  apex  and  dehiscing  only  to   the  middle,  the  anther 
in  anthesis  horseshoe-shaped   (section  Saccanthera) . 

Sterile  filament  slightly  hairy 7.  P.  gracilentus 

Sterile  filament  glabrous. 

Inflorescence  and  calyx  glandular  or  viscid 8.  P.  Boezli 

Inflorescence  and  calyx  not  glandular  or  viscid 9.  P.  azureus 

1.  Pentstemon  Menziesii  var.  Davidsonii  (Greene)  Piper,  Contr. 
Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  499.    1906. 

P.  Davidsonii  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  241.     1892. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  Mt.  Conness,  at  an  altitude  of  12,300  feet. ' ' — 
Yosemite  region. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  northward  through  the  Sierra 
and  Cascades  to  Washington. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10-10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1273; 
same  locality,  10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1182;  same  locality,  9,650  feet, 
Heller  9898;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  Smiley  231;  Mono  Pass, 
rocks  at  summit,  9-12,000  feet,  Brewer  1721;  same  locality,  exposed 
rocky  summit  of  pass,  10,700  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2609c;  Mt.  Gibbs, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  323 

Yosemite,  11,600  feet,  Smiley  777 ;  rocks  above  Elizabeth  Lake, 
Yosemite,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  806 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler  705;  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  636; 
summit  of  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1120 ;  same  locality, 
10,800  feet,  Purpus  2061;  Denel's  Peak,  Tulare  County,  13,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5506 ;  above  timber  line  on  mountain  north  of 
Whitney  meadows,  Coville  and  Funston  1665;  divide  between  Mt. 
Dana  and  Mt.  Gibbs,  11,000  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Mt.  Dana, 
E.  R.  Drew,  July  30,  1887;  Mt.  Lyell,  on  Cassiope  Crest,  11,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  3574;  Sawtooth  Peak,  Tulare  County,  12,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5674;  slope  of  Black  Peak,  Kaweah  Peaks,  Tulare 
County,  12,000  feet,  Dudley  2127;  Monarch  Lake,  Tulare  County, 
11-12,000  feet,  Dudley  1613. 

2.  Pentstemon  Newberryi  Gray,  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  p.  82, 1. 14. 

1857. 

Type  locality. — "On  rocks,  forming  broad  tufts  near  Mount  St. 
Joseph's,  N.  California." 

Range. — Mt.  Shasta  and  southward  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tulare 
County. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian,  rarely  in  the  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Hunter  Creek  Canon,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  6,500  feet,  Heller  10467;  about  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe 
County,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1256 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  W.  W. 
Price,  July  12,  1898;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,650  feet,  McGregor  114; 
near  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  165;  Silver  Lake, 
Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  451;  Shuteye  Pass,  Sierra 
National  Forest,  7,000  feet,  Abrams  4453;  Dark  Hole,  Yosemite, 
H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Cloud's  Rest,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  511;  Lake 
Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  679;  Tuolumne  Meadows,  dry 
cliffs,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2664c ;  slopes  of  Mt.  Lyell,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  26,  1889 ;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera  County,  8,100  feet, 
Smiley  570;  above  Mineral  King,  2,750  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1494; 
forks  of  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus 
5207 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  9,800  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler,  July  24-26,  1900 ; 
Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Rothrock  50,  332;  rocks  on 
Middle  Tule  River,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5267. 

Though  Dr.  Gray  subsequently  (Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  259) 
reduced  this  to  a  variety  of  P.  Menziesii  Hook.,  its  distinctly  separate 
range^?.nd  consistent  exhibition  of  a  quite  differently  colored  corolla 


324  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

seem  sufficient  warrant  for  maintaining  it  as  a  species.  P.  Menziesii 
Hook.  (Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  98),  in  its  typical  form,  ranges  from 
British  Columbia  through  Washington  to  Oregon  and  is  also  found 
on  the  mountains  of  Idaho;  the  color  of  the  corolla  is  always  violet- 
blue. 

3.  Pentstemon  deustus  Dougl.,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  vol.  16,  pi. 
1318.    1830. 

Type  locality. — "Native  of  northwest  America,  where  it  was  found 
by  Mr.  Douglas  on  scorched,  rocky  plains,  in  the  interior. ' ' 

Range. — East  side  of  the  Sierra  from  Lake  Tahoe  northward  to 
Washington  and  east  to  western  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Independence  Lake,  Sierra  County,  Dud- 
ley, June  19,  1900 ;  upper  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6967 ;  among 
rocks  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909; 
Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet,  Smiley  29 ;  Fallen  Leaf  trail  to  Mt. 
Tallac,  8,000  feet,  Abrams  4824 ;  Summit,  Dr.  Eisen,  July,  1891. 

4.  Pentstemon  procerus  Graham,  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jour.,  vol.  7, 
p.  348.    1829. 

P.  confertus  var.  caeruleo-purpureus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  72. 

1866. 

P.  confertus  procerus  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  169.     1893. 
P.  pulcliellus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  310.     1898. 
P.  glastifolius  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  162.     1906. 
P.  lassenianus  Greene,  I.e.,  p.   164. 

Type  locality. — Not  precisely  given,  but  in  what  is  now  southern 
Washington. 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  the  Cordilleran  section  and  west- 
ward, from  Alaska  and  British  Columbia  southward. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  453*;  same  locality,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  126  (with 


*  This  number  has  been  seen  on  two  sheets,  all  according  to  the  label  from 
Silver  Lake,  yet  one  of  the  sheets  is  distinctly  of  the  tall  low-mountain  form  with 
flowers  in  several  verticils,,  the  other  is  of  the  high-mountain  form  with  flowers 
aggregated  into  a  single  terminal  cluster;  the  next  specimen  (Mulliken  126) 
shows  an  intermediate  condition  between  those  states  of  this  species  presented  by 
Hansen 's  collection.  It  is  quite  possible  to  arrange  any  large  series  of  sheets  of 
this  plant  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  in  convincing  manner  by  what  minute  differ- 
ences the  intermediate  forms  pass  from  the  tall  lowland  type  to  the  depressed 
alpine  state,  and  how  impossible  it  is  to  define  specific  limits  within  the  limits 
of  the  variations.  In  this  connection,  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  change  of  view 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  325 

characters  approaching  the  following  variety)  ;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe, 
7,800  feet,  Smiley  24;  Suzy  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  7,300  feet,  Smiley  170; 
ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7144 ;  Yosemite  Valley, 
Congdon,  July  2,  1885 ;  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley 
609;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  5611. 

4a.  Pentstemon  procerus  f.  geniculatus  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

P.  geniculatus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  310.     1898. 
P.  cephalophorus  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  79.     1904. 
P.  chionophilus  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  161.     1906. 
P.  interruptus  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  163.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Common  on  alpine  slopes,  below  retreating  snow- 
banks, in  wet  clayey  or  gravelly  soil  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Califor- 
nia." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  Oregon,  perhaps  coexten- 
sive with  the  species. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine,  but  appearing  in  the  Cana- 
dian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mountains  west  of  Summit,  E.  L.  Greene 
in  1874 ;  Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  9,000  feet,  Heller  7095 ; 
Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,600  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4725 ;  Desolation 
Valley,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  338 ;  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  Congdon, 
August  16,  1894;  Mt.  Dana,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3617; 
Mt.  Brewer,  Tulare  County,  grassy  slopes,  10-13,000  feet,  Purpus 
1403;  Summit  Lake,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4551). 

This  form  connects  with  the  species  by  numberless  intermediates ; 
in  its  typical  form,  the  short  slender  stems  bear  terminal  clusters  of 
small  deep  blue  flowers. 


as  to  the  possibility  of  specific  definition  within  this  assemblage.  In  1898,  Dr. 
Aven  Nelson  defined  P.  Eydbergii  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  25,  p.  281)  as  a 
species  amply  distinct;  in  1902  he  similarly  described  P.  Owenii  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol. 
34,  p.  32)  ;  in  1909,  the  Coulter-Nelson  New  Manual  was  issued  and  these  species 
are  considered  valid;  but  three  years  later  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  54,  pp.  145-146),  the 
author  of  these  propositions  freely  acknowledges  the  impossibility  of  maintaining 
them,  consigning  them  to  synonymy  along  with  "a  score  (more  or  less)  of  Dr. 
Greene's  species,"  which  Professor  Nelson  appears  to  think  so  trivial  as  not  to 
be  worth  mentioning  by  name.  This  wholesale  rejection  of  previously  accepted 
species  is  justified  by  the  reflection  that  "Perhaps  in  no  group  of  Pentstemon  does 
a  tendency  to  vary  with  every  change  in  the  ecological  conditions  mani'fest  itself 
so  fully  as  in  P.  confertus  and  its  allies. "  It  is  quite  probable  that  students 
of  the  western  flora  will  very  generally  approve  of  Dr.  Nelson's  disposition  of 
his  species  but  they  may  regret  that  this  recognition  of  the  effect  of  the  life- 
conditions  upon  a  plant  came  too  late  to  prevent  unnecessary  additions  to  the 
already  redundant  synonymy  of  this  group  of  Pentstemon. 


326  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

5.  Pentstemon  heterodoxus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  269. 

1886. 
P.  Fremontii  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  622.     1880. 

Type  locality. — "High  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California." 

Range. — Tahoe  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9895;  about 
Summit  Station  (Dormer  Pass),  Heller  7007. 

6.  Pentstemon  glaber  Pursh.,  FL,  p.  738.    1814. 

P.  speoiosus  Dougl.,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Keg.,  vol.  15,  pi.  1270.     1829. 

Type  locality. — "In  Upper  Louisiana." 

Range. — South  Dakota  and  Nebraska  west  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran  to  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined.— Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop, 
July  23,  1909  ;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6920 ;  Bonita  meadow, 
Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5202 ;  Gold  Lake,  Plumas 
County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4513;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe, 
7,400  feet,  Smiley  3;  near  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  7,200  feet, 
Smiley  459 ;  Contact  Pass,  Mt.  Rose,  8,500  feet,  Kennedy  1268,  with 
characters  approaching  var.  alpinus  Gray  of  the  central  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

6a.  Pentstemon  glaber  var.  Wardii  Krautter,   Contr.  Bot.  Lab. 
Univ.  Pa.,  vol.  3,  p.  120.    1908. 

P.  Wardii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  12,  p.  82.     1877. 

P.  Kingii  var.  glauca  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  5,  p.  39.     1873. 

•» 

Type  locality. — "Utah,  near  Glenwood,  at  5,300  feet." 

Range. — Great  Basin  ranges  and  eastern  flank  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran,  rising  on  dry  rocky  slopes  to  at  least  the 
Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and 
Gray  in  1877 ;  same  locality,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  482 ;  Sierra  Nevada, 
A.  Kellogg,  July  10,  1870. 

The  type  locality  for  P.  Kingii  var.  glauca  is  "Found  near  the 
summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.,"  but  the  summit  here  referred  to 
is  the  low  crest  near  Summit  Station,  Nevada  County. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  327 

7.  Pentstemon  gracilentus  Gray,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  6,  p.  82. 

1857. 

Type  locality. — "At  the  base  of  Lassen's  Butte,  N.  California." 
Newberry. 

Range. — Mountains  of  southern  Oregon  through  the  Mt.  Shasta 
region  and  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Tahoe  district. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  back  of  Jonesville,  Butte  County, 
7,000  feet,  Heller  11664;  Independence  Lake,  Sierra  County,  7,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4528;  Castle  Peak,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  465; 
Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  small  meadow  above  Cathedral  Park,  7,800  feet, 
Smiley  237 ;  head  of  Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460  m., 
Baker  1326;  summit  of  ridge  near  Marlette  Peak,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4566;  Mt.  Rose,  in  Contact 
Pass,  8,500  feet,  Kennedy  1266. 

This  species  is  rather  common  in  open  glades  in  Abies  magnifica 
forest. 

8.  Pentstemon  Roezli  Regel,  Acta  Hort.  Petrop.,  vol.  2,  p.  326. 

1873. 

Type  locality. — "In  Sierra  Nevada  in  California."     Eoezl. 

Range. — Mountains  of  southern  Oregon  to  the  Coast  Range  of 
California  and  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  southeastern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  on  rocks,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker  1436, 
at  6,400  feet ;  above  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8-8,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  4771;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E. 
Mulliken  120. 

9.  Pentstemon  azureus  var.  parvulus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1, 

p.  272.     1878. 
P.  parvulus  Krautter,  Contr.  Bot.  Lab.  Univ.  Pa.,  vol.  3,  p.  193.     1908. 

Type  locality. — "Northern  part  of  California,  in  mountains  above 
Jackson  Lake,  at  8,000  feet,  Greene." 

Range. — Mountains  of  northern  California  to  the  southern  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  M.  E.  Jones 
2439 ;  Summit,  7,000  feet,  Smiley  441  ;*  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  7-8,000 


*  Perhaps  rather  of  the  var.  angustissimus,  distinguished  by  leaves  narrowly 
linear. 


328  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs. 
Brandegee,  August  1-8,  1905 ;  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet, 
G.  B.  Grant  1584. 

2.  COLLINSIA 

Calyx  lobes  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  short  corolla 1.  C.  parviflora 

Calyx  lobes  obtuse  or  obtusish,  only  %  or  ya  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

Corolla  deep  blue  and  uniformly  colored 2.  C.  Torreyi 

Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  yellowish 3.  C.  Wrightii 

1.  Collinsia  parviflora  Dougl.,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  vol.  13,  pi.  1082. 

1827. 

C.  pawiflora  Lindl.,  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  94.     1838. 
" Collinsonia"    (sic!)    tenella   (Pursh)    Piper,  Contr.  Nat.   Herb.,  vol.   11, 
p.  496.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  vicinity  of  the  river  Columbia." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  the  Great  Lakes  and  south  to  New 
Mexico  and  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6867 ; 
Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  August  10,  1890 ;  Tioga  Road 
near  Aspen  Valley,  Yosemite,  6,400  feet,  Smiley  911 ;  Bonita  meadow, 
Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5186. 

Collinsia  brachysiphon  Eastwood  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  32, 
p.  214.  1905),  described  from  plants  "Collected  by  the  author  at 
Summit,  Placer  County,  California,"  is  said  to  differ  from  C.  parvi- 
flora Dougl.  "in  leaves  and  inflorescence,  and  in  color  and  shape  of 
corolla. "  It  is  known  to  me  only  by  description,  from  which  it  appears 
very  doubtfully  distinct  from  C.  parviflora. 

2.  Collinsia  Torreyi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  378.    1867. 

C.  inconspicua  Congdon,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  186.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Mariposa  Big-tree  Grove,  and  near  Donner 
Lake." 

Range. — Southern  Oregon  to  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  M.  E.  Jones 
2394;  Cisco,  S.  Watson  in  1867;  above  Donner  Lake,  Davy  3194; 
Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  72;  Cloud's  Rest  trail,  Yosemite, 
7,800  feet,  Smiley  504;  Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872; 
near  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1899;  Mt.  Silliman 
region  of  Tulare  County,  along  Clover  Creek,  Dudley  1467. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  329 

3.  Collinsia  Wrightii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  24,  p.  84.    1889. 

Type  locality. — '"On  the  Greenhorn  Mountains,  Kern.  County, 
California,  at  6,000  to  7,000  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Head  of  Fordyce  Creek,  Placer  County, 
6,910  feet,  Hall  8724;  Suzy  Lake  Basin,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley 
144a;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  dry  open  pine  forest,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2615c,  2630c;  same  locality,  in  forest  of  P.  Murrayana, 
8,600  feet,  Smiley  827;  near  Round  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,200 
feet,  dry  gravelly  soil,  Smiley  582 ;  trail  to  Farewell  Gap  from  Mineral 
King,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and  Funston  1566. 


3.  VERONICA 

Inflorescence  viscid  pubescent;  leaves  obtuse;  style  %  inch  long  ....1.  V.  humifusa 

Inflorescence  not  viscid  pubescent,  but  hairy;  leaves  acute;  style  much  shorter, 

only  about  %  as  long  as  in  No.  1 2.  V.  alpina  var.  unalaschensis 

1.  Veronica  humifusa  Dickson,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  vol.  2,  p.  288. 
1794. 

V.  serpyllifolia  var.  humifusa  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  101.     1838. 

Type  locality. — "Upon  very  high  mountains,  and  under  wet  shady 
rocks"  in  Scotland. 

Range. — In  North  America  from  the  subarctic  regions  south  to 
northern  New  England,  New  York;  in  the  west,  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains as  far  south  as  Colorado,  and  in  the  Cascade-Sierra  axis,  to 
California. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  McGregor 
121 ;  Caple  's  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  547 ;  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,900  feet,  Smiley  333;  near  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600 
feet,  Smiley  297 ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615 
m.,  Baker  1160;  near  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  E.  R.  Drew,  July  25, 
1887;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  open  grassy  ground,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2687c ;  Round  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,000  feet,  Smiley 
575;  Volcano  meadows  (formerly  called  Whitney  meadows),  Tulare 
County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5485. 


330  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Veronica  alpina  L.  var.  unalaschensis  C.  and  S.,  Linnaea,  vol.  2, 

p.  556.    1827. 
V.  Wormslcjoldii  E.  and  S.,  Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  101.     1817. 

Type  locality. — "Legimus  in  montosis  insulae  Unalaschka  Aleu- 
tomm. ' ' 

Range. — In  North  America,  from  Alaska  to  eastern  Quebec,  south 
to  northern  New  England ;  in  the  west,  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ebbett's  Pass,  8,500  feet,  Brewer  2022, 
2074;  Tuolumne  meadows,  along  the  river,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  751; 
same  locality,  open  grassy  ground,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  "Ware  2635c ;  Red 
Mountain,  Fresno  County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler,  455a; 
Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  10,  1890;  Mt. 
Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August,  1905;  meadows 
near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus  5236;  base 
of  Mt.  Whitney,  Dudley  2480 ;  head  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet, 
Brewer  1764. 

4.  ANTIRRHINUM 

1.  Antirrhinum  Kelloggii  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  10, 
p.  126.    1883. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada."  Dr.  Kellogg, 
July  20,  1870. 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada? 

Zone. — Canadian  or  Transition. 

Specimen  examined. — Summit  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Dr.  A.  Kel- 
logg, July  20,  1870. 

This  species  is  referred  to  the  synonymy  of  A.  Kingii  "Wats,  in  the 
Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  suppl.,  p.  439  (1886)  ;  this  disposition  I  believe 
erroneous;  its  nearest  ally  is  A.  strictum  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad., 
vol.  7,  p.  375),  from  which  it  is  not  clearly  distinguished.  A.  strictum 
is  a  Coast  Range  species  of  California.  The  chief  points  of  difference 
from  this  latter  species  shown  by  A.  Kelloggii  are  the  larger  leaves, 
which  are  flat,  not  revolute  as  common  in  the  Coast  Range  species. 
Dr.  Kellogg  noted  that  it  grew  in  patches  by  itself  near  snow  banks ; 
only  additional  material  will  determine  if  this  is  a  valid  species  or 
merely  an  aberrent  form. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  331 


5.  MIMULUS 
Flowers  pure  yellow. 

Calyx  teeth  unequal,  the  upper  large  and  beak -like 1.  M.  nasutus 

Calyx  teeth  equal  and  equally  divergent. 

Flowers  very  long  peduncled,  solitary  or  few   (not  more  than  3);   leaves 

small  (%  inch  long)   and  entire 2.  M.  primuloides 

Flowers    short    or    long   peduncled    in    racemes,    numerous-    leaves    larger 

%-2.5  inches  long),  usually  dentate  or  deeply  lobed. 
Plants  glabrous  or  essentially  so. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted 3.  M.  laciniatus 

Leaves  dentate  or  serrate. 

Eootstocks  present  4.  M.  implexus 

Eootstocks  wanting 5.  M.  -Langsdorfii 

Plants  pubescent. 

Perennial  plants;  rootstocks  with  small  moniliform  tubers. 

6.  M.  moniliformis 

Annual  plants  without  rootstocks  and  with  nearly  sessile  flowers 

7.  M.  mephiticus 

Flowers  purple  or  pink  (in  M.  deflexus,  yellow  flowers  also  occur). 
Some  of  the  pedicels  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Plants  tall  (2-3  feet);  flowers  pink;  perennial 8.  M.  Lewisii 

Plants  small  (2-8  inches  high);  annuals. 

Corolla  large,  its  tube  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ....9.  M.  filicaulis 

Corolla  small,  its  tube  no  longer  than  the  calyx 10.  M.  Breweri 

All  of  the  pedicels  very  short  or  nearly  obsolete. 
Calyx  teeth  equally  spreading. 

Corolla  with  the  purple  throat  blotched  in  stripes 11.  M.  Whitney! 

Corolla  with  the  throat  uniformly  colored 12.  M.  nanus 

Calyx  teeth   oblique •. 13.  M.   leptaleus 

1.  Mimulus  nasutus  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  112.  1885. 

M.  Langsdorfii  var.  nasutus   (Greene)    Jepson,  Fl.  N.W.  Calif.,  ed.  1,  p. 
407.     1901. 

Type  locality. — "In  Sonoma  County,  Calif.,  at  Knight's  Valley 
and  Skaggs  Springs." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  in  the  Cascade-Sierra  Mountains  and  in 
the  Coast  Ranges.  Also  northern  and  western  Idaho. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  Smiley 
191;  Cisco,  Dr.  Kellogg;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  7,200  feet,  Smiley 
670 ;  marshy  meadow  near  Aspen  Valley,  Yosemite,  6,400  feet,  Smiley 
912. 

2.  Mimulus  primuloides  Benth.,  Scroph.  Ind.,  p.  29.    1835. 

Type  locality. — "Amer.  boreali-occid. "    Douglas. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  southern  Califor- 
nia. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Prattville,  Plumas  County,  Heller  and 
Kennedy  8783  ;  Cisco,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker  1463  ;  about  Summit  Station, 


332  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Heller  6972;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m., 
Baker  1277;  Tuolumne  meadows,  open  pine  forest,  8,600  feet,  K.  A. 
Ware  2632c;  Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley 
68;  Cloud's  Rest  trail,  Yosemite,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  503;  Tuolumne 
meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  744;  Billy  Brown's  meadow,  Shuteye 
Mountain,  Madera  County,  6,500  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr.  2580;  Peckin- 
pah's  Mill,  above  Northfork,  Madera  County,  6,300  feet,  Smiley  551; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  very  abundant  on  the  meadows, 
Dudley  1887;  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Coville  and  Funston 
1474. 

2a.  Minmlus  primuloides  var.  pilosellus  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

M.  pilosellus  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  4,  p.  22.     1896. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Same  as  the  species. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Meadow  near  Angora  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,300 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4645 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  Hansen 
462;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  18;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Ken- 
nedy 1178 ;  Upper  Tuolumne  River,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1755 ;  Eliza- 
beth Lake  meadow,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  804;  Funston 's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2194  in  part,  the  other  part  being 
of  the  type  form. 

This  form  of  M.  primuloides  is  distinguished  from  the  species  by 
smaller  flowers,  and  smaller  leaves,  which  are  covered  with  white 
villous  hairs.  Dr. '  Greene  indicated  its  relation  to  the  species  some 
ten  years  before  he  proposed  it  as  distinct :  in  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol. 
1,  p.  120,  the  statement  is  made :  ' '  The  white-villous  form  is  rare  in 
collections,  and  when  growing  with  the  other,  looks  li^e  another 
species,  but  in  floral  character,  there  is  no  difference  between  them." 
The  species  and  variety  frequently  grow  together. 

-3.  Mimulus  laciniatus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  98.    1876. 

Type  locality. — "California,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Merced  at 
Clark's  Ranch." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  H.  M.  Evans, 
July,  1901;  Alta  Mountains,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping  208. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  333 

4.  Mimulus  implexus  Greene,  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.,  vol.  33,  p.  8.    1895. 

M.  Tilingi  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  110.     1885. 

M.  corallin-us  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  4,  p.  21.     1896,  not  of  Begel. 

Type  locality. — "Along  streams  in  the  higher  Sierras,  from  Las- 
sen's  Peak  northward  and  southward." 

Range. — Washington  to  California;  also  in.  the  East  Humboldt 
Mountains,  Nevada,  ace.  Kennedy,  Muhl.,  vol.  8,  pp.  18-19.  1912. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Station,  E.  L.  Greene,  August, 
1883;  near  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  wet  places  under  bushes, 
Sonne,  July,  1895 ;  below  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  moist  stream  bank,  7,500 
feet,  Smiley  157 ;  Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  Hooker  and  Gray 
in  1877 ;  branch  of  White 's  Creek,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  8,500  feet, 
Kennedy  1886 ;  divide  south  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  7,600 
feet,  Heller  10922;  along  Coldstream,  3  miles  above  Truckee,  Heller 
7004 ;  ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7137 ;  Independence 
Lake,  Nevada  County,  7,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4530;  base  of 
Mt.  Dana,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  692;  moist  shady  ravine  near  White  Wolf, 
Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  887 ;  by  brooks  near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare 
County,  10,300  feet,  Purpus  5243;  Mt.  Whitney,  Culbertson  (B  4544)  ; 
same  locality,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5541;  Alta  Mountains, 
Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping  214 ;  cold  streams  on  Mt.  Silliman,  10,000 
feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905;  slopes  of  Sawtooth  Peak, 
Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Dudley  1607. 

The  characters  relied  upon  in  considerable  part  to  separate  M .  im- 
plexus from  M.  corallinus  are  leaf  characters,  but  the  descriptions 
of  the  leaves  of  M .  implexus,  as  given  by  Dr.  Greene,  leave  one  in  some 
perplexity.  In  the  publication  of  M.  implexus,  its  characters  are 
briefly  indicated  from  the  original  description  (as  M.  Tilingi},  and 
it  is  further  noted  that  "No  other  member  of  the  group  makes  any 
approach  to  it,  either  in  this  character  or  in  that  of  the  exceedingly 
thin  membranaceous  texture  of  the  leaves."  A  year  later,  in  a  note 
subjoined  to  the  description  of  M.  corallinus,  the  leaves  of  M.  implexus 
are  asserted  to  be  "of  unusual  thickness  and  fleshiness  of  texture." 

5.  Mimulus  Langsdorffi  Donn,  in  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.,  pi.  1501.    1812. 

M.  guttatus  DC.,  Cat.  Monsp.,  p.  127.     1813. 

M.  minor  A.  Nels.,  Proe.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  17,  p.  178.     1904. 

M.  puberulus  Greene,  in  Eydb.,   Fl.   Col.,  p.   311.      1906;    Leaflets,   vol.   2, 

p.  4.     1909. 
If.  minusculus  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  5. 


334  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Type  locality. — "From  Unashka,  one  of  the  Fox  Islands."  (= 
Unalaska. ) 

Range. — Aleutian  Islands  to  California,  Colorado  and  New  Mex- 
ico. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Brandegee,  September,  1888 ; 
Half -Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,780  feet,  McGregor  68;  Upper  Tuolumne 
Eiver,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1754;  above  Kokopo  Creek,  Kaweah  Peaks, 
Tulare  County,  Dudley  2438 ;  South  Fork  of  Kern  Eiver,  8,200  feet, 
Rothrock  312 ;  near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley 
2598. 

At  the  highest  altitudes,  this  species  becomes  dwarfed  and  the 
leaves  crowded,  but  it  seems  impracticable  to  maintain,  at  least  with 
respect  to  the  Sierran  material,  this  high  mountain  form  as  a  variety 
with  assignable  characters. 

6.  Mimulus  moniliformis  Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  10. 

1884. 

Type  locality. — Not  precisely  given,  only  as  "In  the  higher  Sier- 
ras." 

Range. — Northern  California  (Mt.  Shasta)  southward  through  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  E.  L.  Greene  469 ;  Soda 
Springs,  Nevada  County,  Jones  2608 ;  Summit,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  July, 
1908 ;  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  6,800  feet,  Hall  9186 ;  new  Tenaya  trail, 
Yosemite,  Miss  H.  Geiss  9072 ;  Glacier  Point,  Miss  Camp,  July,  1902. 

* 

7.  Mimulus  mephiticus  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  9. 

1884. 

Eunanus  mephiticus  Greene,  I.e.,  p.  102.     1885. 

Type  locality. — "Collected  on  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cloud's  Rest,  eastern  ridge,  9,500  feet, 
Smiley  516;  summit  of  Cloud's  Rest,  9,925  feet,  Hall  9052;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5622. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  335 

8.  Mimulus  Lewisii  Pursh.,  Fl.,  vol.  2,  p.  427,  pi.  20.    1814. 
M.  roseus  Dougl.,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Beg.,  vol.  19,  pi.  1591.     1833. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  head  springs  of  the  Missouri  at  the  foot 
of  Portage  hill. " 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  along  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County, 
Kennedy  269 ;  ridge  above  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet,  Heller  7141 ;  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  7,850  feet,  McGregor  40 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe, 
east  side  at  8,900  feet,  Smiley  119;  ridge  south  of  Heather  Lake, 
Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  355;  Hope  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,500 
feet,  Hansen  471;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  9,000  feet,  R.  A. 
Ware  2610c;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6315;  Ebbett's  Pass,  Alpine 
County,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  1980;  near  Snow  Flat,  Yosemite,  8,700 
feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  12, 
1895;  Mt.  Raymond,  Madera  County,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  542;  Alta 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  4,  1905. 

9.  Mimulus  filicaulis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  26,  p.  125.    1891. 

Type  locality. — "Collected  by  J.  W.  Congdon  on  Snow  Creek, 
Mariposa  County,  California,  in  June,  1890." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  ? 

Specimen  examined. — Snow  Creek,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
June  1,  1890. 

Doubtfully  distinct  from  M.  Palmeri  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol. 
12,  p.  82),  a  common  species  of  the  Yellow  Pine  belt  on  the  west  flank 
of  the  Sierra. 

10.  Mimulus  Breweri  (Greene)  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4, 

p.  171.    1893. 
Eunanus  Breweri  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  101.     1885. 

Type  locality. — "Common  about  Donner  Lake,  growing  with  E. 
leptaleus,  to  which  it  is  most  related." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  British  Columbia  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia ;  at  the  north,  east  to  Montana. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6893; 
Silver^Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  441;  Suzy  Lake 


336  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

basin,  Tahoe,  dry  ground  on  south  slope,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  172; 
Lake  Valley,  Tahoe  region,  6,400  feet,  Abrams  4780;  Tuolume 
meadows,  Yosemite,  dry  rocky  ground  about  Parsons  Lodge,  8,500  feet, 
Smiley  746;  Home  Camp  meadow,  Fresno  County,  6,900  feet,  Smiley 
654 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  6,  1905 ; 
Kern-Kaweah  Falls,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley  2364. 

11.  Mimulus  Whitney!  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  445.    1886. 

Eunanus  Tricolor  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  381.     1867. 
Mimulus  nanus  var.  bicolor  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  275.    1878. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Sierras  between  King's  and  Kawiah 
Eivers,  Prof.  Brewer/' 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — High  Sierras,  Fresno  County,  Brewer  2785 ; 
Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  K.  Brandegee,  August, 
1905;  Mt.  Silliman,  10,000  feet,  K.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905; 
Horse  Corral  meadows,  Fresno  County,  Eastwood,  July  1-13,  1889 ; 
open  woods  near  Old  Mt.  Whitney,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  1988  and 
1989;  sandy  places,  Whitney  meadows,  9-11,000  feet,  Purpus  1372. 

12.  Mimulus  nanus  H.  and  A.,  Bot.  Beechy,  p.  378.    1840. 

M.  coecineus  Congdon,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  187.     1900. 
M.  Tolmei  Benth.,  in  DC,,  Prodr.,  vol.  10,  p.  374.     1846. 

Type  locality. — Not  given,  but  the  plant  described  collected  in 
California. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  California,  east  to 
Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran  to  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Hose,  9,500  feet,  Heller  103,43 ;  north 
side  of  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County,  7,700  feet,  Heller  10950; 
Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1375; 
volcanic  hills  south  of  Mono  Lake,  in  very  dry  sand  from  the  plains 
to  the  summit,  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1821 ;  Mt.  Dana,  H.  M.  Evans,  July, 
1901 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  9,  1890 ; 
mountain  sides  east  of  the  Minarets,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
August  19,  1899;  slope  above  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet, 
Smiley  614;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,400  feet,  Purpus 
5650;  north  side  of  Toowa  Range,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  H.  M. 
and  G.  R.  Hall  8414 ;  gravelly  soil  on  Shotgun  Creek,  Tulare  County, 
10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5245;  Kern  River,  9,850  feet,  Rothrock  378. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  337 

13.  Mimulus  leptaleus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  11,  p.  96.  1875. 

Type  locality. — "Gravelly  soil,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California, 
at  5,000  feet  and  upwards,  south  of  the  Yosemite,  Miss  Dix,  A.  Gray, 
and  in  Sierra  County,  Lemmon." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian  (Pinus  Jeffreyi  belt). 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  McGregor 
191 ;  Soda  Springs,  Nevada  County,  Jones  2459 ;  east  side  of  Angora 
Peak,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  28 ;  hillside  above  Summit,  7,100  feet, 
Smiley  451 ;  near  Castle  Peak,  Heller  7067 ;  between  Donner  and 
Cisco,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  July,  1908 ;  North  Fork  of  King's  River,  7,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  429 ;  Whitney  meadows  (now  called  Volcano 
meadows),  Tulare  County,  2,850  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1625. 

Though  this  is  as  a  rule  pungently  scented,  it  may  be  practically 
odorless. 

Mimulus  montioidc-s  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  380.  1867), 
described  from  "High  Sierras  of  Fresno  Co.,  Prof.  Brewer,"  is  only 
known  from  the  Upper  Sonoran  and  Arid  Transition  life-zones;  it 
is  probable  that  the  type  described  really  came  from  the  low  country 
east  of  the  Sierra;  this  conjecture  is  based  partly  upon  the  fact  that 
the  type  preserved  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  bears  the  legend  "2785, 
with,"  suggesting  accidental  association  of  the  plant  described  with 
this  number  of  the  State  Survey.  In  the  field  book  of  the  Survey, 
the  numbers  from  2781-2844  are  from  the  mountains  of  Tulare  County, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Mt.  Brewer. 

6.  PEDICULARIS 

Plants    aeaulescent;    spikes    shorter    than    the    leaves;    flowers    yellowish    and 

purplish 1.  P.  semibarbata 

Plants  caulescent;  spikes  exceeding  the  leaves. 

Flowers  white;   galea  circinnate-incurving 2.  P.   racemosa 

Flowers  red  or  purple;  galea  sigmoid-curving. 

Spike  glabrous 3.  P.   groenlandica 

Spike  lanate-pubescent 4.  P.   attolens 

1.  Pedicularis  semibarbata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  385. 
1867. 

Type  locality.— "On  Mount  Dana,  alt.  10,000  feet,  and  Ebbett's 
Pass,  7-8,000  feet,  Prof.  Brewer.  In  or  near  the  Yosemite  Valley, 
Bolander,  and  Mariposa  Grove,  at  and  above  5,000  feet." 

Range. — Southern  Oregon  and  mountains  of  northern  California, 
south  in  the  Coast  Range,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains 
of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 


338  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake,  Davy  3180;  about 
Summit  Station,  Heller,  July  20,  1903 ;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County, 
Nevada,  2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1158;  divide  on  south  side  of  Slide 
Mountain,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  7,600  feet,  Heller  10924 ;  shoulder 
of  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Silver 
Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  436;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
6,800  feet,  McGregor  200;  Ebbett's  Pass,  open  forests  at  7-8,000  feet, 
Brewer  2707;  Mt.  Dana,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1741;  Mt.  Raymond, 
Madera  County,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  529 ;  Hockett  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  Culbertson  (B  4430)  ;  Sequoia  Mills,  Fresno  County,  Miss 
Eastwood,  May,  1894. 

2.  Pedicularis  racemosa  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2, 

p.  108.    1838. 

Type  locality. — "Abundant  on  the  summit  of  the  high  mountains 
of  the  Grand  Rapids  of  the  Columbia."  Douglas. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  (northern  Sierra  Nevada) 
and  in  the  Cordilleran  section  to  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Spanish  Peak,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin  in  1879;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Placer  County, 
A.  M.  Carpenter,  September,  1892;  trail  to  Mud  Lake,  Cisco,  6,000 
feet,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker  1502. 

3.  Pedicularis  groenlandica  Retz.,  Fl.  Scand.  Prodr.,  ed.  2,  p.  145. 

1795. 

Elephantella  groenlandica   (Eetz.)   Eydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1, 

p.  360.     1900. 
Pedicularis  groenlandica  surrecta   (Benth.)   Piper,  Mazama,  vol.  2,  p.  100. 

1901. 

Type  locality. — Greenland. 

Range. — Labrador  to  Alaska;  south  along  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  New  Mexico ;  in  the  Cascades — Sierra  Nevada  to  California.  Green- 
land. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  but  occurring  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined.— About  Summit  Station,  Heller  7009 ;  Deer 
Park,  Tahoe,  A.  Eastwood  433;  summit  of  Mono  Pass,  10,800  feet, 
Brewer  1718;  Lake  Tanaya,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  681;  Rowell  meadow, 
Fresno  County,  Dudley,  August  23,  1904;  Wet  meadows  near  Fare- 
well Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus  5181;  Olancha  Moun- 
tain, Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5281;  meadows 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  339 

near  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  2612  •  Dana  Creek,  10,300 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3621. 

4.  Pedicularis  attolens  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  384.  1867. 
Elephantella  attolen-s  (Gray)  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  4.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "  Swamps  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  alt.  6-11,000 
feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada.     Mountains  of  northern  California? 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Prattville,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  A.  L. 
Coombs,  July  7,  1902;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6938;  Mt. 
Eose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9897;  same  locality,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy 
992;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken  123;  Half- 
Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,780  feet,  McGregor  81;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,500 
feet,  Smiley  124;  Suzy  Lake  basin,  Tahoe,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  146; 
Lake  of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  73 ;  Silver 
Mountain  Pass,  Alpine  County,  Brewer  2708;  Mt.  Dana,  13,000  feet, 
Lemmon,  August  22,  1878;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Cong- 
don,  August  14,  1895 ;  Mono  trail,  10,000  feet,  Bolander  5097 ;  West- 
f all's  meadows,  above  Yosemite,  Bolander  4963;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono 
County,  8,500  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2645c;  San  Joaquin  River,  Fresno 
County,  Coville  and  Funston  1835;  meadows  on  Black  Mountain, 
Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  594;  Alta  Mountain, 
Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping  70;  wet  meadows  near  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  County,  10,400-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5656;  Funston 's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Dudley  2190;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5620. 

7.  CASTILLEJA 

Flowers  red  (C.  miniata  sometimes  is  found  with  yellowish  flowers  but  is  known 

from  C.  nana  by  the  undivided  leaves). 
Plants  low  (less  than  1  foot  high) ;  galea  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Galea  %  inch  long;  the  lower  lip  somewhat  saccate 1.  C.  Lemmoni 

Galea  1/4-%  inch  long;  the  lower  lip  not  saccate. 

.  Leaves  mostly  entire,  linear-lanceolate;  flowers  crimson  2.  C.  Culbertsonii 
Leaves  entire  below,  3-lobed  above;  broader  than  in  No.  2;  flowers  dull 

red  3.  C.  Breweri 

Plants  taller  (1-4  feet) ;  galea  as  long  or  longer  than  the  tube. 
Plants  green  and  nearly  glabrous;   galea  exceeding  the  tube. 

Floral  cluster  of  distinctly  uneven  outline  due  to  the  divaricate  galeas; 

flowers   red 4.  C.    montana 

Floral  cluster  globose  or  bunched,  due  to  the  bracts  and  galeas  remain- 
ing subequal  and  approximate;  flowers  red  or  yellow  ....5.  C.  miniata 
Plants  pilose,  often  white-lanate;  galea  and  tube  subequal. 

Leaves  lobed 6.  C.  angustifolia 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so 7.  C.  pinetorum 

Flowers  yellow  or  ochroleucous 8.  C.  nana 


340  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

1.  Castilleja  Lemmoni  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  297.    1878. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Co.,  California,  probably  in  the  alpine 
region. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  from  Sierra  County  to  the  Mt.  Whitney 
region. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  736;  wet  grassy 
flat  on  Mt.  Stanford,  8,000  feet,  C.  F.  Sonne  9;  Hockett's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  8,600  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5637 ;  same  locality, 
Culbertson  (B4424). 

This  appears  to  be  a  rare  species  in  the  Sierra  and  some  forms 
of  the  following  species  closely  approach  it,  though  the  characters 
assigned  in  the  key  usually  serve  for  specific  reference. 

2.  Castilleja  Culbertsonii  Greene,  Leaflets.,  vol.  1,  p.  78.    1904. 

Type  locality. — "Crabtree  meadow,  at  11,000  feet,  near  Mt.  Whit- 
ney. ' ' 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  mainly,  rarely  in  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cathedral  trail,  Mariposa  County,  Cong- 
don,  August  7,  1898 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  27,  1895 ;  Mt.  Buena 
Vista,  Yosemite,  9,000  feet,  Congdon,  August  23,  1889;  Tuolumne 
meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  831 ;  Sierras,  10,000  feet, 
Bolander  6309 ;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  588 ;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
11,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4339)  ;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
9,400  feet,  Purpus  5134;  Mt.  Whitney,  Edw.  Hyatt;  Whitney  Creek 
near  timber  line,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5551. 

* 

3.  Castilleja  Breweri  Fernald,  Erythea,  vol.  6,  p.  49.    1898. 

Type  locality.— "On  Mt.  Dana,  California,  at  3,060  to  3,360  m." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  10-11,000  feet,  Brewer  1744; 
same  locality,  in  rocks  above  the  saddle,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17, 
1889 ;  Hopkins  meadow  near  Cloud 's  Rest,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July 
13,  1889 ;  slopes  east  of  the  Minarets,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
August  18,  1899. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  341 

4.  Castilleja  montana  Congdon,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  188.    1900. 

Type  locality. — Not  definitely  given. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  east  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada  (West 
Humboldt  Mountains). 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  back  of  Jonesville,  Butte  County, 
7,000  feet,  Heller  11658;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6881; 
Grass  .Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  9 ;  Suzy  Lake  basin,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet, 
Smiley  171;  Caple's  Lakes,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  892; 
Fallen  Leaf  Lodge,  Tahoe,  6,900  feet,  Abrams  4869 ;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650 
feet,  Heller  9900 ;  Lake  Tenaya  trail,  foot  of  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon, 
August  14-16,  1894;  Crescent  Lake,  Congdon,  August  14-15,  1895; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  708 ;  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare 
County,  along  brooks,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5223 ;  Olancha  Mountain, 
Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Rothrock  333. 

This  species  about  Lake  Tahoe  and  northward  shows  forms  closely 
approaching  the  next  and  perhaps,  when  more  material  is  available 
for  comparison  collected  in  the  northern  Sierra,  it  will  be  best  con- 
sidered as  a  variety  of  C.  miniata.  Hall  2582,  from  Tahquitz  Valley, 
San  Jacinto  Mountains,  is  probably  to  be  assigned  to  C.  mantana,  a 
reference  which  would  extend  the  range  to  the  mountains  of  southern 
California. 

5.  Castilleja  miniata  Dougl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  106. 

1838. 
C.  BrooTcsii  Eastwood,  Proe.  Calif.  Acacl.  Ill,  vol.  2,  p.  288.     1902. 

Type  locality. — "Blue  Mountains,  N.W.  America." 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  Colorado. 

Zone.— Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  6,800  feet,  Heller  10590 ;  Webber 
Lake,  Kennedy  and  Doten  93 ;  trail  to  Suzy  Lake  basin,  Tahoe,  in 
marshy  meadow,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  277* ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,500 
feet,  Smiley  106;  Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460-2,615 
m.,  Baker  1484. 

As  noted  under  the  preceding  species,  in  the  Tahoe  region  plants 
occur  which  are  very  difficult  of  satisfactory  assignment,  the  char- 
acters they  present  allying  them  on  the  one  hand  to  the  present  species, 
and  yet  showing  obvious  resemblances  to  C.  montana.  At  the  present 


*  C.  miniata  occasionally  shows  yellow  bracts  and  flowers;  it  is  not  known 
whether  this  color  form  persists  as  a  race  or  not;  in  every  other  respect  these 
yellow  .flowered  plants  are  precisely  like  the  usual  red  flowered  kind. 


342  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

time,  about  all  one  is  justified  in  asserting,  is  that  in  C.  miniata  we 
have  a  plant  of  definitely  northern  and  eastern  distribution,  which 
in  the  Sierra  shows  at  least  one  well-marked  variant,  here  provision- 
ally accepted  as  a  species. 

6.  Castilleja  angnstifolia  G.  Don  var.  hispida  (Benth.)  Fernald, 

Erythea,  vol.  6,  p.  47.    1898. 
C.  hispida  Benth.,  in  Hook,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  105.     1838. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Common  on  dry  soils  of  the  N.W.  Coast,  especially 
about  Port  Vancouver." 

Range. — Washington  to  California  and  in  the  mountains  through 
Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Lake  Valley,  Tahoe  region,  6,400  feet, 
Abrams  4768;  Mt.  Rose,  9,300  feet,  Heller  10348;  Cisco,  Placer 
County,  5,900  feet,  Hall  8707;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200 
feet,  E.  Muliken  146 ;  vicinity  of  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,200  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  3525;  Mt.  Guyot,  11,000  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R. 
Hall  8427. 

7.  Castilleja  pinetorum  Fernald,  Erythea,  vol.  6,  p.  50.    1898. 
C.  trisecta  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  78.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "In  pine  woods,  Swan  Lake  Valley,  Klamath  Co., 
Oregon. ' ' 

Range. — Oregon  and  southwestern  Idaho  to  California  and  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  11,  1898; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,600  feet,  rather  dry  soil,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5608;  same  locality,  Culbertson  (B4431);  Sguth  Fork 
of  the  Kaweah,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8476 ; 
Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  678. 

This  species  is  quite  common  in  the  dry  Murray  Pine  forests.  The 
leaf  variant  (C.  trisecta)  is  incapable  of  definition,  merging  into  the 
species  in  all  characters. 

8.  Castilleja  nana  Eastwood,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Ill,  vol.  2,  p.  289. 

1902. 

C.  inconspicua  A.  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  19,  p.  38. 

1906. 
C.  ambigua  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Coast  Bot.,  vol.  12,  p.  68.     1908. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  343 

Type  locality. — "On  Harrison's  Pass,  above  East  Lake,"  Fresno 
County. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  from  King's  River  region  northward  to 
Mt.  Shasta. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  and  on  rockslides  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  ex-amined. — Cisco,  Bolander  in  1871-72;  near  Donner 
Lake,  Torrey  363;  near  Frog  Lake,  Castle  Peak,  Heller  7064;  Gold 
Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4512 ;  above  Sum- 
mit, Placer  County,  C.  F.  Sonne,  June,  1897;  Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet, 
Kennedy  1169;  Mount  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  A.  Eastwood,  July  5-19, 
1902;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898;  high  southern  Sierra, 
Brewer  2838 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  689 ;  Deso- 
lation Valley,  base  of  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  89; 
rocky  places  in  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,300  feet,  Purpus 
5256,  3004;  Mineral  King,  T.  S.  Brandegee,  July  29,  1892. 


8.  ORTHOCARPUS 

1.  Orthocarpus  imbricatus  Torr.,  in  Watson,  Bot.  King's  Exped., 
p.  458.    1871. 

0.  cuspidatus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  101.     1899. 

0.  Copelandii  Eastwood,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  41,  p.  288.     1906. 

0.  cryptanthus  Piper,  Smithson.  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  50,  p.  200.     1907. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Cascade  Mts.,  Oregon." 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  "Washington  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens    examined. — Hills   above   Red    Clover  Valley,    Plumas 

*   • 

County,  Heller  and  Kennedy  8700 ;  lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller 
6884 ;  Summit,  T.  S.  Brandegee,  August,  1883 ;  Caples  Lakes,  Alpine 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  455 ;  near  Lundy,  Mono  County,  8-9,000 
feet,  Miss  M.  Minthorn,  July  15,  1908 ;  Piute  Creek,  Yosemite,  8,200 
feet,  F.  M.  Reed  3462;  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  20,  1894. 
Orthocarpus  pilosus  Wats.  (Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  231.  1871), 
described  from  "Washoe  Valley,  Nevada,"  and  a  widely  distributed 
Upper  Sonoran  and  Arid  Transition  species,  just  reaches  our  lower 
borders  (Sonora  trail,  east  side  of  summit  at  8,000  feet,  Brewer  1866; 
above  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909). 


344  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

53.  KUBIACEAE  (MADDER  FAMILY) 

1.  GALIUM 

Fruit  smooth 1.  G.  Brandegei 

Fruit  hispidulous  or  bristly. 

Small  delicate  annual  (2-6  inches  high);  hairs  of  the  fruit  minute 

2.  G.  bifolium 

Perennial  with  suffrutescent  base;    hairs   of  the   bristly  fruit  longer  than  the 
body  3.  G.  multiflorum 

1.  Galium  Brandegei  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  12,  p.  58.    1877. 

Type  locality. — "Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  New  Mexico,  on  Los 
Pinos  trail,  at  9,000  feet,  September,  1875,  T.  8.  Brandcgee."  (On  a 
sheet  of  the  original  collection,  now  in  the  herbarium  at  Berkeley, 
California,  it  is  stated  that  the  locality  of  the  collection  was  in  Colo- 
rado, not  in  New  Mexico,  as  given  by  Dr.  Gray.) 

Range. — California  to  Colorado  and  northward  in  the  Rockies  to 
Saskatchewan. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Webber  Lake,  Lemmon  1217 ;  Suzy  Lake, 
Tahoe,  forming  small  mats  near  the  water,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  151; 
about  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  Baker  1412;  Ostran- 
der's,  above  Yosemite,  Bolander  5025. 

2.  Galium  bifolium  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  134.    1871. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Trinity,  Battle  and  East  Humboldt  Moun- 
tains, Nevada,  and  in  the  Wahsatch ;  5-7,000  feet  altitude. ' '  Watson 
480. 

Range. — California  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  Colorado  and 
Wyoming. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  County,  Lemmon  548 ;  above  Donner 
Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller,  July  29,  1903 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
7,000  feet,  McGregor  151 ;  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  26,  1900 ; 
Mt.  Tallac,  west  slope  above  Gilmore  Lake,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  372; 
near  Stewart  Edward  White  meadow,  Sierra  National  Forest,  Abrams 
4988 ;  Lake  Tenaya,  meadow  south  of  the  lake,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  863a ; 
North  Fork  of  King's  River,  7,300  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  452. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  345 

3.  Galium  multiflorum  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  97. 
1861. 

G.  hypotriohum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  538.     1866. 
G.  ambiguum  Wight,  Zoe,  vol.  5,  p.  55.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Washoe, "  Nevada.     Dr.  J.  A.  Veatch. 

Range. — California  to  Washington  and  east  to  Utah. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  Heller 
7080;  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  187;  Tinker's  Knob, 
Placer  County,  C.  F.  Sonne,  August  27,  1893;  Summit,  8,000  feet, 
Bolander  and  Kellogg;  Sonora  Pass,  8-9,000  feet,  Brewer  1880. 

Wherein  G.  multiflorum  puberulum,  a  subspecies  briefly  defined 
by  Piper  (Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  527.  1906),  differs  from  typical 
G.  multiflorum  is  not  clear. 

Miss  Eastwood  reports89  G.  multiflorum  from  East  Lake,  in  the 
high  Sierra  of  Tulare  County.  It  was  also  collected  by  Hall  in  the 
San  Jacinto  Mountains79  in  the  upper  Transition  life-zone. 


54.  LENTIBULARIACEAE   (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY) 
1.  UTEICULABIA 

1.  Utricularia  vulgaris  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  18.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  fossis  palidibus  profundiori- 
bus." 

Range. — Eurasia.  In  North  America  from  Alaska  to  California 
and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Head  of  Lake  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Brewer 
2147 ;  Plumas  County,  Lemmon  in  1874 ;  in  pool  near  soda  springs, 
Tuolumne  Meadows,  9,700  feet,  Bolander  6382;  ponds  in  Kaweah 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  Purpus  5680. 

Our  plants  perhaps  better  referred  to  the  var.  americana  Gray, 
distinguished  from  the  Old  World  species  by  the  spur  acutish  and 
more  slender. 


346  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

55.  CAPBIFOLIACEAE   (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY) 

Leaves  pinnately  compound;  inflorescence  a  many-flowered  cyme  ....1.  Sambucus 

Leaves  simple;  inflorescence  few-flowered. 

Corolla  regular;   fruit  2-seeded 2.  Symphoricarpus 

Corolla  irregular;  fruit  few  to  several  seeded 3.  Lonicera 

1.  SAMBUCUS 

Berries  red 1.  S.  racemosa 

Berries  black  or  very  dark  red 2.  S.  melanocarpa 

1.  Sambucus  racemosa  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  270.    1753. 

S.  pubens  Michx.,  Fl.,  vol.  1,  p.  181.     1803. 

S.  mici-obotrys  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  503.     1901. 

Type  locality. — "Habitat  in  Europae  australis  montosis." 

Range. — Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Georgia, 
Colorado,  and  California.  Europe. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet, 
Heller  7133;  near  Lake  Lucile,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Dudley,  June  26, 
1900 ;  between  Tahoe  and  Lake  Lucile,  7-8,000  feet,  Miss  K.  A.  Chand- 
ler, September,  1901 ;  Tragedy  Springs,  7,500  feet,  Hansen  796 ;  Lake 
of  the  Woods  meadow,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  66;  Lake  Tenaya, 
Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3507;  Mt.  Guyot,  in  shelter 
of  rocks,  11,800  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8426 ;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare 
County,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5267. 

Various  attempts  have  been  made  to  distinguish  our  western  red- 
berried  elder  from  the  common  shrub  of  the  east,  but  with  a  large 
suite  of  specimens  from  the  various  sections  for  comparison,  it  appears 
impossible  to  maintain  specific  lines.  Greene  believed  the  shrub  of 
the  Coast  Range  to  be  distinct,  relying  upon  an  indeterminate  flatness 
of  the  cyme  as  the  distinguishing  character;  his  8.  callicarp<i  (FL 
Fran.,  p.  342.  1892)  has  its  typical  range  in  the  coast*  mountains, 
but  Greene  suspected  that  it  might  also  be  found  in  the  Sierra.  Jep- 
son  (Fl.  N.W.  Calif.,  p.  395.  1910)  considered  this  a  variety  of 
8.  racemosa.  When  publishing  8.  callicarpa,  Greene  called  attention  to 
the  red-berried  elder  of  the  northwest,  ranging  from  Oregon  to  Alaska, 
and  questioned  whether  it  would  prove  to  be  identical  with  his  new 
species.  This  shrub  of  the  northwest  coast  Leiberg  subsequently  pub- 
lished as  S.  leiosperma  (Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  11,  p.  40.  1897). 
Graf  von  Schwerin,  in  his  monograph  (Mitt.  d.  d.  Dendrog.  Gesellsch., 
vol.  18,  pp.  1-56.  1909),  considers  these  two  forms  to  be  "vollig 
identisch,"  an  opinion  shared  by  Piper.  From  an  examination  of 
many  sheets  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  University  of  California  and  in 
the  Dudley  Herbarium,  I  am  convinced  that  the  contour  of  the  cyme 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  347 

is  a  most  untrustworthy  character;  Jepson  calls  it  "ovate";  Piper 
"pyramidal,"  while  Greene,  when  making  determinations  for  Baker's 
Sierran  collections,  referred  to  S.  callicarpa,  forms  with  obviously 
dome-shaped  cymes. 

8.  micro botrys  Kydb.  is  described  as  being  completely  glabrous. 
I  have  not  seen  Bessey's  type  from  Pike's  Peak,  but  have  examined 
a  fairly  representative  series  of  the  red-berried  elder  from  the  Colo- 
rado-Montana region  and  believe  that  such  an  examination  will  lead 
inevitably  to  the  conclusion  that  in  the  Cordilleran  section,  8.  race- 
mose shows  every  gradation  from  being  conspicuously  pubescent  to 
glabrate  or  even  nearly  glabrous. 

2.  Sambucus  melanocarpa  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  19,  p.  76. 

1883. 

Type  locality. — Not  given,  "first  collected  in  New  Mexico  by 
Fendler"  (the  only  Samibucus  collected  by  Fendler  is  his  No.  286  from 
"Margins  of  Santa  Fe  Creek.") 

Range. — Washington  and  Montana  to  California  (east  slope  of 
the  Sierra)  and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada, 
2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1155. 

This  collection  is  the  only  one  of  the  black-berried  elder  seen  by 
me  from  the  Sierra.  Bolander  5052,  from  the  Tuolumne  region, 
10,000  feet,  lacks  the  fruit  but  was  referred  here  by  Dr.  Gray  because 
of  foliage  character.  R.  A.  Ware  2689c,  from  Lambert's  Dome, 
Yosemite,  9,100  feet,  is  perhaps  to  be  referred  here. 

2.  SYMPHORICAKPOS 

Corolla  pubescent  within;  nutlets  of  the  drupe  oval,  the  ends  about  equally 
rounded;  leaves  pubescent  and  thick 1.  S.  rotundifolius 

Corolla  glabrous  within;  nutlets  of  the  drupe  obovate,  cuneate,  or  conical  at 
base;  leaves  glabrate  and  thinner 2.  S.  oreophilus 

1.  Symphoricarpos  rotundifolius  Gray,  PI.  "Wright,  vol.  2,  p.  66. 
1853. 

S.  Parishii  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  26,  p.  545.     1899. 
S.  Austinae  Eastw.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  30,  p..  499.     1903. 

Type  locality. — "Sides  of  mountains  around  the  copper  mines, 
New  Mexico. ' ' 

Range. — "Widely  distributed  in  the  Cordilleran  region  of  North 
America  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Canadian. 


348  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  Mc- 
Gregor 53 ;  Summit,  Placer  County,  7,000  feet,  Heller  9846 ;  head  of 
Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  Baker  1496;  Highland  Lake, 
Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Abrams  4749 ;  Summit  Soda  Springs,  Dud- 
ley, September,  1896;  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  415; 
Mt.  Tallac,  talus  slope  on  the  east  side,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  246. 

la.  Symphoricarpos   rotundifolius   var.   acutus   Frye   and  Rigg, 
Northwest  FL,  p.  366.     1912. 

S.  mollis  var.  acutus  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  14.     1878. 

S.  vaccinoides  Eydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.   Gard,  vol.   1,  p.   371.     1900. 

S.  acutus  Howell,  FL  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  281.   '1903. 

S.  glaucus  Eastw.,  Bull.  Tori-.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  30,  p.  497.     1903. 

S.  parvifolius  Eastw.,  l.o.,  498. 

Type  locality. — "Washington  Terr,  east  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains. ' ' 

Range. — Coincident  with  the  species. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine  trail,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  28, 
1900;  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,900  feet,  Smiley  1;  Bullion  Flat,  Mt. 
Whitney  trail,  8,700  feet,  Dudley  2541;  between  Little  Kern  Eiver 
and  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  9,000-10,500  feet,  Dudley  1096. 

The  relationship  of  this  perplexing  form,  whose  inconstancy  of 
character  is  indicated  by  the  above  synonymy,  has  become  clearer  since 
Dr.  Gray  first  distinguished  it  as  a  variety  of  S.  mollis  Nutt.  The 
collections  made  in  the  period  subsequent  to  the  publication  of  the 
variety  in  the  Synoptical  Flora  indicate  that  its  true  relation  is  with 
the  long-flowered  section  of  the  genus.  Certain  other  characters 
(amount  of  the  pubescence  in  the  tube  and  the  irregular  leaf  outline) 
suggest  that  it  may  well  be  regarded  as  the  form  from  which  the  two 
localized  and  western  species  (Nos.  1-2)  have  diverged* from  the 
widely-ranging  and  northern  S.  racemosus — S.  mollis  group  of  species. 
It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  in  this  latter  group  of  species  definite 
specific  characters  are  difficult  to  formulate,  especially  in  material 
from  the  Northwest;121  see  also  the  note  under  8.  oreophilus. 

2.  Symphoricarpos  oreophilus  Gray,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.,  vol.  14,  p. 
12. '  1873. 

S.  montanus  Gray,  in  Enum.  PL,  Parry,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  II,  vol.  34,  p.  249. 
1862. 

Type  locality. — "Hab. :  Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado  Territory  and 
New  Mexico  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  349 

Range. — Cordilleran  section  of  the  United  States  and  westward. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Shores  of  Donner  Lake,  Dudley,  June  14, 
1900;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901; 
Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  27,  1900;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander 
6339;  Dana  Creek,  Tuolumne  County,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17, 
1889;  Tioga  Pass,  9,300  feet,  Smiley  821  (lacking  in  flowers). 

Plants  referable  to  S.  utahensis  Eydb.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 
vol.  26,  p.  544.  1899),  which,  to  judge  from  the  only  specimen  seen 
by  me  (Colorado:  Van  Boxle's  Ranch,  above  Cimarron,  8,000  feet, 
Baker  384),  is  a  well  marked  form  and  at  least  deserving  varietal 
rank,  as  is  accorded  it  by  Dr.  Nelson  in  the  Coulter-Nelson  Manual, 
have  not  come  to  my  notice  from  the  Sierra. 

Jones  has  asserted  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  690.  1895) 
that  in  the  Great  Basin  intermediate  forms  between  8.  rotundifolius 
and  8.  oreophilm  are  so  abundant  that  it  is  impossible  to  maintain 
the  species  separate  and  accordingly  he  proposes  to  regard  S.  oreo- 
philus  as  a  variety  of  the  first  species,  a  conclusion  for  which  my  own 
numbers,  1  and  246,  might  be  presented  as  evidence. 


3.  LONICEEA 

Corolla  yellow,  its  lobes  only  slightly  unequal;  bracts  persistent. 

Bracts    at    summit   of   peduncle    ovate-cordate,    foliaceous    and    conspicuous; 

berry   black 1.  L.   involucrata 

Bracts  at  summit  of  peduncle  linear-subulate,  small  and  inconspicuous;  berry 

with  a  blue  bloom 2.  L.   coerulea 

Corolla  dull  red  or  purplish,  strongly  bilabiate;  bracts  subulate  and  caducous; 
berry  red 3.  L.  conjugialis 

1.  Lonicera  involucrata  var.  flavescens  Rehder,  14th  Rep.  Mo.  Bot. 
Gard.,  p.  100.    1903. 

L.  flavescens  Dippel,  Gartenfl.,  vol.  37,  p.  7.     1888. 

L.  intermedia  Kellogg,  Proe.  Calif.  Acad.  I,  vol.  2,  p.  154.     1863. 

Type  locality. — "Am  Fraserflusse, "  British  Columbia. 

Range. — Cascades  and  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4501 ;  about  Marlette  Lake,  "Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
2,460  m.,  Baker  1300;  north  side  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe  County, 
in  granite,  7,850  feet,  Heller  10954;  Pohono  trail,  Yosemite,  7,500  feet, 
Hall  9155 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware 
2726c^  Redwood  Cabin,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4330). 


350  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Lonicera  coerulea  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  174.    1753. 

Type  locality. — "In  Helvetia." 

Range. — In  America  only  certainly  known  from  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(see  below). 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Crescent  Lake,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August 
10,  1890;  Tuolumne  meadows,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2625c;  West- 
fall's  meadows,  Yosemite,  Bolander  6338. 

Dr.  Gray  recognized  our  Sierran  form  as  distinct  from  the  var. 
villosa  T.  and  G.  (Fl.,  vol.  2,  p.  9),  noting  that  in  its  villous  corolla 
and  hirsute  calyx  lobes  it  approaches  the  Eurasian  type  form  and  is 
separable  from  the  variety  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  continent 
and  ranging  south  to  New  England,  the  Middle  States,  and  Colorado, 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  coming  as  far  as  Oregon  (Proc.  Am.  Acad., 
vol.  8,  p.  628.  1873).  I  have  seen  no  representatives  of  the  species 
from  beyond  the  limits  of  California ;  Piper  in  the  Flora  of  Washing- 
ton, credits  the  species  to  that  state  and  cites  Suksdorf  559,  a  collection 
not  seen  by  me,  but  he  assigns  as  the  range  the  territory  over  which 
the  var.  villosa  is  the  predominant,  if  not  the  exclusive  form.  Dr.  A. 
Nelson,  in  the  Coulter-Nelson  New  Manual,  follows  the  same  course. 

3.  Lonicera  conjugialis  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  I.    vol.  2,  p. 

67.    1863. 

L.  Breweri  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  537.     1865. 

CaprifoUum  conjugiale  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.,  vol.  1,  p.  274.  1891. 

Xylosteum  conjugiale  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  282.  1900. 

Lonicera  sororia  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  29,  p.  644.  1902. 

Type  locality. — "Washoe,"  Nevada.     J.  A.  Veatch. 

Range. — Cascades  and  Sierra  Nevada.  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon 
and  Washington.  % 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,000  feet,  W.  W. 
Price,  July  12,  1898 ;  Suzy  Lake  trail,  borders  of  a  marsh,  7,700  feet, 
Smiley  186;  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey  192,  196;  Mt. 
Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  N.  Austin,  July  1879;  Gold  Lake, 
Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4500 ;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe, 
Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909;  ravine  near  Mt.  Dana,  10,000  feet, 
Brewer  1802;  Dog  Lake,  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,240 
feet,  Smiley  836;  Glacier  Point,  Miss  Camp,  July,  1902;  Mineral 
King,  Tulare  County,  8,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4313)  ;  Hockett  trail, 
Tulare  County,  Dudley  1046;  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000 
feet,  Purpus  5234. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  351 

C.  K.  Schneider  (Handb.  d.  Laubh..  vol.  2,  p.  74.  1911)  gives  as 
the  place  of  first  publication  of  this  species  "in  Hesperian  (San  Fran- 
cisco), V,  p.  522.  1861. ' '  I  have  not  been  able  to  verify  this  reference. 


56.  VALERIAN  ACE  AE   (VALERIAN  FAMILY) 
1.  VALERIAN  A 

1.  Valeriana  occidentalis  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28, 
p.  24.    1901. 

V.  calif ornica  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  60.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  western  end  of  the  Craig  Mountain 
Plateau,  above  Lake  Waha,  Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho,  altitude  3,500 
feet." 

Range. — Idaho  to  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  8,500  feet, 
Heller  7156;  Luther's  Pass,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Abrams  4765;  Pyramid 
Peak,  7,000  feet,  W.  S.  Atkinson  in  1900;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  725 ;  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet, 
Smiley  47a;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  678; 
between  Lake  Tenaya  and  Tuolumiie  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,500  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2680c ;  region  of  Dinkey  Creek,  Fresno  County,  7,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  413;  Mineral  King,  near  Bullion  Flat,  10,589 
feet,  Dudley  2575 ;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Purpus 
5274;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Culbertson 
(B4376). 

Differs  from  V.  acutiloba  Rydb.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  28, 
p.  24.  1901)  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  cyme  with  the  lower 
peduncles  remote  at  anthesis  and  some  of  the  basal  leaves  lobed  or 
pinnately  parted.  The  "V.  sylvatica  Banks"  of  the  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1, 
pt.  2,  p.  43,  and  of  the  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  287  (as  V.  sylvatica  Rich- 
ardson) includes  a  number  of  forms  growing  in  the  western  mountains 
that  may  be  divided  into  two  groups  with  characters  centering  about 
the  two  species  here  contrasted. 

Of  the  several  species  of  Campanula  present  in  the  boreal  floras 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Cascades,  none  reach  the  Sierra,  though 
C.  scabrella  Engelm.  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  6,  p.  237.  1881)  was  described 
from  "bleak  rocky  ridges  of  Scott  Mountain,  west  of  Mount  Shasta" 
and  ranges  north  to  Washington. 


352  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


57.  COMPOSITAE  (SUNFLOWER  FAMILY) 

Corollas  all  tubular  and  regular,  or  only  the  marginal  ones  ligulate. 

Anthers  not  caudate  at  base;   style  branches  either  truncate  or  tipped  with 
an  appendage. 

Heads  discoid;  flowers  purplish,  never  yellow 1.  Eupatoreae 

Heads  radiate   (exceptional  forms  rayless) ;   flowers  commonly  yellow. 
Style  branches  of  perfect  flowers  flat,  or  tipped  with  a  distinct  appen- 
dage; leaves  mostly  alternate 2.  Astereae 

Style  branches  not  flattened,  but  truncate  or  appendaged;  leaves  often 

opposite. 

Involucre  not  scarious,  little  imbricated. 
Pappus  never  capillary. 

Eeceptacle  chaffy  3.  Heliantheae 

Eeceptacle  not   chaffy 4.  Helenieae 

Pappus   capillary    5.  Senecioneae 

Involucre  scarious^  well  imbricated;  pappus,  if  present,  never  capillary 

but  reduced  to  a  low  ring 6.  Anthemicleae 

Anthers  caudate  at  base;   style  branches  neither   truncate  nor  appendaged; 

heads  discoid;  leaves  alternate. 
Anthers   short  caudate   at   base,   unappendaged   at   tip;    involucral  bracts 

scarious  or  white,  never  bristly  (in  ours) 7.  Inuleae 

Anthers  long  caudate  and  bearing  elongated  appendages  at  the  tip;  thistle- 
like  8.  Cynareae 

Corollas  all  ligulate   and  flowers  all  perfect;   plants  with  milky  juice;    leaves 
alternate  9.  Cichoreae 

1.  EUPATOREAE 

1.  Eupatorium 

2.  ASTEREAE 

Pappus  of  two  sorts,  the  inner  of  fine  and  long  capillary  hairs;   the  outer  of 

very  short,  setulose  hairs  and  inconspicuous;  our  species  rayless 

2.    Chrysopsis 

Pappus  of  similar,  though  often  unequal,  hairs. 
Kays,  if  present,  always  yellow. 
Heads  small  and  clustered. 

Involucral    bracts    more    or    less    in    vertical   rows;    our    species    rayless 

(except  C.  Bloomeri  has  2-4  rays) 3.  Chrysothamnus 

Involucral  bracts  not  in  vertical  rows;  heads  always  rayed  ....4.  Solidago 
Heads  larger,  distinct  or  loosely  aggregated. 

Involucral   bracts   few,    subequal,    and   erect;    pappus   whitish    or    ferru- 

gineous 5.    Haplopappus 

Involucral   bracts   numerous,    of    different    lengths,   and   with    divergent 

tips;  pappus  deep  reddish  brown 56.  Hazardia 

Rays,  if  present,  never  yellow,  but  white,  blue,  or  reddish. 

Involucral  bracts  broad,  numerous,  imbricated  in  several  series;  rays  broad 

and  comparatively  few 7.  Aster 

Involucral  bracts  very  narrow,   fewer,  arranged   in  two   rows;    rays   very 
narrow  and  numerous 8.  Erigeron 

3.  HELIANTHEAE  % 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  series,  and  none  of  them  enclosing  or  wrapped 

about  the  outer  achenes;  ours  large  coarse  perennial  herbs. 
Bay  flowers  fertile  (our  only  species  whitened  with  floccose  wool)  9.  Wyethia 

Ray  flower  sterile  (our  only  species  nearly  glabrous  and  green)  

10.   Helianthella 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  series,  and  each  enclosing  one  of  the  outer 

achenes;  ours  small,  delicate  annuals. 

Ray  achenes   laterally   compressed,   each   entirely   enclosed  by   the   adjacent 
involucral  bract,  which  is  strongly  keeled  outwardly 11.  Madia 


I921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  California  353 

Bay  achenes  obcompressed  or  somewhat  quadrangular;  they  and  their  adjacent 

enclosing  bracts  rounded  on  the  external  face. 

Bracts  of  the  receptacle  united  to  form  a  cup  about  the  few  (often  single) 
disk    achenes;    dwarf   plants    (not    over    6   inches   high)    with   mainly 

opposite  leaves  12.  Hemizonella 

Bracts   of   the   receptacle   distinct;   plants   6-15   inches   high   with   mainly 
alternate   leaves    13.  Hemizonia 

4.  HELENIEAE 
Heads  radiate. 

Plants  nearly  glabrous  or  early  glabrate;  paleae  of  pappus   (5-10)    acutely 

awned;  plants  of  wet  places 14.  Helenium 

Plants  lanate   (at  least  at  first);   paleae   obtuse  or  erose;   plants  of   dry  or 

rocky  places. 
Bays  less  than  15;  involucral  bracts  in  1   series,  firm,  erect,   and  usually 

concave  forming  a  cup  about  the  aehenes 15.  Eriophyllum 

Bays  20-numerous  (in  H.  vestita  sometimes  fewer  or  even  wanting) ;  invo- 
lucral bracts  in  2-3  series,  soft,  spreading,  not  enclosing  the  achenes 

16.   Hulsea 

Heads  rayless. 

Leaves  entire,  linear;   slender  annual 17.  Orochaenactis 

Leaves  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  perennials 18.  Chaenactis 

5.  SENECIONEAE 

Pappus  of  15-25   short,  soft,  plumose  bristles;   our  species  rarely  with  a  few 

rays  19.   Raillardella 

Pappus  of  numerous  slender  bristles  which  are  never  truly  plumose. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  rigidulous,  barbellate,  inserted  in  a  single  row  upon 
the  slender  angled  achene;  leaves  opposite;  our  species  all  radiate 

20.    Arnica 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  very  numerous,  white,  and  soft;  achene  terete;  leaves 
alternate;  our  species  both  rayless  and  radiate 21.  Senecio 

6.  ANTHEMIDEAE 

Bay  flowers  present,  heads  radiate;  receptacle  chaffy 22.  Achillea 

Bay  flowers  none,  heads  discoid;  receptacle  naked. 

Heads  corymbose;  anthers  broad  and  obtuse  at  the  tip 23.  Tanacetum 

Heads  racemose  or  panicled;  anthers  slender  and  acute  at  the  tip 

24.  Artemisia 

7.  INULEAE 

Pappus  hairs  not  clavate  nor  united  into  a  ring  at  base;  plant  1-2.5  feet  high 
25.  Anaphalis 

Pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers  clavate  or  barbellate;  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
capillary,  united  at  base  and  falling  together;  plants  usually  less  than 
1  foot  high 26.  Antennaria 

8.  CYNAEEAE 

27.  Cirsium 

9.  CICHOREAE 

Pappus  none  or  short  coroniform,  paleaceous 28.  Phalacroseris 

Pappus  always  present;   not  paleaceous. 

Pappus  of  white  and  soft  plumose  bristles  with  paleaceous  bases  29.  Microseris 
Pappus  of  simple  capillary  hairs  or  bristles. 

Heads  solitary  on  long  scapose  peduncles;  achenes  distinctly  beaked 

30.   Agoseris 

Heads  several  to  numerous  on  branching  stems. 

Leaves,  or  some  of  them,  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  pappus  copius,  white 

and  soft;  achenes  narrowed  upward 31.  Crepis 

Leaves    entire    or    merely    toothed;    pappus    of    sordid    bristles,    scanty; 
achenes   broad   at  the   summit 32.  Hieracium 


354  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

1.  EUPATOBIUM 

1.  Eupatorium  occidentale  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  305. 

1833. 
Kyrstenia  occidentalis  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  9.     1903. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  low  hills  between  the  north  and  south 
branch  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  River  in  stony  places."  Douglas. 

Range. — Washington  and  Idaho  to  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian,  rarely  higher. 

Specimens  examined. — Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5695 ;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  Roth- 
rock  360 ;  Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ; 
Ebbett's  Pass,  7-8,000  feet,  Brewer  2035;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  Mc- 
Gregor 126 ;  Glen  Alpine,  W.  W.  Price,  August  18,  1898 ;  above  Don- 
ner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7124. 

The  form  of  this  species  growing  in  the  higher  mountains  has  the 
stems  conspicuously  reddened  and  leaves  somewhat  greener  compared 
to  the  type  prevalent  in  the  Transition  zone,  which  has  light  straw- 
colored  stems  and  rather  glaucous  foliage,  but  all  gradations  occur. 

2.  CHBYSOPSIS 

1.  Chrysopsis  Breweri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  542.    1866. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Sonora  Pass  and  Ebbett's  Pass,  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  common  at  the  elevation  of  4,000  to  8,000  feet." 
Brewer. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Arid  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Lake,  Greene  416;  same  locality, 
Torrey  214;  above  Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  HeMer  7048; 
Thomas  Canon,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  8,000  feet,  Kennedy  1813; 
head  of  Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1433 ; 
Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  near  the  summit,  Miss  K.  Chandler,  August  12, 
1901 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4728 ;  Half-Moon 
Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  56 ;  lateral  moraine  south  of  Fallen 
Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  Abrams  4800;  Silver  Lake,  Amador 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  772;  near  Ebbett's  Pass,  4-8,000  feet, 
Brewer  2692;  Cloud's  Rest  trail,  Yosemite,  7,600  feet,  Smiley  502; 
Nevada  Falls,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  10,  1889;  Snow 
Creek  trail  to  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  673;  near 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  355 

Lake  Tenaya,  in  pine  forests,  8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3520; 
Farewell  Gap  region,  Tulare  County,- Culbertson  (B4548);  Grouse 
Ridge,  near  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  Dudley  1563. 

A  very  nearly  related  species,  C.  Wrightii  Gray  (Syn.  FL,  vol.  1, 
pt.  2,  p.  446)  is  found  in  the  boreal  region  of  the  mountains  of  south- 
ern California. 

3.  CHRYSOTHAMNUS 

Heads  with  2-4  rays 1.  C.  Bloomeri 

Heads  always  rayless. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  conspicuous  acuminations  or  tips. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  soft,  slender,  herbaceous  tips  ....2.  C.  Bolanderi 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  rigid,  recurved  tips 3.  C.  nevadensis 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  acute,  but  not  drawn  out  into  tips 

4.   C.  nauseosus 

1.  Chrysothamnus  Bloomeri  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  115.    1895. 

Aplopappus  Bloomeri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  541.     1866. 

Type  locality. — "On  Mount  Davidson,  Nevada."    H.  0.  Bloomer. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian  (especially  in  the  Jeffrey  Pine 
belt  in  the  Sierra). 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Davidson,  Bloomer,  in  1864;  head  of 
Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  Baker  1498 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe, 
Miss  L.  K.  T angier- Smith ;  Whitney  Creek,  Tulare  County,  open 
woods,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  1992 ;  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  flats 
at  7-8,000  feet,  Purpus  5159. 

la.  Chrysothamnus  Bloomeri  var.  angustatus  (Gray)  Greene,  in 
Merriam,  N.  Am.  Fauna,  vol.  16,  p.  166.    1899. 

Aplopappus  Bloomeri  var.  angustatus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  354. 
1868. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  Mount  Shasta,  alt.  6,000  feet,  Professor  Brewer 
(1415)  ;  Little  Yosemite  Valley,  Empire  Camp  on  the  Yosemite  trail, 
and  Soda  Springs,  alt.  9,700  feet,  Bolander." 

Range. — With  the  type. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and 
Gray  in  1877;  Soda  Springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  9,700  feet,  Bolander 
5039;  Mt.  Olancha,  10,000  feet,  Tulare  County,  Rothrock  357  (the 
last  specimen  differs  from  the  type  in  the  foliage  being  very  slenderly 
linear,  scarcely  at  all  spatulate,  thus  approaching  the  characters  of 
Ericameria}. 


356  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

The  plant,  determined  by  Greene  as  C.  Bloomeri,  and  reported  by 
Merriam  (I.e.)  as  growing  in  the  Hudsonian  and  even  above  timber 
line  on  Mt.  Shasta,  has  not  been  seen,  but  it  is  probably  of  this  variety, 
since  W.  M.  Canby  113,  collected  on  the  same  mountain  at  timber  line, 
is  of  this  variety.  In  the  Sierra,  the  species  scarcely  enters  the  boreal 
region  and  Piper72  assigns  it  to  the  Arid  Transition  exclusively  in 
Washington. 

2.  Chrysothamnus  Bolanderi  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  114.  1895. 
Linosyris  Bolanderi  Gray,  Proc.  Am,  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  354.     1868. 

Type  locality. — "Mono  Pass,  at  9-10,000  feet  of  elevation." 
Bolander. 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

J£(we.— Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6135;  Soda  Springs, 
Upper  San  Joaquin,  Congdon,  August  19,  1895;  Mt.  Warren,  Tuol- 
umne  County,  Congdon,  August  21,  1894 ;  Golden  Trout  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  8-8,700  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  E.  Hall  8413;  Bloody  Caiion, 
Mono  County,  Congdon  C  125. 

Coville50  refers  his  No.  1690  to  this  species  but  notes  its  disagree- 
ment with  the  type  of  C.  Bolanderi  and  suggests  that  it  may  belong 
to  C.  Parryi  (Gray)  Greene  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  a  species  not 
otherwise  known  west  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  This  number  has 
been  made  the  type  of  C.  asper  Greene  (Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  81.  1904). 
I  have  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  the  specimen. 

3.  Chrysothamnus  Nevadensis  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  114. 

1895.  % 

Linosyris  Howardi  var.  nevadensis  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  541. 
1866. 

Type  locality. — "Mount  Davidson,  Nevada,  above  Virginia  City." 
Bloomer. 

Range. — East  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  adjacent  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Davidson,  Bloomer;  Ebbett's  Pass, 
Alpine  County,  hilltop  at  9,000  feet,  Brewer  1985,  a  dwarf  form 
perhaps  better  included  under  the  following  variety. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  357 

3a.  Chrysothamnus  nevadensis  f.  monocephala  (A.  Nels.  and  Ken- 
nedy), forma  nov. 

Chrysothamnus  monocephala  A.  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash., 
vol.  19,  p.  39.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Mount  Rose,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada. ' ' 

Range. — With  the  type? 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Heller  9976;  same 
locality,  10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1171. 

In  this  form  the  stems  bear  but  a  single  head  and  the  plant  appears 
somewhat  more  rigid  or  spinescent  than  in  the  species. 

3b.  Chrysothamnus  nevadensis  var.  vulcanicus  (Greene),  var.  nov. 
C.  vulcanicus  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  1,  p.  80.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "On  Volcano  Creek,  above  Volcano  Falls,  at  8,000 
feet,"  Tulare  County. 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Volcano  Creek,  above  Volcano  Falls,  8,000 
feet,  Culbertson  (B4361);  mountain  slopes  on  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  Purpus  5058. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  the  reduced  tomentum  cover- 
ing the  twigs  and  in  being  less  glandular-viscid. 

4a.  Chrysothamnus   nauseosus   var.   calif ornicus    (Greene)    Hall, 
Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  7,  p.  174.    1919. 

C.  californicus  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  111.     1895. 

Bigelovia  graveolens  var.  albicaulis  Gray,  in  Brewer  and  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  1,  p.  317.     1876,  as  to  the  Sierran  plant. 

Type  locality. — "Higher  Sierra  of  Placer  and  Nevada  Counties." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6145;  head  of  Fall 
Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1495;  summit  of 
the  Sierras  near  Donner  Lake,  E.  L.  Greene  411. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  the  leaves  being  generally 
broader  and  the  pubescence  less  developed. 


358  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4b.  Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  var.  occidentalis  Hall,  Univ.  Calif. 

Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  60.    1907. 
C.  calif  ornicus  var.  occidentalis  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  112.     1895. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Coast  Range  from  Humboldt  County 
southward. ' ' 

Range. — Southern  Coast  Eange  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada  to 
the  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Rocks  near  Little  Kern  River,  9-9,400  feet, 
Purpus  5059;  Big  Arroyo,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4520). 

This  variety  is  very  close  to  the  preceding  but  with  leaves  narrower 
and  greener. 

The  Rabbit-brush  (C.  nauseosus  (Pall.)  Britton),  of  which  the 
two  foregoing  varieties  are  in  places  conspicuous  elements  in  the  boreal 
flora  of  the  Sierra,  is  a  typically  Sonoran  species,  covering  wide  areas 
east  of  the  mountains. 

4.  SOLIDAGO 

1.  Solidago  corymbosa  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  7,  p.  328. 
1840. 

S.  multiradiata  var.  scopulorum  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.   17,  p.   191. 

1882. 

S.  ciliosa  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  22.     1896. 
S.  hespcria  Howell,  Fl.  N.W.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  303.     1900. 
S.  humilis  f.  Crandalli  Gandoger,  Bull.  Bot.  Soe.  France,  vol.  50,  p.  215. 

1903. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Central  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. ' '    Nuttall. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana  and  south  to  California  and 
New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1146 ;  Half- 
Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  424 ;  Mt.  Dana,  10,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3642 ;  same  locality,  11,000  feet,  Smiley  719 ;  Tuolumne 
River,  9,700  feet,  Bolander  5051 ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  8,500 
feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2647c;  Lambert's  Dome,  Yosemite,  9,300  feet,  Smiley 
761 ;  summit  near  soda  springs,  Tuolumne  River,  11,500  feet,  Brewer 
1792;  Andrew's  Camp,  Inyo  County,  east  slope  of  the  Sierra,  A. 
Davidson  2606 ;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,100  feet,  Smiley  626 ; 
Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  1602;  Mineral 
King,  T.  S.  Brandegee,  July  27,  1892 ;  Rae  Lake,  Kings  River  region, 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  359 

Miss  K.  D.  Jones  1293;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,330 
feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8444 ;  rocky  slopes  near  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  9-10,500  feet,  Purpus  2086. 

Satisfactory  characters  by  which  8.  decnmbens  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol. 
3,  p.  161.  1897)  and  8.  dilatata  A.  Nels.  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  30,  p.  196. 
1900)  can  be  distinguished  from  the  foregoing  species  are  unknown 
to  me. 

Solidago  lepida  DC.  var.  elongata  (Nutt.)  Fernald  (Rhodora,  vol. 
17,  p.  9.  1915),  from  which  8.  caurina  Piper  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 
vol.  28,  p.  40.  1901)  is  very  feebly  distinguished  by  the  bracts  of  the 
panicle  slightly  larger,  is  present  in  the  Sierra  and  just  reaches  our 
lower  borders  (Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  134;  Sum- 
mit, Placer  County,  E.  L.  Greene,  August,  1883). 

5.  HAPLOPAPPUS 

Heads  rayless;  branches  whitened  with  lanate  pubescence 1.  H.  discoideus 

Heads  radiate;  branches  not  whitened,   commonly  glandular. 
Leaves  entire. 

Kays  2-5;  involucral  bracts  foliaceous 2.  H.  suffruticosus 

Eays  9-12;  involucral  bracts  scarious  margined 3.  H.  acaulis 

Leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  rays  20  or  more. 

Achenes    glabrous 4.  H.    apargioides 

Achenes  pubescent 5.  H.  eximius 

1.  Haplopappus  discoideus  Hall  and  Hall,  Yosemite  Flora,  p.  246. 
1912. 

Macronema  discoidea  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p.  322.     1841. 
Aplopappus  macronema  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  542.     1866. 
Bigelovia  macronema  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  693.     1895. 

Type  locality. — "Banks  of  Lewis'  River,  and  other  streams  of  the 
Oregon. ' ' 

Range. — Mountains  of  Colorado  west  to  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  8,000  feet,  Lemmon ;  Mt.  Rose, 
10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1179;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and 
Gray  in  1877 ;  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  420 ;  Mono 
Pass,  on  rocks  at  10,000  feet,  Bolander  6136;  summit  of  Cloud's  Rest, 
Chesnut  and  Drew ;  Ragged  Peak,  Yosemite,  10,100  feet,  Smiley  835 ; 
Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  10,  1898;  near  Summit  of  Mt.  Tallac, 
Tahoe,  9,500  feet,  Abrams  4835 ;  east  side  of  Mt.  Whitney,  G.  P.  Rix- 
f ord ;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5198 ; 
Sky  Valley,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B 1498) ;  Siberian  Pass, 
Upper  J£ern  River,  Hall  and  Babcock  5475. 


360  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Professor  and  Mrs.  Hall  in  their  Yosemite  Flora  cite  Gray  as  the 
author  of  the  combination  " Haplopappus  disc&ideus"  but  they  now 
inform  me  that  this  was  an  inadvertence,  the  combination  not  having 
been  previously  made. 

2.  Haplopappus  suffruticosus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  542. 
1866. 

Macronema  suffruticosum  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p.  322. 

1841. 
Macronema  grindelifolium  Bydb.,  Mem.  N.Y.  Bot.   Gard.,  vol.   1,  p.   384. 

1900. 

Macronema  grindelioides  Bydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  27,  p.  619.    1900. 
Macronema  imbricata  A.  Nels.  and  Macbr.,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  52,  p.  150.    1916. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  sandy  and  gravelly  banks  of  the  Malade, 
a  stream  of  the  Oregon  near  the  Blue  Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — East  Oregon  to  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  eastward  on 
the  mountains  of  the  Great  Basin  to  the  Rockies  of  Montana,  "Wyom- 
ing, and  Idaho. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  of  Sierra  Nevada,  E.  L.  Greene, 
October  14,  1874;  Pyramid  Peak,  10,000  feet,  McGregor  165;  ridge 
south  of  Donner  Pass,  about  8,500  feet,  Heller  7182;  Sierra  County, 
Lemmon  97 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  near  Carson 's  Pass,  8-10,000  feet,  Brewer 
2141;  Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet,  Kennedy  1143;  head  of  Fall  Creek, 
Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1498 ;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander 
6139;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  in  slide  rock,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  407; 
Mt.  Hoffman,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  18,  1890;  meadows  near 
Black  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  617 ; 
mountain  slopes  on  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Pur- 
pus;  Mt.  Guyot,  from  timber  line  up  to  12,300  feet,  H.  M^and  G.  R. 
Hall  8425. 

While  in  general  the  material  from  the  northern  Rockies  has  the 
leaves  somewhat  broader  than  much  of  our  California  representation, 
and  in  so  far  justifies  Dr.  Rydberg's  statement  that  his  M.  grindeli- 
folium has  the  foliage  spatulate,  yet  such  plants  are  by  no  means  rare 
among  our  western  collections  (compare  Hooker  and  Gray  from  Castle 
Peak) .  This  breadth  of  leaf  reaches  a  maximum  in  Heller  7182,  which 
has  been  made  the  type  of  a  new  species,  M.  imbricata,  which,  in  my 
opinion,  is  not  distinguishable  by  characters  of  even  varietal  sig- 
nificance. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  361 

3.  Haplopappus  acaulis   (Nutt.)    Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7, 

p.  353.    1867. 

Stenotus  acaulis  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p.  334.     1841. 
Chrysopsis  acaulis  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  vol.  7,  p.  33.    1834. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  borders  of  Little  Godin  River,  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — Alberta  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  west 
to  Oregon  and  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  above  timber-line. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,600  feet,  Smiley 
127a ;  same  locality,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4734 ;  Castle  Peak 
near  the  highest  point,  9,000  feet,  Heller  7104;  Summit,  Bolander, 
Kellogg  and  Co. ;  Deer  Park  Crag  summit,  Tahoe,  Miss  H.  D.  Geiss ; 
Mt.  Tallac,  9,600  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4612 ;  mountain  on  Truckee 
River,  rocky  peak  at  8,200  feet,  Sonne,  July  18,  1886;  near  Lake 
Lucile,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  M.  S.  Baker,  July  19,  1904. 

As  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall  has  pointed  out  (Zoe,  vol.  5,  p.  266)  both 
pubescent  and  glabrous  achenes  occur  in  this  species,  though  the 
typical  form  as  described  by  Nuttall  has  the  achenes  uniformly 
pubescent,  so  far  as  known.  My  own  number  from  Pyramid  Peak 
shows  both  pubescent  and  glabrous  achenes  in  the  same  collection. 

4.  Haplopappus  apargioides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  354. 

1867. 
Pyrrocoma  apargioides  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  2,  p.  70.     1894. 

Type  locality. — "At  Soda  Springs  on  the  Tuolumne  River  (Cali- 
fornia), alt.  9,700  feet."  Bolander. 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tulare  County.  White  Moun- 
tains, Inyo  County. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  mainly. 

Specimens  examined. — Mountains  above  Summit  Valley,  9,000 
feet,  Pringle,  September  27,  1882;  Sierra  County,  Lemmon  in  1879; 
Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Sonne,  July  19,  1885;  soda  springs, 
Tuolumne  River,  9,700  feet,  Bolander  5050 ;  Dana-Lyell  region,  above 
Yosemite,  Hall  and  Babcock,  July,  1902;  Tuolumne  meadows,  south 
side  along  forest  edge,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  711 ;  same  locality,  8,500- 
9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3434;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne, 
Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  16,  1889 ;  east  of  the  Minarets,  Mariposa 
County,  Congdon,  August  2,  1899 ;  Bishop  Creek,  Inyo  County,  10,000 
feet,  A,  Davidson  2558 ;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,350 


362  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

feet,  Hall  8450;  mountain  near  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  1634;  Funston's  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
Dudley  2166 ;  Whitney  meadows,  2,850  m.,  Coville  and  Funston  1608. 
This  species  is  fairly  common  about  the  borders  of  the  high  sandy 
-meadows  but  occasionally  is  also  found  on  rocky  outcrops,  especially 
at  the  upper  limit  of  its  range. 

5.  Haplopappus  eximius  Hall,  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  6,  p. 
170.    1915. 

Type  locality. — "Crevices  of  granite  rocks  at  an  altitude  of  2,680 
meters  on  a  peak  1  kilometer  S.S.W.  of  Angora  Peak,  El  Dorado 
County,  California. ' ' 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada  (Tahoe  Region). 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  Miss  H.  D.  Geiss  18 ; 
same  locality,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  417 ;  same  locality,  G.  R.  Hall,  July 
30,  1910 ;  near  Angora  Peak,  8,800  feet,  G.  R,  Hall  8771. 

This  species  represents  in  the  Sierra  that  group,-separated  as  the 
genus  Tonestus  by  Dr.  Nelson  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  37,  p.  262.  1904),  but 
without  distinct  floral  characters,  which  includes  H.  Lyallii  Gray, 
alpine  in  the  mountains  of  the  Northwest  from  Oregon  to  British 
Columbia  and  extending  east  to  Montana,  and  H.  pygmaeus  T.  and  G., 
a  species  of  similar  habitat  in  the  mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colo- 
rado and  in  the  high  mountains  of  northern  New  Mexico. 


6.  HAZARDIA 

1.  Hazardia  Whitney!  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  43.    1896. 

Aplopappus  Whitneyi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  353.     1867. 

\ 

Type  locality. — "Mono  trail  and  Sonora  Pass,  in  open  woods,  alt. 
9,000  feet ;  grows  in  large  tufts,  Bolander. ' ' 

Range.- — Siskiyou  Mountains  and  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin  in  1880;  Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,  W.  M.  Canby,  August  15, 
1895 ;  Mono  trail  and  Sonora  Pass,  open  woods  at  9,000  feet,  Bolander 
6008;  Wawona  Grove,  Mariposa  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  1558; 
Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Brandegee,  July  27,  1892;  Mt.  Silli- 
man,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  7,  1905;  rocky  slopes 
along  Little  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  2031 ;  Farewell  Gap 
region,  Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  Culbertson  (B4584). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  363 


7.  ASTER 

Leaves  nearly  all  radical;   scapes  monocephalous. 

Stems  6-18  inches  high,  erect;  achenes  soft  villous  all  over  ....1.  A.  Anderson! 
Stems  2-6  inches  high,  decumbent-spreading;  achenes  sparingly  pubescent  or 

glabrate 2.  A.  pulchellus 

Plants  with  leafy  stems;  heads  in  an  open  panicle. 

Plants  without  glandular  pubescence,  not  at  all  viscid;  leaves  narrow  and 

mostly  acute. 
Cauline   leaves   sessile;    bracts   of  the   involucre    subequal    and    obscurely 

imbricated. 
Heads  very  large  (%-l  inch  broad);  leaves  often  auriculate;  .upper  part 

of  the  stem  somewhat  tomentulose 3.  A.  foliaceus 

Heads  smaller;  leaves  not  auriculate,  thin  and  deep  green. 

Panicles  leafy;  involucral  bracts  with  long  tips;  stems  slender,  some- 
times decumbent 4.  A.  yosemitanus 

Panicles  with  reduced  leaves;  involucral  bracts  not  long  pointed;  stems 

stouter  than  in  No.  4 5.  A.  Fremontii 

Cauline  leaves  tapering  to  a  long  winged  peticle;  bracts  of  2  or  3  lengths, 

obviously  imbricated 6.  A.   occidentalis 

Plant   viscidly   glandular;    leaves   broad,   spatulate    or    oblong    (3-10    inches 
long) ;  heads  very  large 7.  A.  integrifolius 

1.  Aster  Anderson!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  352.    1867. 

Erigeron  Andersoni  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  540.     1866. 
Oreastrum  Andersoni  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  147.     1896. 
Oreostcmma  Andersoni  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  224.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Nevada,  Carson  City,  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson.  Cali- 
fornia, Lake  Tenaya  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  alt.  8,000  feet,  Prof. 
Brewer.  Westf all's  meadows  in  the  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  and  in  the 
meadows  on  the  Tuolumne,  9,700  feet,  smaller  and  smoother  speci- 
mens, H.  N.  Bolander. " 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  but  rising  in  dwarf  form  to  timber  line 
or  even  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Ridge  south  of  Donner  Pass,  7,500  feet, 
Heller  7136;  Sierra  Nevada,  Kellogg;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County, 
8,000  feet,  Hansen  767;  meadows  near  Forni,  Pyramid  Peak,  7,300 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4756;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  grassy 
plots,  8,000  feet,  Sonne,  July  25,  1886;  near  Donner  Lake,  Torrey 
208 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  27,  1895 ;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Yosemite, 
9,800  feet,  Smiley  794;  Dana  Fork  meadows,  Yosemite,  9,800  feet, 
Smiley  852;  Lake  Tenaya,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  in  1863;  Tuolumne 
meadows,  open  wet  meadow,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2652c;  same 
locality,  9,700  feet,  Bolander  5057;  Westfall's  meadows,  above 
Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  Bolander  4974;  Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite,  A. 
Gray  in  1872;  Lake  Tenaya,  wet  meadow,  8,150  feet,  Smiley  680; 
Dinkpy  Creek,  Bald  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and 


364  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Chandler  395;  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  606; 
foot  of  Mt.  Whitney,  12,000  feet,  Rothrock  394;  Funston's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Dudley  2171;  Bonita  meadow,  Tulare 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5173;  Hockett's  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Culbertson,  (B4356)  ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  673.5;  Mt.  Warren  Pass,  Tuolumne  County,  Congdon, 
August  21,  1894;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping  505; 
Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August,  1905. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  commonest  meadow  plants  of  the  higher 
mountains  and  appears  in  the  wet  meadows  from  near  the  Transition- 
Canadian  boundary  up  through  the  boreal  forest  zones  well  into  the 
alpine  region ;  at  the  highest  stations  the  leaves  become  much  shorter 
and  very  narrow  so  that  the  plant  is  often  overlooked,  amid  the  grasses 
and  sedges  that  make  up  the  bulk  of  the  vegetation,  unless  in  flower. 

2.  Aster  pulchellus  Eaton,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  143, 

t.  16.    1871. 
Oreastru/m  elatum  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  147.     1896. 

Type  locality. — "Rocks  at  the  base  of  South  Clover  Peak;  9,000 
feet  altitude. ' ' 

Range. — Southwestern  Montana  through  the  Great  Basin  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  10655 ;  soda 
springs,  Tuolumne  River,  Congdon,  August  15,  1894;  head  of  Bloody 
Canon,  Tuolumne  County,  Congdon,  August  16,  1894. 

Rothrock  reports  (Rep.  Wheeler's  Exped.,  p.  364)  this  species 
from  the  southern  Sierras.  Coville  notes  a  plant  collected  on  the 
Death  Valley  Expedition  (no.  2114)  as  growing  "in  a  meadow  closely 
grazed  by  cattle,  and  it  has  the  short  spreading  leaves  and  assurgent 
stems,  but  not  the  villous  achenia,  commonly  characteristic  of  A. 
pulchellus"  (Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  125).  But  true  A.  pul- 
chellus has  the  achenes  practically  glabrous  as  contrasted  with  the 
always  hirsute  achenes  of  A.  Andersoni,  the  only  other  Aster  of 
similar  appearance  in  the  Sierra;  hence  it  appears  that  the  plant 
of  Coville 's  is  probably  true  A.  pulchellus;  unfortunately  as  yet  I 
have  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  this  collection. 

According  to  Dr.  Rydberg,  the  true  name  of  this  species  must  be 
Aster  Haydeni  Porter,  since  the  combination  A.  pulchellus  is  invali- 
dated by  an  earlier  combination  of  Willdenow,  1800. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  365 

A.  Andersoni,  A.  pulchellus,  and  A.  alpigenus  Gray,  the  latter 
described  from  Mt.  Rainier,  form  a  very  close  group  of  species,  satis- 
factory characters  distinguishing  the  second  and  third  being  particu- 
larly difficult  to  define,  but  the  plant  of  Washington  seems  to  con- 
sistently show  larger  heads  and  broader  leaves  than  the  Great  Basin 
form. 

3.  Aster  foliaceus  Lindl.,  in  DC.  Prodr.,  vol.  5,  p.  228.    1836. 

Type  locality. — "In  Unalaschka." 

Range. — Alaska  to  California  and  east  to  northern  New  England 
and  Newfoundland. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Open  places  in  woods  near  Summit,  7,000 
feet,  E.  L.  Greene  428 ;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6146 ;  Lake  Tenaya  trail, 
Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  14,  1894;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  9,400  feet,  Purpus  5162. 

3a.  Aster  foliaceus  var.  apricus  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  193, 

1884. 

A.  apricus  Kydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  396.     1900. 
A.  inoertus  A.  Nels.,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  37,  p  270.     1904. 

Type  locality. — "High  mountains  of  Colorado,  at  Union  Pass, 
Rothrock,  and  near  Gray's  Peak,  at  11,000-12,000  feet,  in  open  and 
very  dry  places,  Patterson.  On  Mount  Paddo,  Washington  Terr., 
Suksdorf.  Howell,"  etc. 

Range. — Washington  to  California  and  Colorado? 

No  specimen  certainly  referable  to  this  variety  has  been  seen  from 
our  region,  but  No.  417  of  the  collection  made  on  the  Wheeler  Survey 
and  collected  near  soda  springs  on  Kern  River  is  a  very  close  match 
for  material  referred  to  this  variety. 

3b.  Aster  foliaceus  var.  frondeus  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p. 
193.    1884. 

Type  locality. — "Subalpine  on  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains, 
from  the  borders  of  Brit.  Columbia  to  those  of  Colorado  and  the 
Wahsatch  in  Utah." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Colorado,  and  south  to  California? 

Specimen  examined. — South  Fork  of  Kern  River,  9,850  feet,  Roth- 
rock  372. 


366  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  y 

This  variety,  which  differs  from  the  species  in  the  narrower  bracts 
of  the  involucre,  is  said  by  Dr.  Greene  (Fl.  Fran.,  p.  382)  to  be  present 
in  the  mountains  of  Plumas  County. 

4.  Aster  yosemitanus  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  383.    1897. 

A.  adscendens  var.  yosemitanus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  191,  1884. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada,  from  Summit  to  the  Yosemite 
Valley." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada;  perhaps  extending  to  Tulare 
County. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Miss  K.  Chand- 
ler, August-September,  1904;  Cascade  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
8812 ;  Crescent  Lake,  Mariposa  County,  7-8,000  feet,  Congdon,  August 
23,  1889 ;  meadows  along  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9,400  feet, 
Purpus  2089 ;  Tioga  Road  near  Dark  Hole,  7,700  feet.  Smiley  879. 

5.  Aster  Fremont!  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  191.    1884. 

A.  adscendens  var.  Fremonti  T.  and  G.,  Fl.  N.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  503.     1843. 
A.  Durbrowi  Eastwood,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  Ill,  vol.  2,  p.  293.     1902. 

Type  locality. — Not  given ;  collected  by  Fremont  in  the  Wind  River 
Mountains,  Wyoming. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  from  Montana  to  Colorado,  west  to  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit  Valley,  7,500  feet,  Pringle,  Sep- 
tember 22,  1882;  Old  Cisco,  Placer  County,  grassy  flats  along  Yuba 
River,  5,700  feet,  Hall  8757;  above  Donner  Lake,  meadows  along  the 
creek,  C.  F.  Sonne,  August,  1897 ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  Bounty, 
Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  26,  1889 ;  Red  Rock  meadow,  Tulare  County, 
8,700  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall,  8398. 

6.  Aster  occidentalis  Nutt.,  in  T.  and  G.,  Fl.  N.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  164. 

1841. 

Type  locality. — "By  the  margins  of  muddy  ponds  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea." 

Range. — Washington  to  California,  east  to  Idaho  and  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  above,  even  to  above  timber  line  as 
a  depauperate  form. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  367 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hansen  768;  Summit  Soda  Springs,  Kennedy  and  Doten;  Fallen 
Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Hall  8778 ;  head  of  Mono  Pass,  Congdon, 
no.  51,  1896 ;  meadows  near  Little  Kern  River,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus 
5209. 

7.  Aster  integrifolius  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p.  291. 
1840. 

Type  locality. — "Near  the  summit  of  Thornberg's  Ridge"  (Wyom- 
ing). 

.Range. — Montana  to  Colorado  and  westward  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Kellogg;  Hermit  Valley,  Alpine 
County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  382;  near  Summit,  7,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene 
433;  Webber  Lake,  Lemmon  1100;  Little  Valley,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  2,000-2,150  m.,  Baker  1470;  south  side  of  Slide  Mountain, 
Washoe  County,  8,200  feet,  Heller  10669 ;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuol- 
umne,  Congdon,  August,  1894;  Tamarack  trail  to  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  264;  Ostrander's  near  Yosemite, 
8,000  feet,  Bolander  6166;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hop- 
ping 502;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  5635;  dry  meadows  along  Little  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet, 
Purpus  2005;  North  Fork  of  Middle  Tule  River,  Tulare  County, 
7,800  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8480;  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare 
County,  Culbertson  (B4549). 

8.  ERIGERON 

Cauline  leaves  numerous,  though  often  reduced  in  size. 
Heads  radiate. 
Bays  violet. 

Cauline  leaves  gradually  reduced  upwards  from  the  base  of  the  flowering 

stems;    leaves   smooth I.E.    salsuginosus 

Stems  equably  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  scabrid. 

Stems  6-20  inches  high,  erect;  leaves  obtuse 2.  E.  Brewer! 

Stems  3-10  inches  high,  decumbent;   leaves  acute 3.  E.  Elmeri 

Bays  white  or  pink. 

Rays  conspicuous,  much  exceeding  the  disk. 

Stems  few,  erect,  10-20  inches  high;  leaves  thin,  green,  puberulent  or 

glabrous;   rays  50-70 4.  E.  Coulter! 

Stems  many,  ascending  or  spreading;  leaves  thickish,  with  dense,  soft 

pubescence;    rays   40-50 5.  E.   caespitosus 

Bays   inconspicuous,   very   short   and   numerous,   scarcely   exceeding   the 

disk  6.  E.  loncliophyllus 

Heads  rayless. 

Leaves  glabrous,  linear;  stem  stiffly  erect,  1-2  feet 7.  E.  inornatus 

Leaves  soft-hirsute,  spatulate;  stems  spreading 8.  E.  miser 


368  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Leaves  mainly  or  entirely  radical. 

Leaves  lobed  or  trifid 9.  E.  compositus 

Leaves  entire. 

Plant   silvery-whitish 10.  E.   tener 

Plants  green. 

Leaves  cinerous;  rays  fewer   (20-40);  greenish  involueral  bracts  hirsute 

or  hispid  with  straight  hairs 11.  E.  nevadensis 

Leaves  nearly  glabrate,  ciliate;   rays  numerous   (35-50);   purplish  invo- 
lueral bracts  with  long  erinite  hairs 12.  E.  ursinus 

1.  Erigeron  salsuginosus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  16,  p.  93. 

1880. 
Aster  salsuginosus  Richards.,  Bot.  App.  Frankl.  Jour.,  vol.  2,  p.  748.     1823. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  salt  plains  in  the  Athabasca." 

Range. — Subarctic  America  west  of  Hudson's  Bay,  south  to  New 
Mexico  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Summit  Station,  Heller  6974;  Cisco, 
Placer  County,  6,100  feet,  Hall  8754;  moist  hillside  near  Summit, 
7,000  feet,  Smiley  437 ;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,760  feet,  McGregor 
78;  Grass  Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909;  Peregoy's 
meadows,  above  Yosemite,  A.  Gray  in  1872;  Ostrander's,  above  Yosem- 
ite,  Bolander  5029 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Bolander  6185 ;  meadows  on  Soda 
Creek,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5173 ;  meadows  near  Fare- 
well Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,200  feet,  Purpus  1489;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4463)  ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  G.  B.  Grant  5320 ;  Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,200 
feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8452. 

la.  Erigeron   salsuginosus   var.    angustifolius   Gray,   Proc.   Am. 
Acad.,  vol.  16,  p.  93.    1880. 

Aster  salsuginosus  var.  angustifolius  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  3,25.    1876. 
Erigeron  angustifolius  (Gray)  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  2*4,  p.  295. 
1897. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  County." 

Range. — Coincident  with  the  species. 

Zone. — Hudsonian,  and  also  in  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Pyramid  Peak,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  2138 ; 
Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Hudsonian  Zone,  Smiley  94; 
about  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1384 ; 
Angora  Ridge,  Tahoe,  edge  of  meadow,  7,300  feet,  Hall  8801 ;  Bloody 
Canon,  Mono  County,  Congdon,  C  138 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite, 
8,650  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2699c. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  369 

E.  membmnaceus  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  -294.  1898),  described 
from  ' '  Eastern  Oregon,  at  5,000  to  6,000  feet  in  the  mountains, ' '  seems 
indistinguishable  from  the  species ;  the  thinness  of  the  foliage,  adduced 
to  separate,  is  too  evidently  a  reaction  to  the  habitat  for  acceptance 
as  a  valid  character. 

2.  Erigeron  Breweri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  341.    1865. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Yosemite  Valley,  alt.  4,000  feet ;  in  flower.  Near 
Carson  City,  Nevada,  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson ;  in  fruit. ' ' 

Range. — California  and  adjacent  Nevada,  northward  to  southern 
Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,650  feet,  McGregor 
115;  dry  soil  above  Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909; 
Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  6,400  feet,  Hall  8784;  below  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe, 
7,600  feet,  Smiley  182;  trail  above  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,400  feet, 
Mrs.  C.  C.  Hall,  8789;  Summit,  Alpine  County,  9,000  feet,  Hansen 
383 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  712 ;  soda 
springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  J.  B.  Lembert,  July,  1894;  Sentinel  Dome, 
Yosemite,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ;  Shuteye  Mountain,  Madera 
County,  7,800  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr.,  2591;  South  Fork  of  the  San 
Joaquin,  5-10,000  feet,  J.  Muir  4;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County, 
Mrs.  Brandegee,  August,  1905 ;  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5170;  Mineral  King,  Brandegee,  July  27,  1892; 
Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping  521;  Olancha  Mountain, 
Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  Rothrock  362. 

3.  Erigeron  Elmeri  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  393.    1897. 
Aster  Elmeri  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  170.     1891. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  Grand  Caiion  of  the  Tuolumne  River, 
California. ' ' 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glacier  Point,  Miss  Eastwood,  July  5-19, 
1902 ;  near  Lake  Tenaya,  growing  in  cracks  of  rocks,  8,200  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3634;  Monarch  Creek,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5697 ;  Copper  Creek,  Tulare  County,  F.  Grinnell,  August 
11,  1914. 


370  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

4.  Erigeron  Coulter!  Porter,  in  Porter  and  Coulter,  Fl.  Colo.,  p.  61. 
1874. 

E.  frondeus  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  388.     1897. 

Type  locality. — "Weston's  Pass,  at  10,000  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico,  west 
to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Summit,  by  a  swift  mountain  stream, 
Greene  420 ;  upper  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6964 ;  Truckee  River, 
Heller,  July  30,  1903;  Half -Moon  Lake,  7,760  feet,  McGregor  57; 
trail  from  Summit  to  Castle  Peak,  7,800  feet,  nearly  glabrous,  Smiley 
464;  Luther's  Pass,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Abrams  4761;  Lake  Valley, 
Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Abrams  4767 ;  Summit  Soda  Springs,  Kennedy  and 
Doten  260;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  773; 
Mono  trail,  9,000  feet,  Bolander  6010;  vicinity  of  Lundy,  Mono 
County,  8-9,000  feet,  Miss  M.  Minthorn  55;  Lake  Tenaya  trail, 
Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  14,  1894;  Bloody  Canon,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  26,  1889;  above  Lake  Tenaya,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  869; 
Crabtree  meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,330  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall 
8443 ;  meadows  near  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus 
5171;  Sky  Valley,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4575). 

This  is  the  only  white  flowered  Erigeron  of  wet  meadows  and 
stream  banks  in  the  higher  mountains.  E.  frondeus  is  merely  the 
larger  size  of  the  species;  these  taller  plants  are  often  somewhat 
scabrous  (Smiley  869  above). 


5.  Erigeron  caespitosus  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7, 
p.  307.    1841. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  summits  of  dry  hills  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain range,  on  the  Colorado  of  the  West. ' ' 

Range. — Alberta  to  New  Mexico  and  westward  to  the  mountains 
of  the  Great  Basin  and  east  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass,  Congdon,  no.  58,  1896;  same 
locality,  10,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware,  2723c;  same  locality,  State  Survey 
6154  (as  in  University  of  California). 


!92i]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  371 

6.  Erigeron  lonchophyllus  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  18. 

1834. 
E.  racemosus  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p.  312.    1841. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Saskatchewan. ' ' 

Range. — Saskatchewan  southward  to  Colorado,  and  west  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  16,  1889;  Andrew's  Camp,  Inyo  County,  A.  Davidson 
2560;  soda  springs,  Yosemite,  moist  meadows,  9,700  feet,  Bolander 
5040;  Hockett's  meadows,  8,600  feet,  Culbertson  (B4320);  swamp 
near  Mt.  Brewer,  Brewer  2828 ;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney,  9,000  feet,  Cul- 
bertson (B4423). 

7.  Erigeron  inornatus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  16,  p.  88.  1881. 
E.  foliosum  var.  inornatum  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  330.    1876. 

Type  locality. — "Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg  and  Harford,  in  several 
forms;  upper  Sacramento  (Ncwberry,  'E.  Douglasii,  var.')  ;  near  Don- 
ner Lake  (Torrey),  and  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon,  etc." 

Range. — Northern  Coast  Ranges  and  northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Charity  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  416. 

Said  by  Hall  (Yosemite  Fl.,  p.  252)  to  grow  in  the  Yosemite  region 
along  the  Tioga  Road. 

8.  Erigeron  miser  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  13,  p.  372.    1878. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  crevices  of  rocks 
at  Donner  Lake,  E.  L.  Greene,  October,  1874;  and  above,  on  or  hear 
the  summit  of  Mt.  Stanford." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Tahoe  region  to  Yosemite. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Above  Donner  Lake  below  Donner  Pass, 
Heller  7012 ;  crevices  of  rocks  at  Donner  Lake,  E.  L.  Greene  466 ;  near 
top  of  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877;  Sum- 
mit, Jones  2606;  slope  above  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,900  feet,  Smiley 
154;  above  Donner  Lake  on  rocky  ledges,  Sonne,  August  7,  1897; 
Glacier  Point,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  July  24,  1891. 


372  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

9.  Erigeron  compositus  var.  trifidus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol. 

16,  p.  90.    1881. 

E.  trifidus  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  17,  t.  120.     1834 

E.  flabellifolius  Bydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  26,  p.  545.     1899. 

Type  locality. — "Barren  places  among  the  Rocky  Mountains"  of 
Canada. 

Range. — Alberta  to  Colorado,  west  to  the  Cascades  and  Sierra 
Nevada.  Mountains  of  southern  California  (with  rays  obsolete — see 
note  below). 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  in  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  9,000 
feet,  Heller  7103 ;  same  locality,  dry  rocks  at  8,500  feet,  Sonne,  July, 
1892;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901;  Mt. 
Rose,  Kennedy  1172;*  Mt.  Dana,  12,000  feet,  Bolander  5081;  same 
locality,  up  to  12,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3614a;  Dicks  Peak, 
Tahoe,  9,900  feet,  Smiley  429  ;t  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  12,000  feet, 
Smiley  778 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  12,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  665 ;  Mt. 
Lyell,  Cassiope  Crest,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3572 ;  Mt.  Dana, 
above  the  saddle,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889 ;  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  County,  10,700  feet,  Purpus  5273;  Cirque  Peak,  Tulare 
County,  12,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5500;  Mt.  Whitney,  12,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5538. 

10.  Erigeron  tener  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  16,  p.  91.    1880. 
E.  caespitosus  var.  tener  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,'p.  328.     1876. 

Type  locality. — "Summit  of  Silver  Mountain  near  Ebbett's  Pass, 
alt.  11,000  feet."  Brewer  2043. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian.  %. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  11,000 
feet,  Brewer  2043 ;  mountains  about  the  headwaters  of  the  Sacra- 
mento, 8,000  feet,  Pringle,  August  19,  1881. 

In  the  Synoptical  Flora  the  range  of  this  species  is  given  so  as  to 


*  This  collection  more  nearly  approaches  var.  pinnatlsectus  Gray,  a  form  of  the 
Colorado  mountains,  distinguished  by  the  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear 
segments,  than  any  other  seen  from  within  our  limits. 

t  Some  of  the  specimens  cited  above  differ  from  the  typical  form  with  numerous 
rays,  by  having  the  rays  abortive  or  in  some  heads  apparently  entirely  wanting; 
this  is  the  var.  discoideus  Gray  (Am.  Jour.  Sci.  II,  vol.  33,  p.  237.  1862),  but 
there  seems  to  be  every  conceivable  gradation  from  heads  with  the  normal  number 
of  well  developed  rays  to  the  eradiate  condition;  my  No.  429  represents  this  ray- 
less  state. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  373 

include  E.  Tweedyi  Canby  (Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  13,  p.  17.  1888)  of  Wyom- 
ing and  southern  Montana,  a  species  which  seems  entirely  distinct 
by  its  broader  leaves,  different  kind  of  pubescence,  and  length  of 
peduncles. 

11.  Erigeron  nevadensis  var.  pygmaeus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad., 
vol.  8,  p.  649.    1873. 

E.  pygmaeus  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  390.     1897. 

Type  locality. — "  Above  Ebbett's  Pass  and  at  Mono  Pass,  Cali- 
fornia, alt.  9,500  to  10,750  feet,  Brewer." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  western  Nevada. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  lower. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in 
1879;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  8,000  feet,  Bolander,  Kellogg  and 
Co. ;  same  locality,  C.  F.  Sonne  17 ;  same  locality,  9,000  feet,  Smiley 
484 ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  Congdon,  C  141,  C  139 ;  Mt.  Dana, 
Congdon,  no.  46.1896;  Mt.  Warren  Pass,  Congdon,  August  21,  1894; 
Mt.  Rose,  10,500  feet.  Heller  9867;  above  Ebbett's  Pass,  9,500  feet, 
Brewer  2008;  Mt.  Dana,  rockfield  on  the  northwest  side,  11,600  feet, 
Smiley  725 ;  same  locality,  12,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3614 ;  high 
summit  on  the  range  east  of  the  Minarets,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon, 
August  24,  1899;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  dry  loose  sand  at 
9,400  feet,  Smiley  628;  Siberian  Pass,  Hall  and  Babcock  5478;  Mt. 
Olancha,  Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  3008 ;  Old  Mt.  Whit- 
ney, 12-13,000  feet,  Purpus  1427,  1578. 

lla.  Erigeron  nevadensis  var.  Sonnei   (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

E.  Sonnei  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  1,  p.  218.     1888. 

Type  locality. — "Western  slope  of  the  Washoe  Mountains.  Ne- 
vada." 

Range. — East  slope  of  the  central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Ward's  Peak,  Placer  County,  Sonne,  July 
29,  1888;  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  high  rocky  ridges,  Sonne  365; 
Lucile  Crest,  Tahoe,  8,500  feet,  M.  S.  Baker,  July  19,  1904;  ridge 
between  LeConte  and  Heather  lakes,  Tahoe,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  343. 

The  leaves  in  var.  pygmaeus  have  cinereous  pubescence  and  are 
somewhat  spatulate,  while  the  foliage  in  the  second  variety  has  strigose 
pubescence  and  the  shape  of  the  leaves  is  linear-acute. 


374  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

12.  Erigeron  ursinus  Eaton,  in  "Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  148. 
1871. 

Type  locality. — "Uinta  Mountains,  on  the  ridge  above  Bear  River 
Canon ;  10,000  feet  elevation. ' ' 

Range. — Colorado  and  Wyoming  west  to  California. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  9,000 
feet,  Heller  7088 ;  mountain  at  head  of  Squaw  Valley,  Placer  County, 
Sonne  8;  Mt.  Dana,  12,800  feet,  Bolander  5083;  same  locality,  near 
the  summit  at  13,000  feet,  Lemmon  1429;  Mt.  Gibbs,  12,000  feet, 
Smiley  779;  Cloud's  Rest,  summit,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  12,  1889;. 
Mt.  Lyell,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3573;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  704;  Tuolumne  County,  10,000  feet,  Turner, 
July  19,  1898;  mountains  near  Kaweah  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
10-11,500  feet,  Purpus  1801. 

Erigeron  uniflorus  L.,  a  holarctic  species  alpine  on  the  mountains 
of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  and  also  in  the  Cascades  of  Washington, 
is  perhaps  represented  in  the  Sierra  by  a  collection  of  Dr.  Kellogg, 
made  in  1873  at  10,000  feet,  ' '  On  high  peaks  of  the  Sierra, ' '  probably 
in  the  Tahoe  region;  the  specimen  lacks  the  definite  character  of 
typical  E.  uniflorus,  the  copious  black  hairs  on  the  involucre,  and,  in 
my  opinion,  is  more  likely  to  be  a  peculiar  state  of  the  preceding 
species. 

9.  WYETHIA 

1.  Wyethia  mollis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  544.    1865. 

Type  locality. — "Mono  Lake  and  summit  of  Sonora  Pass  in  the 

Sierra  Nevada. ' ' 

%^ 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada,  especially  on  the  eastern  slope. 

Zone. — Transition  and  locally  in  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Fallen  Leaf  Lake,  in  dry  places,  Miss 
Lathrop,  July  9,  1909;  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6902;  Caples  Lakes, 
Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  421;  Sierra  County,  Lower  Sar- 
dine Lake,  6,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4486 ;  east  slope  of  the  Sierras, 
Bolander  6024 ;  vicinity  of  Lake  Tenaya,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock 
3543;  Luther's  Pass,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Abrams  4764. 

Wyethia  is  a  genus  peculiar  to  the  Cordilleran  and  Pacific  region 
of  the  United  States,  with  fifteen  species,  seven  of  these  being  confined 
to  California. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  375 

10.  HELIANTHELLA 

1.  Helianthella  nevadensis  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  89. 

1884. 

Type  locality. — "In  the  higher  Sierra." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian  (lower). 

Specimens  examined. — Summit,  Mrs.  Curran,  August,  1883 ;  along 
Coldstream,  3  miles  above  Truckee,  Heller  7006. 

Possibly  merely  a  state  of  H.  calif ornica  Gray,  a  species  confined 
to  California  but  present  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  mountains  about 
the  north  end  of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  as  well  as  in  the  Sierra  as 
far  south  as  the  Yosemite  region. 

11.  MADIA 

1.  Madia  glomerata  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  2,  p.  24.    1834. 

Type  locality. — "Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan,  Drummond." 

Range. — Widely  distributed  in  western  North  America  from  the 
Yukon  to  New  Mexico  and  California. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,500  feet,  Smiley 
311;  base  of  Angora  Peak,  Tahoe,  6,700  feet,  Smiley  293;  Iceberg 
meadow,  Clark's  Fork,  Alpine  County,  6,500  feet,  Abrams  4743; 
Corral  Flat,  Amador  County,  7,500  feet,  Hansen  727 ;  Snow  Creek, 
Yosemite,  6,700  feet,  Hall  9189. 

12.  HEMIZONELLA 

1.  Hemizonella  minima  var.  parvula   (Gray)   Hall,  Univ.  Calif. 
Pub.  Bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  148.    1907. 

Hemizonia  parvula  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  549,  1865. 

Hemizonia  Durandi  Gray,  I.e. 

Harpaecarpus  parvulus  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  416.     1897. 

Type  locality. — "Klamath  Valley,  Oregon." 

Range.- — Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  California ;  also 
in  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Deer  Park,  Tahoe,  in  shade  of  Pinus 
Jeffrey?,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker,  2036 ;  dry  bank  near  Fallen  Leaf  Lake, 


376  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

7,000  feet,  Smiley  294;  Cisco  Butte,  Placer  County,  6,500  feet,  Hall 
8760 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  dry  sunny  places  on  the  meadows, 
8,500  feet,  Smiley  737;*  Snow  Creek,  Yosemite,  7,100  feet,  Smiley 
666 ;  between  Nevada  Falls  and  Cloud 's  Rest,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ;  Alta 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  4,  1905. 

13.  HEMIZONIA 

1.  Hemizonia  Wheeleri  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  617.    1876. 

Madia  tenella  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  167.     1897. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Tulare  Co.,  Monachay  meadows,  etc.,  upper  part 
of  South  Fork  of  Kern  Eiver,  at  8,200  to  10,000  feet  altitude." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  mountains  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Monache  meadow,  8,200  feet,  Rothrock  306 ; 
Mt.  Olancha,  10,000  feet,  Rothrock  335;  same  locality,  on  Summit 
meadow,  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5276;  sandy  places  near  Soda 
Creek,  8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  5071. 

14.  HELENIUM 

Leaf  bases  decurrent  upon  the  stem  forming  wings;  tube  of  corolla  very  short 

or  ring-like  1.  H.  Bigelovii 

Leaf  bases  not  decurrent;  tube  of  corolla  long 2.  H.  Hoopesii 

1.  Helenium  Bigelovii  Gray,  Pac.  R.R.  Rep.,  vol.  4,  p.  107.    1857. 
Heleniastrum  Bigelovii  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL,  vol.  1,  p.  342.     1891. 

Type  locality. — "Swamps  near  Santa  Rosa  Creek,  California." 
Bigelow. 

Range. — Southern  Oregon  through  the  Coast  Ranges  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  mainly,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Cisco,  Brandegee;  Glen  Alpine,  Setchell 
and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Lily  Lake,  Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  327 ; 
Mt.  Raymond,  Madera  County,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  532;  soda  spring, 
north  fork  of  Kern  River,  8,500  feet,  Rothrock  414;  Little  Kern 
River,  9,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B  4273)  ;  meadows  near  Little  Kern 


*  The  species,  H.  minima  Gray  (Proe.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  9,  p.  189.  1874)  is  a 
common  Transition  plant,  from  which  the  variety  differs  in  the  achene  of  the  ray 
being  beaked,  but  forms  difficult  of  assignment  occur,  as  my  no.  737  shows  an 
intermediate  condition  between  the  species  and  the  higher  mountain  variety. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  377 

River,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5187 ;  near  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County, 
8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcoek  5672;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
R.  Hopping  501. 

Most  of  the  Sierran  material  differs  from  Bigelow's  type  in  the 
greater  amount  of  the  pubescence,  which  is  somewhat  scabrid,  also  in 
the  foliage  being  slightly  succulent;  these  differences  Dr.  Greene  con- 
sidered sufficiently  marked  to  separate  Heleniastrum  rivulare  (Fl. 
Fran.,  p.  435.  1897),  but  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall  has  pointed  out122  the 
inconstant  nature  of  these  characters. 

2.  Helenium  Hoopesii  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  1863,  p.  65.  1864. 

Heleniastrum  Hoopesii  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PL,  vol.  1,  p.  342.    1891. 
Dugaldea  lioopesii   (Gray)   Rydb.,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  425. 
1900. 

Type  locality. — ' '  South  Park  and  west  of  Pike 's  Peak, ' '  Colorado. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  from  Montana  to  New  Mexico  and 
west  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian,  rising  into  the  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sonora  Pass,  Bolander  6157 ;  same  locality, 
Brewer  1902 ;  Dog  Lake,  near  Tuolumne  meadows,  9,300  feet,  Smiley 
844 ;  South  Fork  of  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet,  Rothrock  352 ;  meadows 
near  Little  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5190;  Andrew's  Camp, 
Bishop  Creek,  Inyo  County,  A.  Davidson  2595;  Langley's  Camp, 
Mt.  Whitney,  11,700  feet,  Hall  and  Babcoek  5548 ;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare 
County,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcoek  5520. 


15.  ERIOPHYLLUM 

Rays  5-6,  short  and  inconspicuous;  low  annual,  2-6  inches  high,  with  short 
pedunculate  heads 1.  E.  nubigenum 

Bays  8-12,  longer  and  obvious;  perennial  with  solitary,  long-peduncled  heads 
2.  E.  lanatum 

1.  Eriophyllum  nubigenum  Greene,  in  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad., 
vol.  19,  p.  25.    1883. 

Type  locality. — "On  Cloud's  Rest,  above  the  Yosemite,  at  9,000 
feet." 

Range. — Yosemite  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Cloud's  Rest,  9,000  feet,  K.  Curran,  July, 
1883 ;  Yosemite,  Mrs.  Dodd,  July,  1891. 


378  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

2.  Eriophyllum  lanatum  (Pursh.)  Forbes,  Hort.  Woburn.,  p.  183. 

1833. 
Actinella  lanata  Pursh,  FL,  p.  560.     1814. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  high  lands  of  the  Kooskoosky  (Idaho)." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana,  south  to  Wyoming  and 
California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Grass  Lake,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  19,  1909; 
south  of  snow  sheds  at  Cisco,  6,000  feet,  Hall  8755 ;  Cisco,  Miss  H.  A. 
Walker  1450. 

2a.  Eriophyllum  lanatum  var.  integrifolium  (Hook.),  comb.  nov. 

Trichophyllum  integrifolium  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  316.     1833. 

Bahia  integrifolia  DC.,  Prodr.,  vol.  5,  p.  656.     1836. 

E.  caespitosum  var.  integrifolium  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Aead.,  vol.  19,  p.  26. 

1883. 

E.  integrifolium  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  444.     1897. 
E.  lutescens  Rydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  34,  p.  87.     1915. 
E.  monoense  Bydb.,  I.e. 

Type  locality. — "With  the  preceding"  on  the  "Kooskoosky  River." 

Range. — Idaho  to  California;  perhaps  coextensive  with  the  species. 

Zone. — Transition  to  above  timber  line  in  rocky  places. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,700  feet,  Heller,  August  28, 
1911;  Cisco  Butte,  6,400  feet,  Hall  8753a;  above  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe, 
Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  foot  of  Dicks  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,600 
feet,  Smiley  425 ;  Sonora  Pass,  dry  summit  of  the  pass,  Brewer  1900 ; 
Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  10-11,000  feet,  Bolander  2688 ;  Mt. 
Dana,  11,100  feet,  Smiley  714;  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and 
Drew,  July  10,  1889. 

The  variety  differs  from  the  species  in  having  the  leaves  nearly 
entire,  a  few  usually  completely  so  in  some  plants,  though,  as  a  rule, 
the  apex  at  least  is  distinctly  lobed.  The  white  woolly  indument 
characteristic  of  this  species  is  often  so  reduced  in  amount  as  to  make 
the  stems  and  leaves  appear  green  rather  than  the  typical  cottony 
color.  The  several  different  aspects  have  been  assigned  specific  values 
in  the  North  American  Flora. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  379 


16.  HULSEA 

Leaves  radical,  the  stems  scapose  or  (in  H.  vestita  var.  pygmaea)  obsolete,  with 

a  few  bract-like  leaves. 
Bays  20-30  or  sometimes  fewer  or  wanting,  short;  plants  permanently  white 

tomentose  1.  H.  vestita 

Eays  numerous  (60-100),  long  and  narrow,  conspicuous;  tomentum  caducous 

2.  H.    algida 

Stems  leafy  to  the  top:  no  white  tomentum,  the  stems  and  foliage  glandular; 
rays  broad  and  showy 3.  H.  brevifolia 

1.  Hulsea  vestita  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  547.    1866. 

Type  locality. — "In  dry  volcanic  ashes,  near  the  summit  of  a  vol- 
canic hill  south  of  Lake  Mono,  alt.  about  9,000  feet. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  southwest  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Volcanic  hill  south  of  Mono  Lake,  9,000 
feet,  Brewer  1824;  Upper  San  Joaquin,  Madera  County,  Congdon, 
August  19,  1895 ;  soda  springs  of  the  San  Joaquin,  Congdon,  August 
16,  1899 ;  Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  9,500  feet,  gravel  slopes, 
Hall  and  Babcock  5263. 

la.  Hulsea  vestita  var.  pygmaea  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p. 
343.    1884. 

Type  locality. — "San  Bernardino  Co.,  on  the  summit  of  Grayback 
Mountain. ' ' 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimen  examined. — Sandy  plains  near  Mt.  Whitney,  10-12,000 
feet,  Purpus  1598. 

This  variety  differs  in  having  the  heads  sessile  in  the  radical  tuft 
of  leaves  and  the  rays  of  a  deeper  hue  than  in  the  type. 

2.  Hulsea  algida  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  547.    1865. 

H.  caespitosa  A.  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol.  19,  p.  38. 
1906. 

Type  locality. — "High  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  Mount 
Dana,  at  11,500  feet,  and  Wood's  Peak,  10,500  feet." 

Range. — Central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada ;  also  in  the  Wallowa 
Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 


380  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,800  feet,  Heller  9865 ;  same 
locality,  10,800  feet,  Kenndey  1158;*  Mt.  Dana,  east  side  of  north 
ridge  overlooking  Mono  Lake,  12,200  feet,  Smiley  730;  same  locality, 
at  summit,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  17,  1889;  Wood's  Peak  near 
Amador  Pass,  10,500  feet,  Brewer  2120;  top  of  Mt.  Lyell,  Muir  in 
1872;  Mt.  Goddard,  13,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  667;  summit  of 
Cirque  Peak,  12,942  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5497 ;  above  timber  line 
on  mountain  north  of  Whitney  meadows,  Coville  and  Funston  1660; 
Mt.  Whitney,  13,700  feet,  Rothrock  387 ;  slopes  of  Old  Mt.  Whitney, 
12-13,000  feet,  Purpus  1421 ;  rocky  slopes  on  Little  Kern  River,  11- 
12,000  feet,  Purpus  5196. 

3.  Hulsea  brevifolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  359.    1867. 

Type  locality. — "Mariposa  Big-tree  Grove." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Cloud's  Rest,  Chesnut  and  Drew, 
July  10,  1889;  base  of  Cloud's  Rest,  Congdon,  August  5,  1898;  Snow 
Creek,  Yosemite,  7,000  feet,  Hall  9181 ;  Yosemite  Creek  to  Porcupine 
Flat,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3466;  foot  of  Cloud's  Rest,  8,100 
feet,  Smiley  509 ;  Buck  Camp,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August 
15,  1895. 


17.  OROCHAENACTIS 

1.  Orochaenactis    thysanocarpha    (Gray)     Coville,    Contr.    Nat. 
Herb.,  vol.  4,  p.  134.     1893. 

Chaenactis  thysanocarplia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  19,  p.  30.  ^1883. 
Bahia  Palmeri  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  24,  p.  83.     1889. 

Type  locality. — ''Southern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California, 
probably  in  Kern  Co.,  at  9,800  feet." 

Range. — Southern  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sandy  places  in  forest  of  Pinus  Jeffreyi 
on  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  7-8,000  feet,  Purpus  5218;  Long 
meadow,  Tulare  County,  Dr.  E.  Palmer  168;  sandy  plains,  Whitney 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  1639. 


This  collection  furnished  the  basis  for  H.  caespitosa. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  381 


18.  CHAENACTIS 

Leaves  large,  deltoid  in  outline,  3-4  inches  broad;  scapes  several  headed;  plant 

8  inches-2  feet  high 1.  C.  Douglasii 

Leaves  very  small;  scapes  monocephalous ;  plant  2-4  inches  high.  2.  C.  nevadensis 

1.  Chaenactis  Douglasii   (Hook.)   Hook,  and  Am.,  Bot.  Beech., 

p.  354.     1840. 

Hymenopappus  Douglasii  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  316.     1833. 
Macrocarpus  Douglasii  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p.  376.     1841. 
C.  rubricaulis  Bydb.,  N.  Am.  Fl.,  vol.  34,  p.  72.     1914. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  barren  dry  sandy  grounds  of  the  Colum- 
bia, from  the  'Great  Falls'  to  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — Washington  east  to  Montana  and  south  to  California  and 
New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Transition,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  McGregor  26;  Fallen 
Leaf  near  shore  of  lake,  Miss  Lathrop,  July  12,  1909;  Silver.  Lake, 
Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  271 ;  Deer  Park,  Placer  County, 
1,970  m.,  Miss  H.  A.  Walker  2170* ;  east  side  of  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe, 
7,900  feet,  Heller  12534;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,750  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2650c ;  region  of  Dinkey  Creek,  Fresno  County,  7,000  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  4201 ;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney,  Tulare  County,  10,600 
feet,  Culbertson  (B  4418)  ;  Olancha  Mountain,  Tulare  County,  9,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5266. 

2.  Chaenactis  nevadensis  (Kellogg)   Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p. 

391.    1876. 

Hymenopappus  Nevadensis  Kellogg,   Proc.   Calif.   Acad.   I,  vol.  5,  p.  46. 

1873. 

C.  Douglasii  var.  alpina  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  341.     1884. 
C.  Douglasii  var.  montana  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Aead.  II,  vol.  5,  p.  700.    1895. 
C.  pumila  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  2,  p.  223.     1912. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Washington  to  California  and  east  on  the  ranges  of  the 
Great  Basin  to  western  Colorado. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  coming  down  infrequently  into  the  Hud- 
sonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mountains  above  Coldstream,  8,000  feet, 
Sonne,  August,  1887;  Summit,  Kellogg  in  1870;  Tinker's  Knob,  Placer 
County,  8,500  feet,  Sonne,  August,  1887 ;  high  ridge  above  Donner 


*  This  collection  presents  a  plant  with  scapes  and  leaf  petioles  tinged  with  red, 
as  is  often  the  case  with  high  mountain  plants.  It  is  made  the  basis  for  C.  rubri- 
caulis. 


382  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Pass,  8,500  feet,  Heller  7152;  Pyramid  Peak,  9,400  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler,  4750 ;  above  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,400  feet,  Smiley  352 ; 
Silver  Mountain  Pass,  Alpine  County,  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877 ; 
peak  near  Sonora  Pass,  11,500  feet,  Brewer  1901,  July  18,  1863 ;  head 
of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  dry  sand  at  10,000  feet,  Muir  2  in  1873 ; 
Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August,  1905;  same 
locality,  Hopping  523;  Old  Mt.  Whitney,  rocky  places  at  12-13,000 
feet,  Purpus  1589. 

Dr.  Gray,  in  describing  the  var.  alpina,  clearly  recognized  its 
doubtful  character,  as  distinct  from  C.  nevadensis,  and  the  collections 
made  since  demonstrate  the  impossibility  of  maintaining  it  apart  from 
the  latter  species.  The  extension  of  the  range  of  the  species  to  Wash- 
ington is  based  upon  Professor  Piper's  identification  of  Brandegee 
906  from  Mt.  Stuart ;  this  collection  is  the  only  one  reported  north  of 
the  southern  Cascades. 

The  reference  to  the  synonymy  of  C.  nevademis  of  C.  Douglasii 
var.  montana  Jones  is  based  upon  description  only.  If  there  are 
plants  within  the  Sierra,  which  justify  the  segregation,  they  have  not 
come  to  my  notice.  This  variety  is  said  by  its  author  to  include 
' '  most  of  the  forms  usually  referred  to  the  var.  alpina  of  Gray. . . . 
This  is  the  usual  form  of  the  higher  mountains,  from  7,000  ft.  to  9,000 
ft.  alt.,  and  ranges  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  the 
Sierras."  It  is  referred  by  Rydberg  (N.  Am.  FL,  vol.  34,  p.  72)  to  the 
synonymy  of  C.  pedicularia  Greene  (by  error  called  "  peduncular  ia"} , 
a  species  described  (Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  98.  1899)  from  the  mountains 
of  southern  Colorado  and  considered  by  Professor  Aven  Nelson  (Coul- 
ter-Nelson New  Manual,  p.  557)  to  be  indistinguishable  from  the  var. 
alpina  Gray. 

19.  RAILLARDELLA 

Plant  silvery  canescent;  scapoid  peduncles  1-4  inches  high 1.  R.  argentea 

Plant  strigose  pubescent,  glabrate,  never  silvery;  peduncles  4-10  inches  high 
2.  R.  scaposa 

1.  Raillardella  argentea  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  417.    1876. 
Raillardia  argentea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  555.     1865. 

Type  locality.— "Sonora.  Pass,  8,000-10,000  feet,  and  Ebbett's 
Pass,  at  about  the  same  altitude,  on  dry  slopes. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra.  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains  (Mt.  San 
Gorgonio).  White  Mountains  of  Inyo  County.  Also  Mt.  Lassen,  and 
(ace.  Howell)  at  Crater  Lake,  southern  Oregon. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine,  rarely  lower. 


19211          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  383 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller, 
August  3,  1903 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,900  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler 
4746,  and  at  9,600  feet,  no.  4721;  Ebbett's  and  Sonora  Passes,  Brewer 
1897,  1986,  2686;  near  snow  above  Donner  Lake,  E.  L.  Greene  396; 
Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  10,600  feet,  Smiley  787;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,500 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  698;  Alta  Peak,  Tulare  County,  E.  Hopping 
89 ;  Kaweah  Peak,  Tulare  County,  12-13,000  feet,  Purpus  1445 ;  near 
Kearsarge  Pass,  Tulare  County,  S.  W.  Austin  556;  Denel's  Peak, 
Tulare  County,  10,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5517. 

2.  Raillardella  scaposa  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  417.    1876. 

Eaillardia  soaposa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  551.     1865. 
Eaillardella  scaposa  var.  Eisenii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  380.     1884. 
Raillardella  nevaden&is  A.  Nels.  and  Kennedy,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  vol. 
19,  p.  38.     1906. 

Type  locality. — "On  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  N.N.E.  of  Soda 
Springs,  in  sunny  places,  at  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet. ' ' 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  as  to  the  typical  form. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sentinel  Dome,  Yosemite,  Hooker  and  Gray 
in  1877 ;  back  of  Sentinel  Dome,  8,000  feet,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ;  Eagle 
Peak,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  6,  1889 ;  peak  above  Lake 
Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,900  feet,  Smiley  872 ;  Mono  Trail  Bolander  5099 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  829 ;  vicinity  of  Lake  Tenaya, 
8,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3504;  peak  N.N.E.  of  Soda  Springs, 
10,000  feet,  Brewer  1796;  Bald  Mountain,  Fresno  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  384;  Kaiser  Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,000  feet, 
Smiley  649 ;  mountains  of  Kings  River  Region,  Fresno  County,  Dr.  G. 
Eisen  in  1879 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  R.  Hopping,  522 ;  Fare- 
well Gap,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4529);  same  locality,  9- 
10,000  feet,  Purpus  5136;  Mt.  Rose,  Carson  Range,  Nevada,  10,000 
feet,  Kennedy  1147 ;  rocky  mountain  slopes  on  Little  Kern  River, 
Tulare  County,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5660. 

At  the  highest  stations  this  species  assumes  a  creeping  habit,  illus- 
trated by  Kennedy  1147  and  this  aspect  is  the  basis  for  R.  nevadensis, 
a  strictly  ecologic  variation  but  described  as  a  species  "Abundant  in 
loose  granite  sand  on  Mount  Rose,  Washoe  County,  Nevada,  at  10,000 
feet." 

Raillardella  is  a  genus  peculiar  to  California,  having,  besides  the 
two  species  here  listed,  three  others:  R.  Muirii  Gray  of  the  Sierra 


384  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

(Transition  zone),  E.  scabrida  Eastwood  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  and 
R.  Pringlei  Greene  of  the  mountains  of  northern  California,  the  latter 
species  being,  however,  very  doubtfully  distinct  from  R.  scaposa. 


20.  AENICA 

Leaves  uniform  in  shape;  all  narrowed  to  a  petiole  (usually  winged)  or  sessile. 
Hears  large    (involucres   %-%   inch  high),   solitary   or   few    (2-3),   on   long 

leafless  peduncles 1.  A.  nevadensis 

Heads  medium  sized  (involucres  %-%  inch  high),  usually  several  on 
peduncles  with  3  or  more  pairs  of  leaves  which  are  not  much  diminished 
in  size  upward. 

Plants  whitened  with  soft  floccose  tomentum;  lower  leaves  with  connate 
bases  sheathing  the  stems  and  palmately  nerved  with  3  or  5  principal 

nerves  2.  A.  foliosa  var.  incana 

Plants  green;  leaves  pinnately  veined. 

Stems  numerous,  clustered;  leaves  narrow  (%-%  inch  wide),  3-6  inches 
long,  lanceolate-acuminate,  widest  in  the  middle;   achenes  minutely 

glandular  but  not  hairy 3.  A.  longifolia 

Stems  solitary  or  few;  leaves  broader  (%-%  inch  wide),  oblong  lanceo- 
late to  ovate,  obtuse  or  only  acute;   achenes  hairy,  at  least  at  first. 

Leaves  entire  to  repand  dentate,  soft  pubescent 4.  A.  mollis 

Leaves    saliently    and    acutely    dentate,    nearly    glabrous    above    and 

often    glandular 5.  A.    amplexicaulis 

Leaves  of  2  kinds:   the  upper  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate;   the  usually  obtuse 

lower  leaves  petioled  and  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base. 

Plants  with  harsh,  viscid-glandular  pubescence  or  nearly  glabrous;  lower 
leaves  sharply  dentate,  short  petioled;  heads  larger  than  in  the  next 

6.  A.   latifolia   var.  viscidula 

Plants  with  hirsute  or  villous  pubescence,  not  viscid-glandular;  lower  leaves 
serrate  or  dentate 7.  A.  cordifolia 

1.  Arnica  nevadensis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  19,  p.  55.    1884. 

Type  locality. — "California,  collected  several  years  ago  on  Las- 
sen's  Peak." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  and  northward  to  the  mountains  of  Lassen 
County  and  perhaps  in  the  Mt.  Shasta  region. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  but  found  both  above  in  the  Hudsonian 
and  rarely  below  in  the  Upper  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  8,40b  feet, 
Sonne,  July  17,  1887 ;  same  locality,  Dr.  Kellogg,  July  29,  1870 ;  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901;  about  Fallen 
Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  M.  S.  Baker,  July  3,  1904 ;  near  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe, 
7,900  feet,  Smiley  168 ;  Mt.  Tallac,  gravel  among  rocks  to  summit, 
Hall  and  Chandler  4613 ;  head  of  Fall  Creek,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada, 
2,460  m.,  Baker  1432;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,700  feet,  Smiley  403; 
Angora  Peaks,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Hall  8796;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine 
County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen  410;  Mt.  Dana,  10,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Babcock  3599 ;  peak  N.E.  of  soda  springs,  Tuolumne  River,  9-10,000 
feet,  State  Survey  1808. 


19211          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  385 

2.  Arnica  foliosa  Nutt.  var.  incana  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p. 

416.    1876. 

A.  inoana  Greene,  Pitt,  vol.  4,  p.   169.     1900. 

A.  cana  Greene,  Ottawa  Nat,  vol.  15,  p.  282.     1902. 

Type  locality. — "Lake  Tahoe,"  California. 

Range. — California  to  Washington. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Holcomb  Lake,  Washoe  County,  Nevada, 
8,000  feet,  Kennedy  1870;  Lake  Tahoe,  Brewer  2148  (type)  ;  Summit, 
M.  K.  Curran,  August,  1883 ;  Lake  Valley,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Abrams 
4812;  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,200  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3515; 
Tuolumne  Eiver,  9,700  feet,  Bolander  5065. 

Coville  refers  here  Coville  -and  Funston  1638  from  above  Whitney 
meadows,  Tulare  County.50 

3.  Arnica  longifolia  D.  C.  Eaton,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped., 

p.  186.    1871. 

Type  locality. — "In  dense  clumps  among  rocks,  Clover  Mountains, 
Nevada,  and  in  the  Uintas  above  Bear  River  Canon;  10,000  feet 
altitude." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  east  to  Colorado .  and  north  to  Montana 
and  British  Columbia. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9961;  moun- 
tains above  Coldstream,  Placer  County,  Sonne,  August  7,  1887; 
Nevada  County,  7,000  feet,  A.  M.  Carpenter,  August-September,  1893 ; 
Sierra  Nevada  above  Summit  Station,  Pringle,  September  25,  1882; 
between  Suzy  and  Heather  lakes,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  184; 
Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  413;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe, 
7,200  feet,  Hall  8815 ;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Hansen 
786;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,900  feet,  Hall  8825;  Mount  Raymond, 
Madera  County,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  540 ;  wet  places  on  Little  Kern 
River,  Tulare  County,  9,400  feet,  Purpus  2025 ;  South  Fork  of  Kern 
River,  9,800  feet,  Rothrock  347. 

4.  Arnica  mollis  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  231.    1839. 

A.  ovata  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  161.     1900. 

A.  tomentosa  Eydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot  Club,  vol.  28,  p.  20.     1901. 

A.  rliizomata  A.  Nels.,  Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  31,  p.  409.     1901. 

Ti'pe  locality. — "Alpine  rivulets  of  the  Rocky  Mountains." 


386  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  eastern  Quebec  and  south  to  New 
Hampshire,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Nevada,  Brandegee ;  Summit  Valley, 
8,000  feet,  Pringle,  September  23,  1882;  rocky  height  above  Cold- 
stream,  Nevada  County,  8,000  feet,  Sonne,  August  12,  1888;  Castle 
Peak  near  the  highest  point,  9,000  feet,  Heller  7098 ;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000 
feet,  Kennedy  990;  Castle  Peak  trail,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  489;  Glen 
Alpine  Creek,  Tahoe,  7,700  feet,  Hall  8816*;  Maggie's  Peaks,  Tahoe, 
7,100  feet,  Hall  8811;  moist  open  ground  near  Donner  Lake,  E.  L. 
Greene  475;  Velma  Lakes,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Hall  8807;  Cloud's  Rest, 
Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  510 ;  Mt.  Dana,  Bolander  6134 ;  east  side 
of  Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,300  feet,  Smiley  685;*  North  Fork  of 
the  Kaweah,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4521);*  Alta  meadows, 
Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  6,  1905 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare 
County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August,  1905. 

4a.  Arnica  mollis  var.  scaberrima  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 
A.  scaberrima  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  165.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "From  Little  Kern  Fiver,  at  an  altitude  of  9,000 
to  10,000  feet." 

Range. — Probably  coincident  with  that  of  the  species;  only  speci- 
mens from  the  Sierra  have  been  carefully  compared  by  me. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  ? 

Specimens  examined. — Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,200  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  4701 ;  moist  places  near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare 
County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5260. 

The  form  of  the  species,  here  accepted  as  the  var.  scaberrima, 
differs  from  the  typical  state  in  having  the  usually  soft  pubescence 
replaced  by  short  scabrid  hairs,  the  plants  becoming  harsh"*  to  the 
touch,  and  also  by  the  leaves  becoming  more  or  less  saliently  toothed 
and  so  approaching  the  following  species. 

5.  Arnica  amplexicaulis  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7, 
p.  408.    1841. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  rocks  of  the  Wahlamet  at  the  Falls," 
Oregon. 


*  These  collections  present  plants  conforming  to  the  description  of  A.  sub- 
plumosa  Greene  (Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  104.  1898),  a  species  described  from  the  moun- 
tains of  Colorado  and  presumed  to  differ  from  A.  mollis  by  the  pappus  hairs  being 
somewhat  plumose.  The  unsubstantial  nature  of  the  basis  for  this  description 
has  been  indicated  by  Dr.  Eydberg  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  37,  p.  461). 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  387 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  the  southern  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  but  occurring  in  the  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Collins  meadow,  Fresno  County,  7,300  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  446  5  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin,  8,600  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  649. 

6.  Arnica  latifolia  Bong.  var.  viscidula  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1, 

pt.  2,  p.  381.    1884. 

Type  locality. — "High  Sierra  Nevada,  California." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  in  the  northern  half;  perhaps  far  to  the 
northward. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Near  Soda  Springs,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  456 ; 
Donner  Pass,  Heller  7029 ;  Sierra  Nevada,  9,000  feet,  Pringle,  Septem- 
ber 25,  1882;  near  Summit,  E.  L.  Greene  414;  Frog  Lake,  Mt.  Stan- 
ford (Castle  Peak),  Sonne,  July,  1890. 

According  to  Dr.  Rydberg  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  37,  p.  462. 
1910),  the  above  variety  is  equivalent  to  A.  diversifolia  Green  (Pitt., 
vol.  4,  p.  171.  1900),  described  from  "northward  slopes  of  the  highest 
Powder  River  Mountains,  eastern  Oregon,  at  8,000  to  9,000  feet, ' '  and 
based  upon  a  collection  by  Cusick  (no.  1810),  which  I  have  had  no 
opportunity  of  seeing.  The  identity  is  by  no  means  unlikely  since 
many  of  the  species  ranging  from  Alaska  through  British  Columbia 
and  Washington  to  the  Rockies  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  the  range 
of  typical  A.  latifolia  Bong.,  and  having  peculiar  varieties  in  the 
Californian  region,  have  the  geographical  point  of  incidence  of  species 
and  variety  in  the  mountains  of  northeastern  Oregon. 

7.  Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  331.    1833. 

Type  locality. — "Alpine  woods  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the 
east  side,  Drummond;  and  on  the  west  side  in  mountain  woods  between 
the  Kettle  Falls  and  Spokane  River,  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains, 
Douglas." 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  California  and  New  Mexico;  in  the 
north  eastward  at  least  as  far  as  Lake  Superior. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9893 ;  Sierra 
County,  Lemmon  in  1874;  Rubicon  Peak,  Tahoe,  8,000  feet,  Smiley 


388  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

401;  South  Fork  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  9,000  feet,  Hall  and 
Chandler,  July,  1900 ;  moist  places  near  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County, 
8-9,000  feet,  Purpus  1811. 

21.  SENECIO 

Stems  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence,  the  leaves  all  alike,  dentate  and  glabrous. 
Stems   low    (not   exceeding   1   foot   high) ;    leaves   thick,    ovate-spatulate   to 
oblong,  coarsely  toothed  above  the  middle;  heads  few  or  solitary,  some- 
what long-peduncled 1.  S.  Fremontii  var.  occidentalis 

Stems  taller   (2-5  feet  high)   and  usually  simple;  leaves  very  thin  or  mem- 
branous,   yellowish-green,    deltoid    or    hastate,    toothed    from    the    base; 

heads  numerous,  disposed  in  a  corymbif orm  cyme 2.  S.  triangularis 

Stems  appearing  scapose,  the  foliage  composed  of  larger  basal  leaves,  the  upper 

cauline  reduced  or  wanting  and  the  inflorescence  naked. 
Leaves  all  entire  or  few  toothed,  never  pinnatifid. 

Leaf   blades    %-1.25    inches   long;    stems   2-15    inches    high;    petioles    not 

winged  3.  S.   oreopolus 

Leaf  blades  much  longer  (3—4  inches)  and  stems  taller,  commonly  solitary; 

leaves  spatulate,  narrowing  to  winged  petioles. 

Stems  from  rootstocks;   leaves  strictly  basal,  serrate;  heads  small. 
Leaves  and  stems  with  more  or  less  white  tomentum  ....4.  S.  scorzonella 

Leaves  and  stems  early  becoming  glabrate 5.  S.  Covlllei 

Stems  from  a  fascicle  of  fibrous  roots  and  bearing  leaves  to  about  the 
middle;  leaves  denticulate  or  almost  entire;  heads  of  good  size 

6.  S.  lugens  var.  exaltatus 

Leaves  pinnatifid  (species  allied  to  S.  aureus  L.). 

Stems  several,  1  foot  or  taller;  cauline  leaves  reduced  but  showing  evident 

blades;  heads  several  to  many. 

Leaves  thin   or  membranous,  the  basal   on  petioles  no  longer   than  the 

blades;  heads  usually  rayless,  orange  yellow  in  color  ..7  S.  pauciflorus 

Leaves  thickish,  the  basal  long  petioled;   heads  radiate;   the  rays  lemon 

yellow  8.  S.  laetiflorus 

Stems    solitary;    the    upper   leaves   reduced    to    bracts;    heads    small    and 
solitary  or  2  or  3 9.  S.  subnudus 

1.  Senecio  Fremont!  T.  and  G.,  var.  occidentalis  Gray,  Bot.  Calif., 
vol.  1,  p.  618.     1876. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Sierra  Nevada,  on  Mount  Whitney  at  12,500  feet, 
and  S.  Fork  of  Kern  River  down  to  9,800  feet," 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  from  Washington  to  California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  arctic-alpine ;  occasionally  in  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,500  feet,  Heller  9914;  Bloody 
Canon,  Mono  County,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  20,  1889 ;  Inyo  County, 
S.  W.  Austin  337 ;  Yosemite  Park,  J.  B.  Lembert  1001  ;*  Kaiser  Crest, 


*  Dr.  Greene  considered  the  Sierran  material,  here  referred  to  the  var.  occi- 
dentalis, to  be  specifically  distinct  from  the  typical  form  present  in  the  Kocky 
Mountains  (see  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  122.  1900)  and  assigned  as  distinguishing  char- 
acters, longer  and  narrower  glabrous  achenes  as  contrasted  with  shorter  pubescent 
achenes  for  the  typical  form;  examination  of  such  material  as  came  to  my  notice 
failed  to  bear  out  the  statement  as  to  the  relative  length  of  the  achenes  but  there 
does  seem  to  be  general  agreement  among  the  West  Coast  specimens  in  the  matter 
of  the  hairiness  of  the  achenes:  these  in  the  Sierran  collections,  and  the  same 
is  true  for  the  Oregon  and  Washington  collections  seen  by  me,  are  usually  glabrous, 
but  not  exclusively  so,  for  Lembert 's  plant,  cited  above,  shows  some  achenes  with 
a  sparse  hispid  pubescence. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  389 

Smiley  642 ;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  6, 
1905;  rocks  above  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee, 
August  6,  1905;  Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4444)  ; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall 
8469;  gravelly  mountain  slopes,  Upper  Little  Kern  River,  10-11,000 
feet,  Purpus  5195 ;  Mt.  Whitney,  13,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5533 ; 
Cirque  Peak,  10,500-12,800  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5508 ;  Mt.  Guyot, 
11,800  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8428. 
Fresno  County,  9,800  feet,  Smiley  637;  Kaiser  Peak,  10,100  feet, 

2.  Senecio  triangularis  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  332,  t.  115. 

1834. 

S.  trigonophyllus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  106.     1896. 

S,  triangularis  Hook.  var.  Hanseni  Greene,  Erythea,  vol.  3,  p.  124.     1895. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Moist  prairies  among  the  Rocky  Mountains. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Saskatchewan  and  south  to  southern 
California  and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Canadian  mainly,  but  occurring  in  the  Hudsonian  and 
infrequently  in  the  Transition. 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  meadow  at  8,400  feet,  Smiley 
476;  Mt.  Rose,  9,500  feet,  Heller  10334;  same  locality,  10,000  feet, 
Kennedy  1175;  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,900  feet,  Hall  8826;  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901;  Gilmore  Lake, 
Tahoe,  C.  J.  Fox  Jr.,  July,  1895;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200 
feet,  E.  Mulliken  131,  135;  Andrews  Camp,  Inyo  County,  A.  David- 
son 2605;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Yosemite,  J.  B.  Lembert, 
July- August,  1894;  Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee, 
August  23,  1905;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson 
(B4317);  Coyote  Creek,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4336)  ;  Min- 
eral King,  Tulare  County,  T.  S.  Brandegee,  July  27,  1892. 

3.  Senecio    oreopolus    Greenm.,   Monogr.   Senecio,    pt.    1,    p.    24. 

1901  (nomen  nudum)  ;  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  268, 
pi.  11.     1914. 

S.  canus  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  412.     1876,  in  part;  not  Hook. 
S.  Jcernensis  Greenm.,  Monogr.  Senecio,  Pt.  1,  p.  24.    1901  (nomen  nudum)  ; 
Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  1,  p.  266.     1914. 

Type  locality. — "Rock  Creek  Canon,  basin  of  the  Upper  Kern 
River,  Tulare  Co.,  altitude  3050  m." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada,  central  and  southern  part. 
Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 


390  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined. — Castle  Peak,  near  the  highest  point,  9,000 
feet,  Heller  7102;  Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  10-11,000  feet, 
Bolander  2686 ;  base  of  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  763 ; 
same  locality,  north  side  at  11,000  feet,  Smiley  773 ;  dry  hilltop  near 
Ebbett's  Pass,  8,500-9,500  feet,  Brewer  2005;  peak  near  Sonora  Pass, 
11,500  feet,  Brewer  1905;*  Mt.  Dana,  above  timber  line,  E.  B.  Bab- 
cock,  August,  1915;  same  locality,  11,750-12,200  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  3613;  dry  slopes  near  the  summit  of  Sonora  Pass,  11,500  feet, 
State  Survey  1904;  near  Lundy,  Mono  County,  8-9,000  feet,  Miss 
M.  Minthorn  17  ;*  Bloody  Canon,  on  dry  ledges,  8,500  feet,  R.  A. 
Ware  2641c;*  Kaiser  Peak,  Fresno  County,  9,80.0  feet,  Smiley  636; 
Andrew's  Camp,  Inyo  County,  A.  Davidson  2573;  Rock  Creek  Caiion, 
10,000  feet,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5526  (cotype)  ;  Whit- 
ney meadows,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Mus.  Vert.  Zool.  Exped., 
Aug.  17,  1911 ;  rocky  mountain  slopes  on  Little  Kern  River,  10-11,000 
feet,  Purpus  5240 ;  Toowa  Range,  Tulare  County,  in  Indian  Head 
Canon,  Hall  and  Babcock  5305. 

Dr.  J.  M.  Greenman  considers  such  plants  as  are  represented  by 
State  Survey  no.  1904,  which  appears  similar  to  several  others  of  the 
collections  cited  (Hall  and  Babcock  3613;  Smiley  773),  to  constitute 
a  distinct  species,  8.  Muirii  Greenm.  (Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  5,  p.  56. 
1918),  the  type  ''Collected  on  Mount  Dana,  California,  alt.  3,050- 
3,655  m. "  by  the  old  State  Survey.  The  reasons  for  separating  these 
plants  from  the  bulk  of  the  Sierran  material  allied  to  S.  canus  Hook. 
(Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  333,  pi.  116.  1834)  are  not  clear  to  me  nor 
do  they  appear  significant  when  the  descriptions  of  S.  Muirii  and  S. 
oreopolus  are  compared.  Just  what  relation  our  Sierran  plants,  here 
accepted  as  constituting  S.  oreopolus,  have  to  S.  canus  is  still  obscure. 
The  bulk  of  our  material  shows  certain  differences  from  Hooker's 
figure,  wherein  the  achene  is  represented  as  enlarging  upward  and 
hairy  on  the  angles,  while  the  Sierran  plants  consistently  have  the 
achene  columnar,  not  enlarged  upward,  and  entirely  glabrous.  Dr. 
Greenman,  however,  in  describing  8.  canus  (Monogr.  in  Ann.,  vol.  5, 
p.  74)  says  "achenes  glabrous  (notwithstanding  original  illustration." 
If  this  criticism  of  Hooker's  figure  is  correct,  the  propriety  of  regard- 
ing our  Sierran  plants  distinct  from  8.  canus  may  well  be  called  in 
question. 


*  These  collections  present  plants  without  rays  as  a  rule.  Brewer  1905  is  the 
collection  cited  by  Dr.  Greenman  as  the  type  of  the  eradiate  form,  f.  aphanactis 
Greenm.  (I.e.,  p.  269),  but  this  form  is  impossible  to  maintain;  the  sheet  of  this 
number,  preserved  in  the  herbarium  at  Berkeley,  shows  both  radiate  and  discoid 
heads  on  the  same  shoot. 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  391 

4.  Senecio  scorzonella  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  90.    1896. 
Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Southern  Oregon,  southern  Idaho,  and  southward  in  the 
Warner  Kange  of  Modoc  County,  California,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1385 ;  shores  of  Heather  Lake,  Tahoe,  8,000 
feet,  Smiley  285;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  8,600  feet,  Smiley  97; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  Miss  K.  D.  Jones  532;  same  locality,  edge  of 
forest,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  753 ;  Eagle  Peak  meadows,  in  firm  sod,  7,200 
feet,  Hall  9204 ;  Chilnualna  trail,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August 
(without  year)  ;  Mt.  Raymond,  Madera  County,  7,800  feet,  Smiley 
533 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  7,  1905 ; 
Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  22,  1905. 

5.  Senecio  Covillei  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  469.    1895. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Whitney  meadows  in  the  southern  Sierra." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Dry  woods  along  the  Tuolumne  River,  9,700 
feet,  State  Survey  5063;  Tuolumne  County,  Chesnut  and  Drew; 
Hockett's  meadows,  Culbertson  (B  4474)  ;  Guyot  Creek,  Tulare 
County,  10,500  feet,  H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8430 ;  meadows  near  Fare- 
well Gap,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5230. 

6.  Senecio  lugens  var.  exaltatus  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  413. 

1876. 

Senecio  exaltatus  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  7,  p.  410.     1841. 
Senecio  Sonnei  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.,  p.  467.     1895. 

Senecio  columbianus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  170.     1897,  at  least  as  to  our 
range. 

Type  locality. — ' '  The  plains  of  the  Oregon,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Wahlamet. ' ' 

Range. — Washington  to  California,  east  to  the  northern  Rockies  of 
Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  rarely  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Cascade  Mountains,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and 
Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Carson  Spur,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet,  Han- 
sen  418;  Andrew's  Camp,  Inyo  County,  A.  Davidson  2596,  2607; 
D'ark_Hole,  Yosemite,  7,750  feet,  H.  M.  Evans,  July,  1901 ;  Bierstadt 


392  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Peak,  Tahoe,  Davy  3187;  southeastern  approaches  to  Castle  Peak, 
Heller  7068 ;  dry  ridges  above  Coldstream,  Sonne,  July,  1897 ; 
Tuolumne  meadows,  8,500  feet,  Smiley  754 ;  Mt.  Goddard,  11,100  feet, 
Hall  and  Chandler  681 ;  Nellie  Lake,  Fresno  County,  8,700  feet,  Smiley 
607;  Hockett's  meadow,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4474)  ;  Alta 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  G.  B.  Grant  3563. 

The  above  synonymy  has  reference  only  to  the  Sierran  representa- 
tion of  this  variable  species;  definitive  treatment  of  the  many  phases 
exhibited  by  the  plant  in  different  situations  must  be  the  work  of  some 
future  monographer,  though  already  it  is  evident  that  the  above 
list  of  synonyms  might  be  greatly  extended. 

7.  Senecio  pauciflorus  Pursh.,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.,  vol.  2,  p.  529.    1814. 

S.  Lemberti  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  89.     1896. 

Type  locality. — "In  Laborador." 

Range. — Alaska  to  Laborador  and  south  to  Quebec,  Great  Lakes, 
Wyoming,  and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian,  perhaps  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Trail  to  Castle  Peak,  7,500  feet,  Smiley  461 ; 
Yosemite  National  Park,  J.  B.  Lembert,  July  1895;  soda  springs  of 
the  Tuolumne,  Yosemite,  J.  B.  Lembert,  August,  1894;  high  Sierra 
Nevada,  W.  G.  Harford  in  1890;  Lake  Sabrina,  Bishop  Creek,  Inyo 
County,  A.  Davidson  2882. 

The  typical  form  of  the  species  has  discoid  heads  but  occasionally 
plants  show  heads  with  more  or  less  asymmetrical  peripheral  corollas, 
i.e.,  radiate  heads  are  produced  and  constitute  the  var.  fallax  Greenm. 
(Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  11,  p.  597.  1906). 

8.  Senecio  laetiflorus  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  88.    1896. 

Type  locality. — "Near  Boca,"  Nevada  County,  California. 

Range. — Pacific  Coast  south  of  Washington;  east  to  southwest 
Idaho  and  western  Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  the  latter  rarely. 

Specimen  examined. — Little  Truckee  River,  Sierra  County,  6,300 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4526. 

I  am  uncertain  whether  this  species  should  be  admitted  to  this  list, 
since  it  is  infrequent  above  the  Transition.  Following  the  description 
appears  the  note :  ' '  Common  in  grassy  wet  meadows  along  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Calif." 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  393 

9.  Senecio  subnudus  DC.,  Prodr.,  vol.  6,  p.  428.    1837. 

Type  locality. — "In  Americae  bor.  ora  occid.  ad  Columbia-river." 
Douglas. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Montana,  south  to  Wyoming  and 
California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Austin  in  1876; 
Crane  Flat,  Yosemite,  McLean,  July,  1875 ;  Mt.  Dana,  at  timber  line, 
10,300  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3619;  summit  of  Mt.  Dana,  Lemmon 
in  1878. 

Senecio  werneriaefolius  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  19,  p.  54. 
1883),  a  species  with  determined  range  from  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  toArizona  and  appearing  in  the  high  mountains  of 
Colorado  and  Arizona,  has  been  reported124  from  the  Sierra  as  growing 
in  the  alpine  zone  on  Mt.  Conness,  north  of  Yosemite.  Coville50  re- 
ferred nos.  1662  and  2052  of  the  Death  Valley  collection  to  this  species. 
I  have  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  these  specimens  but  both  of 
the  Death  Valley  numbers  are  referred  by  Dr.  Greenman  to  his  8. 
Muirii. 

According  to  Dr.  Greenman,123  Senecio  SuJcsdorfii  Greenm.  (Bot. 
Gaz.,  vol.  53,  p.  511.  1912)  is  represented  in  our  region  by  Heller 
9896  from  "Mt.  Rose,  alt.  2,940  m."  This  is  approximately  9,800 
feet,  but  the  sheet  of  this  number  preserved  at  the  Gray  Herbarium 
gives  the  station  as  "Mountains  west  of  Carson,  elevation  6,000  feet 
and  the  plant  does  not  correspond  to  Howell's  description  (Fl.  N.W. 
Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  379.  1903,  as  8.  adamsii,  a  name  to  be  rejected  as  a 
homonym). 

22.  ACHILLEA 

Involucral  bracts  pale,  their  margins  scarcely  darkened;  pubescence  of  the 
leaves  soft  hirsute 1.  A.  millefolium  var.  lanulosa 

Involucral  bracts  with  conspicuous  dark  brown-purple  margins;  pubescence  of 
the  leaves  silky 2.  A.  "borealis 

1.  Achillea  millefolium  L.  var.  lanulosa  (Nutt.)  Piper,  Fl.  Palouse 
Reg.,  p.  196.    1901. 

A.  lanulosa  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  vol.  7,  p.  36.    1834. 
A.  tomentosa  Pursh,  Fl.,  vol.  2,  p.  319.     1814. 

Type  locality. — Banks  of  the  Kooskoosky  (Clearwater  River, 
Idaho) . 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Saskatchewan  and  south  to  California, 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Kansas. 

Zone. — Transition  to  Hudsonian. 


394  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Specimens  examined,. — Lake  Tahoe,  G.  B.  Grant,  July  20,  1906; 
Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  28,  1900 ;  Half-Moon  Lake,  Tahoe, 
7,760  feet,  McGregor  69. 

2.  Achillea  borealis  Bong.,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI,  vol.  2,  p. 
149.    1832. 

Type  locality. — Sitka. 

Range. — Subarctic  America  from  Alaska  to  Labrador,  south  to 
eastern  Quebec,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  New  Mexico,  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  to  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  10-11,000 
feet,  Brewer  2587;  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July 
12,  1889;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  dry  gravelly  pine  forest, 
8,650  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2700c. 

According  to  Pollard125  this  species  ranges  along  the  mountain 
axis  of  Mexico  to  Central  America. 


23.  TANACETUM 

1.  Tanacetum  canum  D.  C.  Eaton,  in  "Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped., 

p.  179.    1871. 
Sphaeromeria  cana  Heller,  Muhl.,  vol.  1,  p.  7.     1900. 

Type  locality. — "Limestone  rocks  at  the  mouth  of  a  canon  in  the 
East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada;  6,500  feet  elevation." 

Range. — Mountains  of  Nevada,  west  to  the  east  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  north  to  Stein 's  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Canadian ;  perhaps  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Vicinity  of  Lundy,  Mono  County,  8-9,000 
feet,  Miss  M.  Minthorn ;  Mt.  Dana,  Congdon,  August  11,  1898 ;  Bloody 
Canon,  Mono  County,  Congdon,  no.  C  167 ;  rocky  slopes  near  Farewell 
Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,700  feet,  Purpus  5203;  Olancha  Mountain, 
Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Rothrock. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  395 


24.  ARTEMISIA 

Plants  shrubby. 

Most  of  the  leaves  3-lobed  or  3-parted,  cuneate  at  the  base;  involucres  5-10 

flowered. 
Most  of  the  leaves  merely  lobed;  heads  very  numerous;  tall  shrubs 

1.  A.  tridentata 

Most  of  the  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  obovate;  heads  fewer;   low  de- 
pressed high  montane  shrub 2.  A.   arbuscula 

Most  of  the  leaves  entire;  involucres  10-14  flowered. 

Pubescence  loose  and  scurfy;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  rarely  lobed; 
heads   about   14-fiowered,   numerous,   often   with   long  linear   herbaceous 

bracts   3.  A.    Bolanderi 

Pubescence    of   minute   closely    adhering   hairs;    leaves   usually    spatulate- 
lanceolate  or  linear,  entire  and  obtuse,  or   sometimes  3-lobed;   heads 

10-14  flowered 4.  A.  Rothrockii 

Plants  herbaceous  or  merely  woody  at  base. 

Leaves  soft-hairy,  the  basal  finely  divided  into  linear   segments,  the  upper 

cauline  reduced  to  trifid  bracts 5.  A.  norvegica 

Leaves  green  above,  whitened  below  with  cottony  tomentum,  cuneate,  with 

3  to  5  acute  dentate  lobes  at  the  broad  summit 

6.  A.  Tilesii  var.  unalaschensis 

1.  Artemisia  tridentata  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7, 

p.  398.     1841. 

Type  locality. — ' '  Plains  of  the  Oregon,  and  Lewis  River. ' ' 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  South  Dakota,  south  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia and  New  Mexico. 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran,  rising  into  the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined.—- Tallac,  Tahoe,  Dudley,  June  8,  1893;  Suzy 
Lake  trail,  Tahoe,  McGregor  197 ;  near  Summit  Station,  E.  L.  Greene, 
October  14,  1874 ;  Angora  Peak  trail  over  the  moraine  south  of  Fallen 
Leaf  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,100  feet,  Smiley  20;  Mono  Pass,  Bolander  6150; 
Sonora  trail,  east  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Brewer  1863;  Crescent 
Lake,  Mariposa  County,  Congdon,  August  14,  1895;  mountain  slopes 
along  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare  County,  9,400  feet,  Purpus  3001. 

2.  Artemisia  arbuscula  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p. 

398.    1841. 

Type  locality. — ' '  On  the  arid  plains  of  Upper  California,  on  Lewis 
River. ' ' 

Range. — Central  Rocky  Mountains  west  to  Oregon  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Upper  Sonoran  to  Canadian  at  least. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  10,200  feet,  Heller  9883 ;  high 
on  Mt.  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Hooker  and  Gray  in  1877;  high 
Sierras  west  of  Summit  Station,  E.  L.  Greene  449 ;  ridge  south  of 


396  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Donner  Pass  at  8,500  feet,  Heller  7184;  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,500-9,000 
feet,  Brewer  1996;  Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  Hooker  and 
Gray  in  1877 ;  rocky  places  near  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  8-9,000 
feet,  Purpus  1868. 

3.  Artemisia  Bolanderi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  19,  p.  49. 

1884. 

"A.  trifida  Nutt."  of  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  405.     1876,  in  part,  and  not 
of  NuttalL 

Type  locality. — "Mono  Pass,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada." 

Range. — Not  otherwise  known  than  in  the  type. 

Specimen  examined. — Mono  Pass,  small  shrubs,  Bolander  6149 
(type). 

An  obscure  species  or  perhaps  a  hybrid  between  A.  Rothrockii  and 
A.  tridentata. 

4.  Artemisia  Rothrockii  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  618.    1876. 

Type  locality. — "Sierras  of  Tulare  Co.,  Olancha  Mountains  and 
Monachay  meadows,  at  8,000  to  9,300  feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  from  Mono  Pass  southward  to  the  moun- 
tains of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Arid  Transition  to  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mono  Pass,  Congdon,  August  13,  1898 ;  Mt. 
Dana,  Bolander  6018 ;  soda  springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  Congdon,  August 
22,  1894;  south  side  of  Mt.  Gibbs,  Yosemite,  9,900  feet,  Smiley  762; 
mountains  near  Soda  Creek,  Tulare  County,  11,000  feet,  Purpus  5165 ; 
foot  of  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County,  9,300  feet,  Rothrock  343;  Mt. 
Olancha,  summit  meadow  at  9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5277 ;  plains 

near  Whitney  meadows,  Tulare  County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  1565. 

•£ 

5.  Artemisia  norvegica  Fries.,  Novit.  Suec.,  ed.  1,  p.  56.    1817. 

A.  Chamissoniana  var.  saxitilis  Besser;  in  Hook,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  324. 
1833. 

Type  locality. — European. 

Range. — In  North  America  from  the  mountains  of  British  Colum- 
bia and  Alberta  south  to  Colorado  and  California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mountains  above  Bear  Valley,  Placer 
County,  8,500  feet,  Sonne,  July  29,  1889 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,000 


192 !]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  397 

feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4751;  north  side  of  Wood's  Peak,  9,000 
feet,  Brewer  2129 ;  above  head  of  Indian  Canon,  Yosemite,  Congdon, 
August  27,  1899;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River,  10-11,000  feet, 
Purpus  5205;  Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  T.  S.  Brandegee,  July 
28,  1892;  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,400  feet,  Hall  and  Bab- 
cock  5659. 

According  to  Dr.  Rydberg,  the  plants  here  referred  to  A,  norvegica 
Fries,  as  well  as  similar  plants  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  from 
Alberta  to  Colorado,  should  be  assigned  to  A.  saxicola  Rydb.  (Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  32,  p.  128.  1905),  which  differs  from  the  Euro- 
pean plant  described  by  Fries  in  having  more  numerous  and  smaller 
heads  borne  on  shorter  peduncles  and  in  the  greater  development  of 
the  hairy  pubescence.  Examination  of  such  European  material  as 
has  been  available  for  study  seems  to  bear  out  Dr.  Rydberg 's  state- 
ment as  to  the  comparative  size  of  the  heads,  though  the  degree  of 
difference  is  in  any  case  slight,  but  not  as  to  the  length  of  peduncles, 
while  the  differences  in  amount  of  pubescence  appear  to  be  determined 
by  the  date  of  collection,  the  older  leaves  being  nearly  or  quite  glabrate. 
For  the  reason  that  my  opportunity  to  make  adequate  comparison  of 
the  Old  and  New  World  material  was  limited  to  a  few  sheets  of  the 
former,  I  am  not  now  prepared  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  the  sum  total 
of  the  slight  differences,  which  Dr.  Rydberg  considers  sufficient  war- 
rant for  excluding  A.  norvegica  Fries  from  North  America.  In  any 
case,  the  plants  here  considered  constitute  a  species  common  to  both 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  apparently  absent 
from  the  northern  Cascades. 

6.  Artemisia  Tilesii  var.  unalaschensis  Besser,  Linnaea,  vol.  15, 
p.  106.    1841. 

Type  locality. — "Ex  insula  Unalaschka. " 

Range. — Aleutian  Islands  to  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian. 

Specimens  examined. — Meadows  at  soda  springs  near  Mono  Pass, 
Bolander  6153;  stony  places  near  Little  Kern  River,  9-10,000  feet, 
Purpus  5168;  dry  mountain  slopes  above  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  9,400  feet,  Purpus  2095. 

In  the  California  material  at  least,  this  variety  connects  by  a  prac- 
tically complete  series  of  intermediates  with  A.  heterophylla  Nutt. 


398  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

25.  ANAPHALIS 

1.  Anaphalis  margaritacea  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  303. 

1873. 
Gnaplialium  margaritaeeum  L.,  Sp.  PL,  p.  850.     1753. 

Type  locality. — ''Habitat  in  America  septentrionalis,  kam- 
tschatca. ' ' 

Range. — Northern  Asia.  Mountains  of  western  North  America 
eastward  to  Quebec  and  south  to  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Zone. — Transition;  in  California  occurring  along  the  borders  of 
the  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Dyer,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  R.  M. 
Austin  88;  Gilmore  Lake,  west  slope  of  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  C.  J.  Fox 
Jr.,  July,  1895. 

The  two  collections  listed  above  are  the  only  ones  seen  by  me  which 
appeared  to  be  referable  to  the  type  form  with  narrow,  revolute 
leaves  permanently  tomentose  above.  The  common  form  in  our  region 
is  the  following  variety,  distinguished  by  broader,  flat  leaves,  which 
are  green  and  shining  above  and  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  to 
the  axis. 

la.  Anaphalis  margaritacea  var.  occidentalis  Greene,  Fl.  Fran., 
p.  399.     1897. 

Type  locality. — Not  given. 

Range. — Coast  Range  of  California  north  to  Alaska.  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Border  of  the  Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,200  feet,  McGregor 
93;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4648;  above 
Donner  Lake  toward  Donner  Pass,  Heller  7116;  Upper  "Funston 
meadow,  Tulare  County,  Hall  and  Babcock  5568. 

26.  ANTENNARJA 

Involucral  bracts  with  green  or  brown  tips. 

Involucral  bracts  green,  light  colored  at  the  tips;  steins  2  to  3  inches  high, 
rarely  taller;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  abruptly  acute;  forming 

dense  mats  about  and  above  timber-line - -1.  A.  media 

Involucral  bracts  yellowish  to  dull  white;   stems  about  4  to  6  inches  high; 

leaves  broader  and  acuminate,  blunt  at  the  apex 2.  A.  confinis 

Involucral  bracts  not  green  or  brown. 

Involueral  bracts  rose  colored  at  the  tip,  rarely  whitish;  stems  6  to  15  inches 

high;   leaves  linear,  not  cuspidate..... 3.  A.  rosea 

Involucral  bracts  white  at  the  tip,  usually  with  a  brownish  center  spot; 
stems  4  to  10  inches  high;  flexible  stolons  very  abundant;  leaves  very 
narrowly  linear,  acute,  and  cuspidate 4.  A.  corymbosa 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  399 

1.  Antennaria  media  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  286.    1898. 
A.  pulchella  Greene,  Leaflets,  vol.  2,  p.  149.     1911. 

Type  locality. — "Mountains  above  Coldstream,  Placer  County, 
California. ' ' 

Range. — High  mountains  of  western  North  America  from  British 
Columbia  and  Alberta  south  to  Colorado  and  California. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  and  Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Frog  Lake,  Castle  Peak,  Sonne,  July  31, 
1897;  Mt.  Rose,  9,650  feet,  Heller  9902b;.  Slide  Mountain,  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  Heller  10962  in  part;  Pyramid  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,200 
feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4740;  Desolation  Valley,  Tahoe,  McGregor 
162;  Mt.  Rose,  10,000  feet,  Kennedy  1149;  Mt.  Tallac,  Tahoe,  G.  R. 
Hall,  8794;  Ralston  Peak,  Tahoe,  9,000  feet,  Smiley  419;  Mono  Pass, 
at  summit  and  above,  10,700-11,000  feet,  Brewer  1725;  Mt.  Dana, 
12,200  feet,  Smiley  728 ;  same  locality,  at  timber  line,  10,300  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3622 ;  Mt.  Gibbs,  north  side  at  10,400  feet,  Smiley  767 ; 
Mt.  Goddard,  11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  686;  Cloud's  Rest,  Sum- 
mit, Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  12,  1889 ;  Cathedral  Peak,  near  Tuol- 
umne  meadows,  9,600  feet,  Smiley  815;  White  Chief  Mountain,  near 
Mineral  King,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B  4505)  ;  southern  high 
Sierra,  Brewer  2830;  Eagle  Lake,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5366 ;  Kearsarge  Lakes,  Tulare  County,  S.  W.  Austin, 
557;  mountains  on  Little  Kern  River,  10-11,000  feet,  Purpus  5230. 

This  species  is  said  by  E.  Nelson126  to  be  too  close  to  A.  umbrinella 
Rydb.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  24,  p.  302.  1897),  described  from 
"Long  Baldy  in  the  Little  Belt  Mountains,"  Montana,  and  he  suggests 
that  it  may  ultimately  have  to  be  regarded  as  only  a  dwarf  form  of 
that  species,  authentic  material  of  which  I  have  not  seen.  A.  umbri- 
nella  is  also  a  high  mountain  species  and,  according  to  Nelson,  is 
nearer  to  the  Arctic  A.  alpina  Gaertn.  than  any  other  western  Anten- 
naria. A.  pulchella  Greene,  founded  upon  Hall  and  Chandler  686 
above  cited,  is  described  as  differing  from  A.  media  mainly  in  the 
"subentire"  tips  to  the  pappus,  but  inspection  of  the  cotype  in  U.  C. 
disclosed  the  typical  dilated  tips  with  irregular  contours  of  A.  media. 
The  plant  referred  to  by  Miss  Eastwood89  as  having  been  collected  on 
Harrison's  Pass  above  timber  line  in  the  southern  Sierra  of  Tulare 
County  is  of  this  species  or  possibly  of  the  following  variety. 


400  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

la.  Antennaria  media  var.  ciliata  E.  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Museum,  vol.  23,  p.  700.     1901. 

Type  locality. — "White  Mountains,  Mono  County,  California." 
Shockley  444. 

I  have  seen  no  specimens  of  this  variety,  which  is  depauperate  and 
beset  with  glandular-tipped  hairs,  from  the  Sierra ;  it  is  here  included 
because  Coville  and  Funstcm  2160  from  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County, 
is  cited  by  Nelson. 

2.  Antennaria  confinis  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  40.    1899. 

Type  locality. — "Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Arizona."    Lemmon. 

Range. — According  to  Nelson  (I.e.),  from  Idaho  and  eastern 
Oregon  to  Arizona,  through  the  mountains  of  Nevada  and  along  the 
east  slope  of  the  Sierra. 

Zone. — Hudsonian  ? 

I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  the  Sierra  which  I  could  be  sure 
were  referable  to  this  species,  though  Baker  1370  from  Snow  Valley, 
Ormsby  County,  Nevada,  is  possibly  of  this  form.  Nelson  cites  Coville 
and  Funston  1658  from  timber  line  on  a  divide  northwest  of  Whitney 
meadows  (now  called  Volcano  meadows),  Tulare  County,  as  belonging 
to  this  species. 

3.  Antennaria  rosea  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  3,  p.  281. 

1898. 
A.  dioica  var.  rosea  D.  G.  Eaton  in  Wats.,  Bot.  King's  Exped.,  p.  286.     1871. 

Type  locality. — Not  given,  but  no.  652,  cited  by  Eaton  as  the  basis 
of  the  variety,  which  is  undescribed  (i.e.  nomen  nudum),  was  collected 
in  Colorado. 

Range. — British  Columbia  to  Alberta,  south  to  Colorado  an^d  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian  mainly,  rising  locally  even  above 
timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Gold  Lake,  Sierra  County,  6,400  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  4502;  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6930,  7025;  Suzy  Lake, 
Tahoe,  7,650  feet,  McGregor  104;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Miss  Lathrop, 
July  12,  1909;  Carson  Spur,  Hansen  783;  Marlette  Lake,  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  8,000  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4580;  Dana  Fork 
meadows,  Yosemite,  10,000  feet,  Smiley  858;  Cloud's  Rest,  Yosemite, 
Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  18,  1889 ;  Sawtooth  Peak, .  Tulare  County, 
11,000  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5691 ;  Toowa  Range,  9,000  feet,  H.  M. 
and  G.  R.  Hall  8406. 


Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  401 

3a.  Antennaria  rosea  var.  angustifolia  E.  Nels.,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Museum,  vol.  23,  p.  706.     1901. 
A.  angustifolia  Bydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  dub,  vol.  26,  p.  546.     1890. 

Type  locality. — "Yosemite  Valley."    Torrey. 

Range, — With  the  species  but  at  somewhat  higher  elevations. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  above. 

Specimens  examined. — Hills  above  Red  Clover  Valley,  Heller  and 
Kennedy  8699 ;  Tuolumne  meadows,  Yosemite,  8,600  feet,  R.  A.  Ware 
2695c;  Yosemite  Creek  and  Indian  Canon  to  Porcupine  Flat,  8,000 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3477;  Hockett's  meadows,  Tulare  County, 
Culbertson  (B  4465)  ;  mountain  slopes  along  little  Kern  River,  10- 
11,000  feet,  Purpus  5150 ;  Mt.  Dana,  McLean,  July,  1875. 

The  var.  angustifolia  is  scarcely  distinguishable  when  a  large  series 
of  sheets  is  available  for  comparison;  as  a  species,  it  is  impossible, 
for,  as  Nelson  wrote,  when  revising  this  section  of  the  genus,  "It 
grades  so  imperceptibly  into  A.  rosea  that  its  recognition  as  a  species 
would  not  be  justifiable."  Hall  and  Babcock  647  from  Glen  Alpine, 
Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  as  represented  in  the  Dudley  Herbarium,  is  cer- 
tainly of  this  narrow  leaved  form,  but  Nelson  cites  this  number  "in 
part"  as  an  example  of  his  var.  imbricata  (I.e.,  p.  707),  differing  from 
the  species  in  the  broader  leaves  and  more  numerous  bracts  in  the 
involucre.  He  also  cites  Hall  and  Babcock  5610  from  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  a  collection  not  seen  by  me.  I 
tentatively  refer  to  the  var.  imbricata  my  own  no.  85  from  Desolation 
Valley,  Tahoe,  by  reason  of  its  broader  leaves;  the  involucral  bracts 
do  not  seem  to  be  more  numerous  than  in  many  of  the  specimens  cited 
above  as  illustrating  the  species. 

4.  Antennaria  corymbosa   E.   Nels.,  Bot.   Gaz.,   vol.   27,   p.   212. 

March,  1899. 
A.  nardina  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  82.     December,  1899. 

Type  locality. — "On  a  sunny  slope  at  Battle  Lake  in  the  Sierra 
Madre  Mountains"  of  Wyoming. 

Range. — Wyoming  and  Colorado  through  Utah  and  Nevada  to 
California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — About  Marietta  Lake,  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  2,460  m.,  Baker  1296;  summit  of  Sierra  Nevada,  Kellogg  in 
1870 ;  Bierstadt  Peak,  Tahoe,  7,500  feet,  Davy  3227 ;  Mt.  Ralston,  rare 
among  granite  rocks,  9,200  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4684;  Yosemite, 


402  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

McLean  in  June,  1875;  Tenaya  Lake,  Yosemite,  meadow  south  of  the 
lake,  8,200  feet,  Smiley  695 ;  vicinity  of  Lake  Tenaya,  8,200  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3518;  Tuolumne  meadows,  open  sandy  loam,  8,600  feet, 
R.  A.  Ware  2633c;  Denel's  Peak,  Tulare  County,  10,500  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  5518. 

Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.  (Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  vol.  7,  p. 
404.  1841 ) ,  a  small  woolly  annual,  1-6  inches  high,  is  adventive  about 
the  shores  of  many  small  mountain  lakes  throughout  the  boreal  region 
— Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  8,000  feet,  Hansen  774;  shores  of 
Lake  Tenaya,  Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Smiley  874;  Funston's  Sheep 
Ranch,  Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Culbertson  (B4675). 

27.  CIRSIUM 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  white-woolly;  subacaulescent ;  heads  nearly  sessile  in  the  clump 

of  basal  leaves,  whitish  or  sometimes  purple  flowered 

1.  C.  Drummondii  var.  acaulescens 

Leaves  toothed  but  scarcely  pinnatifid,  green  above,  woolly  below;   stems  1-3 
feet  high;  heads  bright  red  or  pink,  long  peduncled 2.  C.  Andersonii 

1.  Cirsium  Drummondii  var.  acaulescens  (Gray),  comb.  nov. 

Cnicus  Drummondii  var.  acaulescens  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  40. 

1874. 

Cnicus  tioganus  Congdon,  Erythea,  vol.  7,  p.  186.     1900. 
Cirsium  acaulesoens  K.  Sch.,  in  Just 's  Bot.  Jahresb.,  vol.  29,  pt.  1,  p.  566. 

1903. 

Type  locality. — "Rocky  Mountains,  and  sparingly  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California." 

Range.— Yukon  south  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico, 
west  to  Oregon  and  southward  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian.  % 

Specimens  examined. — Little  Truckee  River,  Sierra  County,  6,300 
feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  4525 ;  Hope  Valley,  Alpine  County,  8,500  feet, 
Hansen  389 ;  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800  feet,  Smiley  178 ;  foot  of  Mt. 
Dana,  Congdon,  August  11,  1898 ;  Bloody  Canon,  Mono  County,  Cong- 
don 28;  North  Fork  of  Kern  River,  Coville  and  Funston  1714. 

It  is  very  doubtful  if  this  form  is  sufficiently  well  marked  from 
the  typical  form  of  the  species  to  call  for  taxonomic  notice,  since  it 
sometimes  grows  with  the  species  and  is  then  seen  to  pass  directly 
into  the  specific  form;  the  chief  reason  for  distinguishing  the  variety 
is  that  it  commonly  grows  at  higher  levels  than  the  species,  and  in  its 
zone  of  greatest  frequency,  the  type  state  is  rarely  found. 


1921J          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  403 

2.  Cirsium  Andersonii  (Gray)  Petrak,  Bot.  Tidsskr.,  vol.  31,  p.  68. 

1911. 
Cnicus  Andersonii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  10,  p.  44.     1874. 

Type  locality. — "Sierra  Nevada,  California,  and  adjacent  part  of 
Nevada. 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  Region. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian,  rising  locally  into  the  Hud- 
sonian. 

Specimens  eaxvmined. — Near  Donner  Lake,  Torrey  262;  Glen 
Alpine,  Tahoe,  6,800  feet,  McGregor  135;  south  end  of  Fallen  Leaf 
Lake,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Hall  8770;  near  Marlette  Peak,  Washoe 
County,  Nevada,  7,500  feet,  Hall  and  Chandler  4576;  Ebbett's  Pass, 
Alpine  County,  8,500-9,000  feet,  Brewer  2001;  Sky  Valley,  Tulare 
County,  Culbertson  (B4679)  ;  mountain  slopes  on  Little  Kern  River, 
9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5060 ;  base  of  Mt.  Whitney,  11,500  feet,  W.  L. 
Kennedy  397. 

28.  PHALACROSERIS 

1.  Phalacroseris  Bolanderi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  7,  p.  364. 
1867. 

Type  locality. — "Westf all's  meadows,  above  Yosemite  Valley,  alt. 
8,000  feet." 

Range. — Central  Sierra  Nevada. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Peregoy  's,  wet  meadows,  Yosemite,  A.  Gray 
in  1875;  same  locality,  7,300  feet,  Hall  9673;  Shuteye  Mountain, 
Madera  County,  Billy  Brown's  meadows,  6,800  feet,  J.  Murdoch  Jr. 
2574. 

This  species  is  the  only  one  in  the  genus,  the  achenes  being  typically 
without  pappus,  though  occasionally  plants  are  found,  whose  achenes 
have  a  short  coroniform  pappus  (var.  coronata  Hall,  Yosemite  Fl., 
p.  267.  1912). 

29.  MICROSERIS 

1.  Microseris  nutans  (Geyer)  Schultz,  Bip.  Pollichia,  vols.  22-24, 
p.  309.     1866. 

Scorzonella  nutans  Geyer,  in  Hook.,  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  253.     1847. 
Calais  nutans  Gray,  Pac.  B.R.  Rep.,  vol.  4,  p.  112.     1857. 
Ptilooalais  nutans  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.,  vol.  2,  p.  54.     1886. 

Type  locality. — "Dry  sunny  loamy  declivities  of  Spokane  and 
Coeur  d'Aleine  Mountains." 


404  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

Range. — British  Columbia  east  to  Montana  and  south  to  Califor- 
nia and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Donner  Pass,  Heller  6977 ;  Cisco,  Kellogg, 
June  30,  1870;  Grass  Lake,  Tahoe,  McGregor  5;  near  Lily  Lake, 
Tahoe,  6,600  feet,  Smiley  390 ;  Lake  Valley,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Abrams 
4787 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie,  July  6-21,  1901 ;  Por- 
cupine Flat,  Yosemite,  8,100  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3633 ;  high  peak 
on  the  Tuolumne  River,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1801 ;  Tioga  Road, 
Yosemite,  9,000  feet,  R.  A.  Ware  2613c;  vicinity  of  Tuolumne 
meadows,  8,500-9,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  3542. 

30.  AGOSEEIS 

Beak  of  the  achene  short  and  stout,  gradually  narrowing  from  the  body  of  the 
achene  1.  A.  glauca 

Beak  of  the  aehene  filiform,  rather  abruptly  contracted  from  the  achene 

2.  A.  aurantiaca 

1.  Agoseris  glauca  var.  laciniata  (Eaton),  comb.  nov. 

Macrorhynchus  glauc.us  var.  laciniatus  DC.  Eaton,  in  Wats.,  Bot.  King's 

Exped.,  p.  204.     1871. 

Troximan  glaucum  var.  laoiniatum  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  437.     1876. 
Agoseris  monticola  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  4,  p.  37.     1899. 

Type  locality. — Not  given,  the  plant  described  from  Colorado. 

Range. — Rocky  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  west  to  the 
Sierra  and  mountains  of  northern  California. 

Zone. — Canadian  and  Hudsonian,  rarely  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Highest  part  of  the  Sierra  near  Summit 
Station,  E.  L.  Greene  451;  Summit,  Bolander  1872;  Sierra  above  Sum- 
mit Valley,  Pringle,  September  27,  1882;  shores  of  Heather  Lake, 
Tahoe,  8,800  feet,  Smiley  284 ;  Carson  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  |113 ; 
headwaters  of  Stanislaus  River,  Alpine  County,  7,500-8,000  feet,  Hall 
and  Chandler  4777;  Lake  Valley,  Tahoe,  6,400  feet,  Abrams  4784; 
lower  end  of  Donner  Lake,  Heller  6991 ;  Mt.  Dana,  11,000  feet, 
Bolander  5042;  Lyell  Fork  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  8,600  feet,  Hall 
and  Babcock  3601 ;  upper  San  Joaquin,  Congdon,  August  19,  1895 ; 
Summit  Lake,  Tulare  County,  Culbertson  (B4545);  Farewell  Gap, 
Tulare  County,  10,000  feet,  Purpus  5217 ;  trail  to  Mt.  Whitney,  8,000 
feet,  Culbertson  (B  4421,  4422). 

A.  monticola  is  merely  the  form  of  the  highest  mountains,  with 
scapes  barely  exceeding  the  leaves ;  the  leaf  outline  varies  from  entire 
to  deeply  lobed  with  all  possible  intergrades. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  405 

2.  Agoseris  aurantiaca  Greene,  Pitt.,  vol.  2,  p.  177.    1891. 

Troximon  aurantiacum  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  300,  pi.  104.     1833. 

Type  locality. — "Alpine  prairies  of  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Range. — British  Columbia  east  to  Alberta  and  south  to  New  Mexico 
and  California. 

Zone. — Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Dry  hillsides  above  Suzy  Lake,  Tahoe,  7,800 
feet,  Smiley  163;  Mt.  Rose,  east  side  at  8,450  feet,  Heller,  July  10, 
1913 ;  dry  slope  near  White  Wolf,  Yosemite,  8,000  feet,  Smiley  893. 

31.  CREPIS 

Leaves  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  obovate-spatulate,  entire  or  shallowly 
lobed;  achene  dilated  at  the  insertion  of  the  soft  pappus;  dwarf  alpine 
from  running  rootstocks 1.  C.  nana 

Leaves  pubescent,  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  with  a  long 
acuminate  terminal  lobe;  stems  rising  from  a  stout  perennial  root.... 
2.  C.  occidentalis  var.  subacaulis 

1.  Crepis  nana  Richards.,  Bot.  App.  Frankl.  Jour.,  ed.  2,  p.  757. 

1823. 

Type  locality. — "On  the  Copper  Mine  River." 

Range. — Subarctic  America  south  to  Colorado  and  California. 
Labrador. 

Zone. — Arctic-alpine. 

Specimens  examined. — Sonora  Pass,  10,000  feet,  Brewer  1884; 
gravelly  places  near  Farewell  Gap,  Tulare  County,  10,600  feet,  Pur- 
pus  5202. 

2.  Crepis  occidentalis  var.  subacaulis  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad., 

vol.  5,  p.  50.    1873. 

C.  occidentalis  var.  nevadensis  Kellogg,  I.e. 

C.  subacaulis  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  3,  p.  562.     1896. 

Type  locality. — "Found  on  the  high  peaks  at  Cisco,  C.  P.  R.R., 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  about  7,000  feet." 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  and  lower  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  80;  Cisco,  Bran- 
nan  Jr.,  June  27,  1870;  Castle  Peak  near  the  highest  point,  Heller 
7086 ;  Summit,  Bolander  and  Kellogg  in  1870. 

The  species  is  common  in  the  Transition  zone,  often  growing  with 
the  variety,  which  differs  mainly  in  the  absence  of  glandular  hairs 
on  tlie  upper  parts  of  the  stems,  these  in  the  type  being  often  viscid. 


406  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

32.  HIERACIUM 

Flowers  yellow;  pappus  fuscous  or  sordid. 

Stems  short  (4-12  inches  high),  numerous,  leafy  up  to  the  cyme;  pubescence 

of  shaggy  hairs;  pappus  fuscous 1.  H.  honidum 

Stems  taller,  scapose,  the  leaves  radical;  pappus  sordid. 

Radical  leaves  glabrous  and  green;  heads  small.  2.  H.  gracile  var.  detonsum 

Eadical  leaves  pilose;  heads  larger 3.  H.  cynoglossoides  var.  nudicaule 

Flowers  white;  stems  tall  (1-3  feet),  branching  in  the  open  cyme;  leaves  oblong, 
narrowing  to  a  winged  petiole;  pappus  whitish 4.  H.  albiflorum 

1.  Hieracium  horridum  Fries,  Epic.  Hier.,  p.  154.     1862. 
H.  Breweri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  vol.  6,  p.  553.    1865. 

Type  locality. — "In  montibus  Calif orniae. " 

Range. — Mt.  Shasta  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains 
of  southern  California. 

Zone. — Transition  to  above  timber  line. 

Specimens  examined. — Mt.  Rose,  9,700  feet,  Heller  10331;  Half- 
Moon  Bay,  Tahoe,  Miss  K.  A.  Chandler,  August  21,  1901 ;  Suzy  Lake, 
Tahoe,  7,650  feet,  McGregor  111 ;  Pyramid  Peak,  east  side,  9,500  feet, 
Smiley  126;  Silver  Mountain,  Alpine  County,  11,000  feet,  Brewer 
2048;  Silver  Valley,  7,350  feet,  Brewer  1962;  foot  of  Mt.  Dana, 
Bolander  6131;  Eagle  Peak,  Yosemite,  Chesnut  and  Drew,  July  6, 
1587 ;  Wawona  Point,  Mariposa  County,  A.  Gray  in  1872 ;  Kaiser 
Crest,  Fresno  County,  9,600  feet,  Smiley  648 ;  Alta  meadows,  Tulare 
County,  Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  21,  1905;  Mt.  Guyot,  11,500  feet, 
H.  M.  and  G.  R.  Hall  8424;  mountains  near  Little  Kern  River,  Tulare 
County,  11-12,000  feet,  Purpus  5141;  Mt.  Olancha,  Tulare  County, 
10,400  feet,  Rothrock  329;  mountains  near  Kaweah  River,  Tulare 
County,  9-10,000  feet,  Purpus  5160. 

In  alpine  situations  this  plant  becomes  dwarfed  and  it  is  this  state 
that  is  represented  by  Brewer  1962,  2048 ;  by  Purpus  5141 ;  anjd  by 
Hall  8424,  which  Dr.  Gray  described  as  H.  Breweri. 

2.  Hieracium  gracile  Hook.  var.  detonsum  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.,  vol.  1, 

pt.  2,  p.  427.    1884. 
H.  triste  var.  detonswn  Gray,  Bot.  Calif.,  vol.  1,  p.  441.     1876. 

Type  locality. — "Ebbett's  Pass,  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,000  feet 
(Brewer}.'" 

Range. — Sierra  Nevada  northward  to  the  mountains  of  southern 
Oregon  and  east  to  Colorado.  Mountains  of  British  Columbia,  ace. 
Syn.  Fl. 

Zone. — Canadian. 


1921  ]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  407 

Specimens  examined. — Velma  Lakes,  Eldorado  County,  8,000  feet, 
Hall  8806;  Ebbett's  Pass,  8,000  feet,  Brewer  1983;  Lake  Tenaya, 
Yosemite,  Congdon,  August  14,  1894;  meadows  near  Black  Mountain, 
9,500  feet,  Fresno  County,  Hall  and  Chandler  599;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,400  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5595. 

The  species  ranges  from  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  Colorado  and  is 
characterized  by  the  possession  of  copious  black  hairs  upon  the  in- 
volucre, which  in  the  variety  are  either  absent  or  nearly  so. 

3.  Hieracium  cynoglossoides  Arvet.  var.  nudicaule  Gray,  Proc. 

Am.  Acad.,  vol.  19,  p.  68.     1883. 

Type  locality. — "Northern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Califor- 
nia." 

Range. — From  Lassen's  Peak  southward  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimen  examined. — Mt.  Silliman,  Tulare  County,  9,000  feet, 
Mrs.  Brandegee,  August  24,  1905. 

4.  Hieracium  albiflorum  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  1,  p.  298.    1833. 

Type  locality. — "Rocky  Mountains  north  of  Smoking  River,  lat. 
56°." 

Range. — British  Columbia  east  to  Alberta  and  south  to  California 
and  Colorado. 

Zone. — Transition  and  Canadian. 

Specimens  examined. — Snow  Valley,  Ormsby  County,  Nevada, 
2,460-2,615  m.,  Baker  1370 ;  Glen  Alpine,  Tahoe,  Setchell  and  Dobie, 
July  6-21,  1901 ;  Silver  Lake,  Amador  County,  7,200  feet,  E.  Mulliken 
150;  Nevada  Falls  trail,  Yosemite,  Congdon,  July  2,  1885;  Hockett's 
meadows,  Tulare  County,  8,500  feet,  Hall  and  Babcock  5598;  same 
locality,  Culbertson  (B4435). 


408  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 


LIST  OF  NEW  NAMES  AND  NEW  COMBINATIONS 

1.  Sitanion  rigidum  var.  calif ornicum  (J.  G.  Smith),  comb.  nov. 

2.  Poa  Pringl&i  var.  Hanseni  (Scribn.),  comb.  nov. 

3.  Scirpus  yosemitanus,  sp.  nov. 

4.  Carex  tahoensis,  sp.  nov. 

5.  Luzula  spicata  var.  nov. 

6.  Brodiaea  ixioides  var.  scabra  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

7.  Fritillaria  gracUlima>,  sp.  nov. 

8.  Delphinium  pauciflorum  var.  Sonnei  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

9.  Arabis  Lyallii  var.  Davidsonii  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

10.  Sedum  obtusatum  var.  Hallii  (Britton),  comb.  nov. 

11.  Ribes  hirtellum  var.  inerme  (Rydb.),  comb.  nov. 

12.  Pyrus  sitchensis  var.  calif 'ornica,  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

13.  Horkelia  pnrpurascens  var.  pinetorum  (Coville),  comb.  nov. 

14.  Acer  glabrum  var.  Torreyi  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

15.  Acer  glabrum  var.  diffusum  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

16.  Pentstemon  procerus  forma  geniculatus  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

17.  Chrysothamnus   nevadensi-s   var.   vulcanicus    (Greene),   comb. 

nov. 

18.  Erigeron,  nevadensis  var.  Sonnei  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

19.  Eriophyllum  lanatum  var.  integrifolium  (Hook.),  comb.  nov. 

20.  Arnica  mollis  var.  scaberrima  (Greene),  comb.  nov. 

21.  Agoseris  glauca  var.  laciniata  (Eaton),  comb.  nov. 


1921]          Smiley:  Flora  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  409 


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19  GILBERT,  G.  K. 

Domes  and  dome  structure  of  the  High  Sierra.  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  15, 
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28  RUSSELL,  I.  C. 

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108  CONGDON,    J.   W. 

Mariposa  County  as  a  botanical  asset.  Zoe,  vol.  3,  pp.  314—325  (p.  317). 
1893. 

109  ROSENDAHL,   C.   O. 

Die  nordamerikanischen  Saxifragineae  und  ihre  Verwandtschafts-Verhalt- 
nisse  in  Beziehung  zu  ihrer  geographisehen  Verbreitung.  Engler's 
Jahrb.,  vol.  37,  Beiheft  83,  pp.  1-87.  1905. 

no  WOOTON,  E.  O.,  and  STANDLEY,  P.  C. 

Flora  of  New  Mexico.     Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.,  vol.  19,  pp.  1-794.     1915. 

in  FERNALD,  M.  L. 

The  varieties  of  Eibes  hirtellum.    Rhodora,  vol.  13,  pp.  73-76.     1911. 

112  SMITH,  C.  P. 

Studies  in  the  Genus  Erythrocoma  Greene.     Muhlenbergia,  vol.  8,  pp.  1-17. 
1912. 


416  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany         [VOL.  9 

113  McDERMOTT,  L. 

Bevision  of  Trifolium.     San  Francisco,  1910. 

11*  PIPER,  C.  V.,  and  BEATTIE,  E.  K. 

The   Flora   of   the   Palouse    region.      1901. 

us  GREENE,  E.  L. 

Studies  in  the  botany  of  California  and  parts  adjacent.     Bull.  Calif.  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  pp.  179-228.     1885. 

us  ABRAMS,  L.  E.,  and  SMILEY,  F.  J. 

Taxonomy  and  distribution  of  Eriodictyon.    Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  60,  pp.  115-133. 
1915. 

117  CHANDLER,  H.  P. 

A  revision  of  the  genus  Nemophila.    Bot.  Gaz.,  vol.  34,  pp.  194-215.     1902. 

us  DAVIDSON,  A. 

A  trip  to  the  Tehachapi  Mountains.    Muhlenbergia,  vol.  4,  pp.  65-68.    1908. 

no  BRAND,  A. 

Die  Hydrophyllaceen  der  Sierra  Nevada.     Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.  4, 
pp.  209-227.     1912. 

120  MACBRIDE,  J.  F. 

Certain  Borraginaceae  new  or  transferred.     Proc.  Am.  Aead.  Sci.,  vol.  51, 
pp.  540-548.     1916. 

121  FERNALD,  M.  L. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  and  its  varieties  in  Eastern  America.     Ehodora, 
vol.  7,  pp.  164-167.     1905. 

122  HALL,  H.  M. 

The  Compositae  of  Southern  California.     Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot.,  vol.   3, 
jjp.  1-302.     1907. 

123  GREENMAN,  J.  M. 

Monograph  of  the  North  and  Central  American  species  of  the  genus  Senetio. 
Part  2,  p.  172.     1916. 

124  GREENE,  E.  L. 

Flora  Franciscana,  pp.  469-470.     San  Francisco,  1897. 

125  POLLARD,  C.  L. 

The  genus  Achillea  in  North  America.     Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  26,  pp. 
365-372.     1899. 

126  NELSON,  E. 

A  revision  of  certain  species  of   plants  of  the   genus  Antennaria.     Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  vol.  23,  pp.  697-713.     1901. 


INDEX 


Abama-Abama,  140. 

Abies,  81,   (85),  85. 

Abronia,  172. 

Acer,  261. 

Aceraceae,  261 

Achillea,  353,  393. 

Aeonitum,  186,  191. 

Actaea,  186,  193. 

Aotinella,  378. 

Adder's  Tongue  family,  78. 

Adiantum,  72,  75. 

Agastache,  321. 

Agoseris,  353,  404. 

Agropyron,  90,  98. 

Agrostideae,  90. 

Agrostis,  90,  94. 

Aira,  100,  101. 

Alder   (Alnus),  154. 

Alismaceae,  90. 

Allium,  134,  135. 

Allotropa,  282. 

Alnus,  154. 

Alopecurus,  90,  93. 

Alpine  Buttercup    (Ranunculus  3.), 

195. 

Alpine  Heather   (Phyllodoce  1.),  289. 
Alpine  Hemlock   (Tsuga  1.),  85. 
Alpine  Sorrel   (Oxyria  1.),  166. 
Alpine  Willow  (Salix  1.),  149. 
Alsine,  178. 

Alum-root   (Heuohera),  215. 
Amelanehier,  228,  230. 
American  Laurel   (Kalmia),  289. 
American  Rock-brake   (Cryptogramma 

1.),    72. 

Anaphalis,  353,  398. 
Andromeda,  291. 
Androsace,  292. 
Anemone,  186,  188. 
Angelica,   275,   277. 
Aulospermum,  275,  282. 
Antennaria,  353,  398. 
Anthemideae,  352,  353. 
Antirrhinum,  322,  330. 
Apinus,  82. 

Aplopappus,  355,  359,  362. 
Apocynaceae,  300. 
Apocynum,  300. 
Aquilegia,  186,  192. 
Arabis,  197,  204. 
Arceuthobium,  156. 
Arc.tostaphylos,  282,  288. 
Arenaria,  172,  175. 
Arnica,  353,  384. 
Arraoacia,  281. 

Arrow  Grass   (T  riglochin) ,  89. 
Arrow  Grass  family,  89. 


Artemisia,  353,  395. 

Arundo,  97. 

Aspen  (Populus),  153. 

Aspidium,    75,    76. 

Asplenium,  72,  75. 

Aster,  352,  363,  (368),   (369). 

Astereae,  352. 

Astragalus,  248,  257. 

Athyrium,  72,    (75),  78. 

Aveneae,  91. 

Avens   (Geum),  240. 

Awlwort  (Subularia),  211. 

Bahia,  378,  380. 

Balsamea  (Zauschneria),  274. 

Bane-Berry   (Aetaea),  193. 

Barbarea,  197,  202. 

Bear  Grass  (Xeropliyllum) ,  143. 

Bedstraw   (Galium),  344. 

Beech  family,  155. 

Bent  Grass   (Agrostis),  94. 

Betula,  154. 

Betulaceae,  154. 

Bigelovia,  357,  359. 

Bikukulla,  195,  196. 

Bilberry    (Vacoinium) ,   287. 

Birch   (Betula),  154. 

Birch  family,  154. 

Bitter  Cherry  (Prunus),  229. 

Bitter  Cress   (Cardamine) ,  203. 

Bitter-root  (Lewisia),  180. 

Bistorta,  170. 

Black  Cottonwood  (Populus  2.),  153. 

Bladderwort  family,  345. 

Bleeding  Heart  (Dicentra  3.),  196. 

Blueberry   (V actinium) ,  287. 

Blue-eyed  Grass   (Sisyrinchium) ,  145. 

Blue  Flax   (Linum  I.),  260. 

Bog  Asphodel   (N arthecium) ,  140. 

Bog  Rush   (Juncus),  129. 

Bolandra,  214,  215. 

Borage  family,  316. 

Boraginaceae,  316. 

Botrychium,  78. 

Boylcinia,  217. 

Brittle-fern    (Cystopteris  1.),   77. 

Brodiaea,  134. 

Brome  Grass  (Bromus),  91,  107. 

Bryanthus,  289. 

Buckbean    (Menyantlies) ,  295. 

Buckthorn  family,  263. 

Buckwheat  family,  158. 

Bulrush   (Scirpus),  108. 

Bur-reed    ( Sparganium ) ,   88. 

Bur-reed  family,   88. 

Buttercup    (Ranunculus),   194. 

Buttercup  family,  186. 

Calais,  403. 


[417] 


Index 


Calamagrostis,  90,  96. 
Calandrinia,  181,  182. 
California  Fuchsia  (Zauschneria), 

274. 

Calliprara,  134,  135. 
Callirhoe,   265. 
Callitriehaceae,  261. 
Callitriche,  261. 
Collomia,  303. 
Caloehortus,  134,  138. 
Caltha,  186,  189. 
Calyptridium,  184,  185. 
Camaa  (Camassia) ,  138. 
Camassia,  134,  138. 
Campanula,  351. 
Campion   (Silene),  172. 
Cantua,  303. 
Capnorea,  310,   311. 
Caprifoliaceae,   346. 
Caprifolium,  350. 
Cardamine,   197,  203. 
Carex,  107,  110. 
Cartiera,  210. 
Carum,  279. 
Caryophyllaceae,   172. 
Cassiope,  282,  291. 
Castanea,  155. 
Castanopsis,  155. 
Castilleja,  322,  339. 
Catchfly  (Silene),  172. 
Ceanothus,  263. 
Cephalanthera,  148. 
Cerastium,  172,  180. 
Cerasus,  229. 
Cercocarpus,  228. 
Chaenaetis,  353,   (380),  381. 
Chamesaracha,  321. 
Cheilanthes,  72,  73. 
Chenopodiaceae,   172. 
Chickweed  (Stellaria),  178. 
Chimaphila,  282,  283. 
Chinquapin   (Castanopsis),  155. 
Chrysopsis,  352,  354,   (361). 
Chrysothamnus,  352,  355. 
Ciehoreae,  352,  353. 
Cinna,  90,  94. 

Cinquefoil    (Potentilla),    234. 
Circaea,  269. 
Cirsium,  353,  402. 
Claytonia,  180,  (182),  183,   (183). 
Cleavers   (Galium),  344. 
Cliff-brake   (Pellaea),  73. 
Clover   (Trifolium),  248. 
Cnicus,  402,  403. 
Collinsia,  322,  328. 
Columbine   (Aquilegia),  192. 
Comarum,  239. 
Common  Horsetail   (Equisetum  1.), 

79. 

Common  Juniper    (Juniperus  2.),  87. 
Compositae,  352. 
Coral-root    (Corallorhiza) ,   148. 
Corallorhiza,  148. 


Cornaceae,   274. 

Cornus,  274. 

Corydalis,  195,   (196),  197. 

Cotton  Grass   (Eriophorum) ,  110. 

Cottonwood   (Populus),  153. 

Cowberry   (Potentilla  13.),  239. 

Cow  Parsnip   (Heracleum),  277. 

Cranberry   (Vaccinium),  287. 

Cranesbill   (Geranium),  259. 

Crassulaeeae,  212. 

Crepis,  353,  405. 

Cruciferae,  197. 

Crunocallis,  183. 

Cryptanthe,  316. 

Cryptogramma,  72. 

Currant    (Bibes),  223. 

Cut-leaf   Monkey  Flower    (Mimulus 

3.),  332. 
Cycladenia,  300. 
Cymopteris,  281,  282. 
Cynapium,  279. 
Cynareae,  352,  353. 
Cyperaceae,  107. 
Cystopteris,  72,  77. 
Damasonium,   90. 
Danthonia,  91,   100. 
Darlingtonia,  212. 
Dasiphora,   234. 

Death  Camas  (Zygadenus  1.),  140. 
Delphinium,  186,  190. 
Desehampsia,  91,  100. 
Dicentra,  195. 
Didytra,  195,  193. 
Dock   (Bumex),  167. 
Dodecatheon,  292,  293. 
Dogbane  family,  300. 
Dog  Violet  (Viola  2.),  367. 
Dog-tooth  Violet  (Erythronium) ,  139. 
Dogwood  (Cornus),  274. 
Dogwood  family,  274. 
Draba,  197,  198. 
Draperia,  316. 
Drosera,  211. 
Droseraceae,  211. 
Drudeophytum,  275,  280. 
Drymocallis,  238. 

Dryopteris,  72,   (75),   (76),  76.    ^ 
Dugaldea,  377. 

Dutchman's  Breeches  (Dicentra),  195. 
Dwarf  Twinberry   (Lonicera  3.),  350. 
Echinospermum,   318. 
Edwini-a,  222. 
Elder   (Sambucus),  346. 
Eleocharis,  107. 
Elephants  Heads   (Pedicularis  4.), 

339. 

Eleplmntella,  338,  339. 
Enchanter's  Nightshade    (Circaea), 

269. 

Epilobium,  269,  270. 
Epipactis,  145. 
Equisetaceae,   79. 
Equisetum,  79. 


[418] 


Index 


Ericaceae,   282. 

Erigeron,   352,    (363),   367. 

Eriodictyon,  311. 

Eriogonum,  158. 

Eriophyllum,  353,  377. 

Erythrocoma,  240. 

Eriogynia,  232. 

Eriophorum,  107,  110. 

Erooallis,   182. 

Erxlebenia,  285. 

Erysimum,  197,  201. 

Erythronium,  134,  139. 

Eulophus,  275,  279. 

Eunanus,  334,  335,  336. 

Eupatoreae,  352. 

Eupatorium,   352,  354. 

Evening  Primrose   (Oenothera) ,  270. 

Evening  Primrose  family,  269. 

Everlasting    (Anaphalis),   398. 

Fagaceae,  155. 

False   Asphodel    (Tofieldia),  140. 

False   Hellebore    (Vcratrum   1.),    142. 

False  Pimpernel  (Hypericum  I.),  266. 

False  Solomon's  Seal    (Smilac-ina) , 

141. 

Feather  Grass  (Stipa),  91. 
Fern  family,  72. 
Ferns : 

American  Rock-brake   (Cryptogram- 
ma  1.),  72. 

Brittle-fern   (Cystopteris  I.),   77. 

Cliff -brake  (Pellaea),  73. 

Five-finger  Fern  (Adiantum  1.),  75. 

Lace-fern    (Chcilanthes  1.),   73. 

Lady-fern  (Asplenium  1.),  75. 

Lip-fern    (Cheilanthes) ,   73. 

Maiden-hair   Fern    (Adiantum),   75. 

Moonwort   (Botrychium) ,  78. 

Oregon  Cliff -brake  (Pellaea  3.),  74. 

Rock-brake    (Crypto gramma) ,  72. 

Spleenwort   (Asplenium),  75. 

Sword-fern   (Polystichum  1.),  75. 

Wood-fern    (Dryopteris) ,   76. 
Fescue  Grass   (Festuca},  106. 
Festuca,  91,  106. 
Festuceae,  91. 

Field  Chickweed    (Cerastium),  180. 
Figwort  family,  322. 
Filix,  77. 
Fir  (Abies),  85. 
Five  Finger  (Potentilla) ,  234. 
Five-finger  Fern   (Adiantum  1.),  75. 
Flax    (Linum),  260. 
Flax  family,  260. 
Fleabane  (Erigeron),  367. 
Foxtail  Grass   ( Alopecurus),  93. 
Fox-tail  Pine  (Pinus  4.),  83. 
Fragaria,  228,  247. 
Frasera,  295,  299. 
Fritillaria,  134,  143. 
Fumaria,  196. 
Fumariaceae,   195. 
Fumitory  family,  195. 


Galium,  344. 

Gayophytum,  274. 

Gentian  (Gentiana),  296. 

Gentiana,  295,  296. 

Gentianaceae,   295. 

Gentian  family,  295. 

Geraniaceae,  259. 

Geranium,  259. 

Geranium  family,  259. 

Geum,  228,  240. 

Ghost   Orchid    (Cephalanthera),   148. 

Gilia,  301,  302. 

Glyceria,  91,  105. 

Glycosma,  276. 

Gnaphalium,  402. 

Goldenrod    (Solidago),  358. 

Gooseberry    (Bibes),  223. 

Gormania,  213. 

Gramineae,   90. 

Grass : 

Arrow  Grass    (Triglochin) ,  89. 

Bear  Grass   (Xerophyllum  1.),  143. 

Blue-eyed   Grass    (Sisyrinchium) , 
145. 

Cotton  Grass  (Eriophorum),  110. 

Feather  Grass  (Stipa),  91. 

Fescue  Grass   (Festuca),  106. 

Herd's  Grass    (Phleum),   93. 

Manna  Grass   (Glyoeria),  105. 

Spear  Grass  (Poa),  103. 

Wood  Reed  Grass  (Cinna),  94. 
Grass  family,  90. 

Grass  of  Parnassus   (Parnassia),  214. 
Greek  Valerian    (Polemonium),  307. 
Greeneocharis,  316,  317. 
Grossularia,  226. 
Groundsel   (Senecio),  388. 
Gyrostachys,  146. 
Habenaria,  145,  146. 
Haloragidaceae,  269. 
Haplopappus,  352,  359. 
Harpaecarpus,   375. 
Hawksbeard  (Crepis),  405. 
Hawkweed   (Hieracium),  406. 
Hazardia,  352,  362. 
Heath  family,  282. 
Hedge  Mustard   (Sisymbrium),  203. 
Heleniastrum,  376,  377. 
Helenieae,  352,  353. 
Helenium,  353,  376. 
Heliantheae,  352. 
Helonias,  143. 
Hemieva,  217. 
Hemizonella,  353,  375. 
Hemizonia,   353,    376. 
Hemlock  (Tsuga),  85. 
Heracleum,  275,  277. 
Herds'  Grass   (Phleum),  93. 
Hesperis,  204. 
Hesperochiron,  309,  310. 
Heterisia,  220. 
Heuchera,  214,  215. 
Hieracium,  353,  406. 


[419] 


Index 


Hippuris,   269. 

Holodiscus,  228,  231. 

Honeysuckle   (Lonicera),  349. 

Honeysuckle  family,  346. 

Hordeae,  90. 

Horkelia,  228,  240,   (243),   (244). 

Horkeliella,  240. 

Horsetail,    (Equisetum),  79. 

Horsetail  family,  79. 

Hosackia,  248,  257. 

Huckleberry  Oak   (Quercus  1.),  155. 

Hulsea,  353,  379. 

Hydrophyllaceae,  309. 

Hydrophyllum,  309,  312,   (314). 

Hymenopappus,   381. 

Hyperieaceae,  266. 

Hypericum,  266. 

Ibidium,  146. 

Indian  Pond  Lily   (Nupliar),  185. 

Inuleae,  352,  353. 

Iridaeeae,   145. 

Iris  family,  145. 

Isoetaceae,  80. 

Isoetes,  80. 

Ivesia,  228,   (242),  243,   (246). 

Jacob's  Ladder   (Polemonium) ,  307. 

Jamesia,  214,  222. 

Jeffrey  Pine  (Pinus  5.),  83. 

Juncaceae,  127. 

Juncaginaceae,  89. 

Juncoides,  129. 

Juneus,  127,  (129),  129. 

June  Berry   (Amelanchier) ,  230. 

Juniper    (Juniperus),  86. 

Juniper   Mistletoe    (Phoradendron) , 

156. 

Juniperus,  81,  86. 
Kalmia,  282,  289. 
Knotweed    (Polygonum),  168. 
Krynitzia,  316,  320. 
Kyrsten-ia,  354. 
Labiatae,  320. 

Labrador  Tea  (Ledum),  283. 
Lace-fern  (Cheilanthes  1.),  73. 
Ladies'  Tresses  ( Spirant hes),  146. 
Lady-fern  (Asplenium  1.),  75. 
Lappula,  316,  317. 
Larkspur  (Delphinium),  190. 
Ledum,  282,  283. 
Leguminosae,  248. 
Lentibulariaceae,  345. 
Lesquerella,  197. 
Leueothoe,  282,  290. 
Lewisia,  180. 
Ligusticum,  275,  279. 
Liliaceae,  134. 
Lilium,  134,  144. 
Lily    (Lilium),   144. 
Lily  family,  134. 
Limber  Pine   (Pinus  2.),  82. 
Limnorchis,  146,  147. 
Linaceae,  260. 
Linanthus,  307. 


Linosyris,  356. 

Linum,  260. 

Lip-fern    (Cliettanthes) ,  73. 

Listera,  145. 

Lithophragma,   218. 

Loco-weed   (Astragalus),  257. 

Lonieera,  346,  349. 

Lousewort   (Pedioularis),  337. 

Lovage   (Ligusticum) ,  279. 

Loranthaceae,  156. 

Lotus,  257. 

Luetkea,  232. 

Lungwort   (Mertensia),  319. 

Lupine   (Lupinus),  250. 

Lupinus,  248,  250. 

Luzula,  127. 

Lyehnis,  173. 

Hacrocarpus,  381. 

Macronema,  359,  360. 

Macrorhynchus,  404. 

Madder  family,  344. 

Madia,  352,  375,   (376). 

Madronella,  321. 

Maiden-hair   (Adiantum),  75. 

Mallow  family,  264. 

Manna  Grass  (Glyceria),  105. 

Manzanita    (Arctostaphylos) ,   288. 

Maple   (Acer),  261. 

Maple  family,  261. 

Mare's-tail   (Hippuris),  269. 

Mariposa  Lily    (Calochortus) ,   138. 

Marsh  Marigold   (Caltha),  189. 

Meadow-rue    (Thalictrum),  186. 

Melica,  91,  102. 

Menyanthes,  295. 

Merathrepta,   100. 

Mertensia,  316,  319. 

Micrantlies,  220,  222. 

Microseris,  353,  403. 

Milfoil   (Achillea),  393. 

Mimulus,  322,  331. 

Mint  family,  320. 

Mistletoe  family,  156. 

Mitella,  214,  216. 

Mitre-wort   (Mitella),  216. 

Monardella,  320. 

Moneses,  287. 

Monkey-flower    (Mimulus),  331.* 

Monkshood   (Aconitum),  191. 

Mono  Willow   (Salix  5.),  150. 

Monolopis,  172. 

Montia,  180,  183. 

Moonwort   (Botrychium),  78. 

Mountain  Ash   (Pyrus),  233. 

Mountain  Lilac   (Ceanothus),  263. 

Mountain  Mahogany   ( Cercocarpus) , 

228. 
Mountain   Pennyroyal    (Monardella 

2.),  321. 

Muhlenbergia,  90,  92. 
Mustard  family,  197. 
Najadaceae,  88. 
Nama,  311,  (313). 


[420] 


Index 


Narthecium,  134,  140. 

Navarretia,  309. 

Nemophila,  309,  312. 

Nephrodium,   76. 

Nuphar,  185. 

Nyctaginaceae,  172. 

Nympheaceae,  185. 

Oak  (Quercus),  155. 

Ocean  Spray  (Holodiscus  1.),  231. 

Oenothera,  269,  270. 

Onagraceae,  269. 

Onyehium,  74. 

Ophioglossaceae,   78. 

Ophrys,  145. 

Orchidaceae,  145. 

Orchis  family,  145. 

Oreastrum,  363,  364. 

Oregon.  Cliff -brake   (Pellaea  3.),  74. 

Oreobroma,  180,  181,  182. 

Oreocallis,  290. 

Oreocarya,   316,  319. 

Oreosteiwna,  363. 

Ornithogalum,  134. 

Orochaenactis,  353,  380. 

Orpine  family,   212. 

Orthocarpus,  322,  343. 

Oryzopsis,  90,  92. 

Osmorrhiza,  275. 

Owl's  Clover   (Orthocarpus),  343. 

Oxyria,  158,  166. 

Oxytheca,  159. 

Ozomelis,  216. 

Paeonia,  186,  193. 

Painted  Cup    (Casttileja) ,  339. 

Pale  Laurel   (Kalmia  1.),  289. 

Panicularia,  105. 

Parnassia,   214. 

Parrya,  197,  204. 

Parsley  family,  275. 

Pearlwort   (Sagina),  175. 

Peotiantia,  216,   217. 

Pedicularis,  322,   337. 

Pellaea,  72,  73. 

Penny  Cress  (Thlaspi),  201. 

Pentstemon,  322. 

Peony   (Paeonia),  193. 

Petrophyton,  232. 

Peucedanum,  275,  277. 

Phaca,  257. 

Phacelia,   309,    313. 

Phalacroseris,  353,  403. 

Phalangium,  138. 

Phleum,  90,  93. 

Phlox,  301,   (305). 

Phlox  family,  301. 

Plioenicoulis,  204. 

Phyllodoce,   282,   289. 

Pimpinella,  279. 

Pinaceae,  81. 

Pine  (Pinus),  81. 

Fox-tail  Pine   (Pinus  4.),  83. 

Jeffrey  Pine   (Pinus  5.),  83. 

Limber  Pine   (Pinus  2.),  82. 


Silver  Pine  (Pinus  I.),  81. 

Tamarack  Pine   (Pinus  6.),  84. 
Pine  family,  81. 

Pine  Mistletoe  (Aroeuthobium) ,  156. 
Pink  family,  172. 
Pinus,  81,   (85). 
Pipsissewa   (Chimaphila) ,  283. 
Pitcher  Plant   (Darlingtonia) ,  212. 
Platanthera,  147. 
Pleiocardia,  209. 
Pleuricospora,  282,  284. 
Pneumonanthe,  296. 
Poa,  91,  103. 
Podistera,  275,  281. 
Polemoniaeeae,  301. 
Polygonaceae,   158. 
Polygonum,  158. 
Polypodiaceae,  72. 
Polypodium,  76,  77,  78. 
Polystichum,  72,  75. 
Pondweed   (Potamogcton),  88. 
Pondweed  family,  88. 
Populus,  148,  153. 
Portulacaceae,  180. 
Potamogeton,  88. 
Potentilla,    228,    234,     (240),     (241), 

(242),  (243),  (244),   (246). 
Pride  of  the  mountains    (Pentstemon 

1.),  322. 

Primrose   (Primula),  292. 
Primrose  family,  292. 
Primula,  292. 
Primulaceae,  292. 
Prunus,   228,  229. 
Pteryxia,  275,  280. 
Ptilocalais,  403. 
Pulsatilla,  188. 
Pulse  family,  248. 
Purple   Cinquefoil    (Potentilla   13.), 

239. 

Purslane  family,  180. 
Pussy-paws    (Spraguea),   184. 
Pyrola,   282,    (283),  285. 
Pyrrocoma,  351. 
Pyrus,   228,  233. 
Quercus,   155. 
Quillwort  (Isoetes),  80. 
Quillwort  family,  80. 
Kabbit-brush    ( Chrysotliamnus) ,  355. 
Eaillardella,  353,  382. 
Eaillardia,  382. 
Ramischia,  285. 
Ranunculaceae,  186. 
Kanunculus,  186,  194. 
Eattle-weed    (Astragalus),   257. 
Razoumofskya,  157. 
Red  Fir   (Abies  1.),  85. 
Reed  Bent  Grass  (Calamagrostis) ,  96. 
Rein-orchis  (Hal)enaria),  146. 
Rhamnaceae,  263. 
Rhodwla,  212. 
Ribes,  214,  223. 
Rock-brake  (Crypto gramma') ,  72. 


[421] 


Rock  Cress  (Arabia),  204. 

Eock  Fringe   (Epilobium  1.),  270. 

Eomanzoffia,  316. 

Eosaceae,  228. 

Eose  family,  228. 

Bosewort   (Sedum  1.),  212. 

Eowan    (Pyrus),   233. 

Subacer,  228. 

Eubiaceae,  344. 

Eubus,  228. 

Eumex,  158,   (166),  167. 

Eush   (Juncus),  129. 

Eush  family,  127. 

Sagebrush   (Artemisia  1.),  395. 

Sagina,  172,  175. 

St.  John's-wort  (Hypericum) ,  266. 

St.  John's-wort  family,  266. 

Salicaceae,  148. 

Salix,  148. 

Sambucus,  346. 

Sandwort    (Arenaria),    175. 

Sanieula,   275,   276. 

Sarcodes,  282,  291. 

Sarraceniaceae,  212. 

Saxifraga,  214,  (217),  218. 

Saxifragaceae,  214. 

Saxifrage   (Saxifraga'),  218. 

Saxifrage  family,  214. 

Scarlet  Gilia   (Gilia  3.),  303. 

Scirpus,  107,  (107),  108. 

Scorzonella,  403. 

Scouring  Eush   (Equisetum  2.),  79. 

Scrophulariaceae,  322. 

Sedge   (Carex),  110. 

Sedge  family,  107. 

Sedum,  212. 

Selaginella,  80. 

Selaginellaceae,  80. 

Selinum,  275,  278. 

Seneeio,  353,  388. 

Senecioneae,  352,  353. 

Sericotheca,  231. 

Service  Berry  (Amelanchier),  230. 

Shin  Leaf  (Pyrola),  285. 

Shooting  Star  (Dodecatlieon) ,  293. 

Shrubby  Cinquefoil    (Potentilla  1.), 

234. 

Sidalcea,  264. 

Sierra  Primrose   (Primula  1.),  292. 
Sieversia,  240. 
Silene,  172. 

Silver  Pine   (Pimm  1.),  81. 
Silver  Willow   (Salix  3.),  150. 
Sisyimbrium,  203. 
Sisyrinchium,  145. 
Sitanion,  90,  99. 
Sitka  Willow   (Salix  9.),  152. 
Smilacina,  134,  141. 
Snake-root    (Sanieula),   276. 
Snapdragon   (Antirrhinum),  330. 
Sneezeweed    (Helenium),   376. 
Snowberry  (Symphoricarpos),  347. 
Snow-bush   (Ceanothus  2.),  263. 


Snow  Plant   (Sareodes),  291. 

Snow  Willow  (Salix  2.),  149. 

Solidago,  352,  358. 

Sorbus,  233. 

Sparganiaceae,  88. 

Sparganiurn,  88. 

Spatularia,  219. 

Spear-grass  (Poa),  103. 

Speedwell   (Veronica),  329. 

Sphaeromeria,  394. 

Sphenoscifidium,  278. 

Spike  Eush   (Eleocharis) ,  107. 

Spiraea,  228,   (231),  232. 

Spiranthes,  145,  146,  (147). 

Spleenwort   (Asplenium),  75. 

Sporobolus,   92. 

Spraguea,  180,  184. 

Spring  Beauty   (Claytonia),  183. 

Star  Tulip   (Caloehortus  I.),  138. 

Steer's  Head  Flower  (Dicentra  2.), 

196. 

Steiranim-a,  220. 
Stellaria,  172,  178. 
Stellariopsis,  228,  246. 
Stenotus,  361. 
Stipa,  90,  91,  (92). 
Stonecrop    (Sedum),  212. 
Strawberry   (Fragaria),  247. 
Streptanthus,  197,  (206),  209. 
Subularia,  197,  211. 
Suksdorfia,  214,  217. 
Sulphur  Flower   (Eriogonum  8.),  163. 
Sundew   (Drosera),  211. 
Sundew  family,  211. 
Sunflower  family,  352. 
Sweertia,  295,  299. 
Sweet   Cicely    (Osmorrhiza) ,    275. 
Sword-fern   (Polystichum  1.),  75. 
Symphoricarpos,   346,   347. 
Talinum,  181. 

Tamarack  Pine  (Pinus  6.),  84. 
Tanacetum,  353,  394. 
Tansy   (Tanaoetum),  394. 
Tarweed    (Madia),  375. 
Tellima,  214,  218. 
Thalictrum,  186. 

Thimble  Berry  (Eubus  1.),  228.  ^ 
Thistle    (Cirsium),  402. 
Thlaspi,  197,  201. 
Thoroughwort    (Eupatorium),  354. 
Tofieldia,  134,  140. 
Tonestus,  362. 
Tovaria,,  141. 
Trautvetteria,  186. 
Trichophyllum,  378. 
Trifoliuni,  248. 
Triglochin,  89. 
Trisetum,  91,  101. 
Troximon,  404,  405. 
Tsuga,  81,  85. 
Turritis,  206. 

Twayblade    (Listera),  145. 
Twinberry   (Lonicera  1.),  349. 


[422] 


Index 


Umbelliferae,  275. 

Unifolium,  142. 

Vaeeinium,  282,  287. 

Vagnera,  141. 

Valeriana,  351. 

Valerianaceae,  351. 

Valerian    (Valeriana},   351. 

Valerian  family,  351. 

Velaea,  281. 

Veratrum,  134,   142. 

Veronica,  322,  329. 

Vesicaria,   197. 

Vilfa,  92. 

Villarsia,  310. 

Viola,  266. 

Violaceae,  266. 

Violet   (Viola),  266. 

Violet  family,  266. 

Wall-flower   (Erysimum),  201. 

Waterleaf   (Hydrophyllum),  312. 

Waterleaf  family,   309. 

Water  Milfoil  family,  269. 

Water  Stanvort  ( Callitriche ) ,  261. 

Water  Starwort  family,  261. 

Washingtonia,  275. 


Western  Juniper   (Juniperus  1.),  86. 
Whitebark  Pine   (Finns  3.),  82. 
White  Fir  (Abies  concolor),  86. 
White  Heather    (Cassiope),   291. 
White  Violet  (Viola  1.),  266. 
Whitlow-grass   (Draba),  198. 
Wild  Hollyhock   (Sidalcea),  264. 
Willow   (Salix),  148. 
Willow  family,  148. 
Willow  Herb    (Epilobium),  270. 
Wind-flower   (Anemone),  188. 
Winter  Cress  (Barbarea),  202. 
Wintergreen   (Pyrol-a),  285. 
Wood-fern  (Dryopteris) ,  76. 
Wood  Eeed  Grass  (Cinna),  94. 
Wood  Rush  (Luzida),  127. 
Woodsia,  72,  77. 
Wormwood    (Artemisia),    395. 
Wyethia,  352,  374. 
Xerophyllum,  134,  143. 
Xylosteum,  350. 
Yarrow    (AcMlea),  393. 
Zauschneria,  269,  274. 
Zygadenus,  134,  140. 


[423] 


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